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Psychological and Physiological Trauma Research
Seize Your Journeys
_______________________ Traumatic stress is found in many competent, healthy, strong, good people. No one can completely protect themselves from traumatic experiences. Many people have long-lasting problems following exposure to trauma. Up to 8% of persons will have PTSD at some time in their lives. People who react to traumas are not going crazy. What is happening to them is part of a set of common symptoms and problems that are connected with being in a traumatic situation, and thus, is a normal reaction to abnormal events and experiences. Having symptoms after a traumatic event is NOT a sign of personal weakness. Given exposure to a trauma that is bad enough, probably all people would develop PTSD. By understanding trauma symptoms better, a person can become less fearful of them and better able to manage them. By recognizing the effects of trauma and knowing more about symptoms, a person will be better able to decide about getting treatment. _______________________
Eating Disorders “The Eating Disorders are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior. This section includes two specific diagnoses, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight. Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise. A disturbance in perception of body shape and weight is an essential feature of both Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. An Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified category is also provided for coding behaviors that do not meet criteria for a specific Eating Disorder. Simple obesity is include in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) as a general medical condition but does not appear in DSM-IV because it has not been established that it is consistently associated with a psychological or behavioral syndrome. However, when there is evidence that psychological factors are of importance in the etiology or course of a particular case of obesity, this can be indicated by noting the presence of Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition. Disorders of Feeding and Eating that are usually first diagnosed in infancy or early childhood (i.e., Pica, Rumination Disorder, and Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood) are included in the section “Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood. Anorexia Nervosa Diagnostic Features The essential features of Anorexia Nervosa are that the individual refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight, is intensely afraid of gaining weight, and exhibits a significant disturbance in the perception of the shape or size of his or her body. In addition, postmenarcheal females with this disorder are amenorrheic. (The term anorexia is a misnomer because loss of appetite is rare.) The individual maintains a body weight that is below a minimally normal level for age and height (Criterion A). When Anorexia Nervosa develops in an individual during childhood or early adolescence, there may be failure to make expected weight gains (i.e., while growing in height) instead of weight loss. Criterion A provides a guideline for determining when the individual meets the threshold for being underweight. It suggests that the individual weigh less than 85% of that weight that is considered normal for that person’s age and height (usually computed using one of several published versions of the Metropolitan Life Insurance tables or pediatric growth charts.). An alternative and somewhat stricter guideline (used in the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for research) requires that the individual have a body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms/height in meters2) equal to or below 17.5kg/m2. These cutoffs are provided only as suggested guidelines for eh clinician, since it is unreasonable to specify a single standard for minimally normal weight that applies to all individuals of a given age and height. In determining a minimally normal weight, the clinician should consider not only such guidelines but also the individual’s body build and weight history. Usually weight loss is accomplished primarily through reduction in total food intake. Although individuals may begin by excluding from their diet what they perceive to be highly caloric foods, most eventually end up with a very restricted diet that is sometimes limited to only a few foods. Additional methods of weight loss include purging (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxative or diuretics) and increased or excessive exercise.) Individuals with this disorder intensely fear gaining weight or becoming fat (Criterion B). This intense fear of becoming fat is usually not alleviated by the weight loss. In fact, concern about weight gain often increases even as actual weight continues to decrease. The experience and significance of body weight and shape are distorted in these individuals (Criterion C). Some individuals feel globally overweight. Others realize that they are thin but are still concerned that certain parts of their bodies, particularly the abdomen, buttocks, and thighs are “to fat.” They may employ a wide variety of techniques to estimate their body size and weight, including excessive weighing, obsessive measuring of body parts, and persistently using a mirror to check for perceived areas of “fat.” The self-esteem of individuals with Anorexia Nervosa is highly dependent on their body shape and weight. Weight loss is viewed as an impressive achievement and a sign of extraordinary self-discipline, whereas weight gain is perceived as an unacceptable failure of self-control. Though some individuals with this disorder may acknowledge being thin, they typically deny the serious medical implications of their malnourished state. In postmenarcheal females, amenorrhea (due to abnormally low levels of estrogen secretion that are due in turn to diminished pituitary secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone [PSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]) is an indicator of physiological dysfunction in Anorexia Nervosa (Criterion D.) Amenorrhea is usually a consequence of the weight loss but, in a minority of individuals, may actually precede it. In prepubertal females, menarche may be delayed by the illness. The individual is often brought to professional attention by family members after marked weight loss (or failure to make expected weight gains) has occurred. If individuals seek help on their own, it is usually because of their subjective distress over the somatic and psychological sequelae of starvation. It is rare for an individual with Anorexia Nervosa to complain of weight loss per se. Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa frequently lack insight into, or have considerable denial of, the problem and may be unreliable historians. It is therefore often necessary to obtain information form parents or other outside sources to evaluate the degree of weight loss and other features of the illness.” p. 583-584. Bulimia Nervosa “Diagnostic Features The essential features of Bulimia Nervosa are binge eating and inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain. In addition, the self-evaluation of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa is excessively influenced by body shape and weight. To qualify for the diagnosis, the binge eating and the inappropriate compensatory behaviors must occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months (Criterion C.) A binge is defined as eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food that is definitely larger than most individuals would eat under similar circumstances (Criterion A1.). The clinician should consider the context in which the eating occurred—what would be regarded as excessive consumption at a typical meal might be considered normal during a celebration or holiday meal. A “discrete period of time” refers to a limited period, usually less than 2 hours. A single episode of binge eating need not be restricted to one setting. For example, an individual may begin a binge in a restaurant and then continue it on returning home. Continual snacking on small amounts of food throughout the day would not be considered a binge. Although the type of food consumed during the binge varies, it typically includes sweet, high-calorie foods such as ice cream or cake. However, binge eating appears to be characterized more by an abnormality in the amount of food consumed than by a craving for a specific nutrient, such as carbohydrate. Although individuals with Bulimia Nervosa consume more calories during an episode of binge eating than persons without Bulimia Nervosa consume during a meal, the fractions of calories derived from protein, fat, and carbohydrate are similar. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa are typically ashamed of their eating problems and attempt to conceal their symptoms. Binge eating usually occurs in secrecy, or as inconspicuously as possible. An episode may or may not be planned in advance and is usually (but not always) characterized by rapid consumption. The binge eating often continues until the individual is uncomfortably, or even painfully, full. Binge eating is typically triggered by dysphoric mood states, interpersonal stressors intense hunger following dietary restraint, or feelings related to body weight, body shape, and food. Binge eating may transiently reduce dysphoria, but disparaging self-criticism and depressed mood often follow. An episode of binge eating is also accompanied by a sense of lack of control (Criterion A2). An individual may be in a frenzied state while binge eating, especially early in the course of the disorder. Some individuals describe a dissociative quality during, or following, the binge episodes. After Bulimia Nervosa has persisted for some time, individuals may report that their binge-eating episodes are no longer characterized by an acute feeling of loss of control, but rather by behavioral indicators of impaired control, such as difficulty resisting binge eating or difficulty stopping a binge once it has begun. The impairment in control associated with binge eating in bulimia Nervosa is not absolute; for example, an individual may continue binge eating while the telephone is ringing, but will cease if a roommate or spouse unexpectedly enters the room. Another essential feature of Bulimia Nervosa is the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (Criterion B). Many individuals with Bulimia Nervosa employ several methods in their attempt to compensate for binge eating. The most common compensatory technique is the induction of vomiting after an episode of binge eating. This method of purging is employed by 80%-90% of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa who present for treatment of eating disorders clinics. The immediate effects of vomiting include relief from physical discomfort and reduction of fear of gaining weight. In some cases, vomiting becomes a goal in itself, and the person will binge in order to vomit or will vomit after eating a small amount of food. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa may use a variety of methods to induce vomiting, including the use of fingers or instruments to stimulate the gag reflex. Individuals generally become adept at inducing vomiting and are eventually able to vomit at will. Rarely, individuals consume syrup of ipecac to induce vomiting. Other purging behaviors include the issue of laxatives and diuretics. Approximately one-third of those with Bulimia Nervosa misuse laxatives after binge eating. Rarely, individuals with the disorder will misuse enemas following episodes of binge eating, but this is seldom the sole compensatory method employed. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa may fast for a day or more or exercise excessively in an attempt to compensate for binge eating. Exercise may be considered to be excessive when it significantly interferes with important activities, when it occurs at inappropriate times or in inappropriate settings, or when the individual continues to exercise despite injury or other medical complications. Rarely, individuals with this disorder may take thyroid hormone in an attempt to avoid weight gain. Individuals with diabetes mellitus and Bulimia Nervosa may omit or reduce insulin doses in order to reduce the metabolism of food consumed during eating binges. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa place an excessive emphasis on body shape and weight in their self-evaluation, and these factors are typically the most important ones in determining self-esteem (Criterion D). Individuals with this disorder may closely resemble those with Anorexia Nervosa in their fear of gaining weight, in their desire to lose weight, and in the level of dissatisfaction with their bodies. However, a diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa should not be given when the disturbance occurs only during episodes of Anorexia Nervosa (Criterion E).” p. 589-591
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
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Body Dysmorphia
Body Dysmorphia
Body Dysmorphic Disorder “Diagnostic Features The essential feature of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (historically known as dysmorphophobia) is a preoccupation with a defect in appearance (Criterion A). The defect is either imagined, or, if a slight physical anomaly is present, the individual’s concern is markedly excessive (Criterion A). The preoccupation must cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion B). The preoccupation is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., dissatisfaction with body shape and size in Anorexia Nervosa) (Criterion C.). Complaints commonly involve imagined or slight flaws of the face or head such as hair thinning, acne, wrinkles, scars, vascular markings, paleness or redness of the complexion, swelling, facial asymmetry or disproportion, or excessive facial hair. Other common preoccupations include the shape, size, or some other aspect of the nose, eyes, eyelids, eyebrows, ears, mouth, lips, teeth, jaw, chin, cheeks, or head. However, any other body part may be the focus of concern (e.g., the genitals, breasts, buttocks, abdomen, arms, hands, feet, legs, hips, shoulders, spine, larger body regions, overall body size, or body build and muscularity). The preoccupation may simultaneously focus on several body parts. Although the complaint is often specific (e.g., “crooked” lip or a “bumpy” nose), it is sometimes vague (e.g., a “falling” face or “inadequately firm” eyes). Because of embarrassment over their concerns or for other reasons, some individuals with Body Dysmorphic Disorder avoid describing their “defects” in detail and may instead refer only to their general ugliness. Most individuals with this disorder experience marked distress over their supposed deformity, often describing their preoccupations as “intensely painful,” “tormenting,” or “devastating.” Most find their preoccupations difficult to control, and they may make little or no attempt to resist them. As a result, they often spend hours a day thinking about their “defect,” to the point where these thoughts may dominate their lives. Significant impairment in many areas of functioning generally occurs. Feelings of self-consciousness about their “defect” may lead to avoidance of work, school, or public situations. Associated Features and Disorders Frequent checking of the defect, either directly or in a reflecting surface (e.g., mirrors, store windows, car bumpers, watch faces) can consume many hours a day. Some individuals use special lighting or magnifying glasses to scrutinize their “defect.” There may be excessive grooming behavior (e.g. excessive hair combing, hair removal, ritualized makeup application, or skin picking). Although the usual intent of checking and grooming is to diminish anxiety, be reassured about one’s appearance, or temporarily improve one’s appearance, these behaviors often intensify the preoccupation and associated anxiety. Consequently, some individuals avoid mirrors, sometimes covering them or removing them from their environment. Others alternate between periods of excessive mirror checking and avoidance. Other behaviors aimed at improving the “defect” include excessive exercise (e.g., weight lifting), dieting, and frequent changing of clothes. There may be frequent requests for reassurance about the “defect,” but such reassurance leads to only temporary, if any, relief. Individuals with the disorder may also frequently compare their “ugly” body part with that of others. They may try to camouflage the “defect” (e.g., growing a beard to cover imagined facials scars, wearing a hat to hide imagined hair loss, stuffing their shorts to enhance a “small” penis). Some individuals may be excessively preoccupied with fears that the “ugly” body part will malfunction or is extremely fragile and in constant danger of begin damaged. Insight about the perceived defect is often poor, and some individuals are delusional; that is, they are completely convinced that their view of the defect is accurate and undistorted, and they cannot be convinced otherwise. Ideas and delusions of reference related to the imagined defect are also common; that is, individuals with this disorder often think that others may be (or are) taking special notice of their supposed flaw, perhaps talking about it or mocking it. Avoidance of usual activities may lead to extreme social isolation. In some cases, individuals may leave their homes only at night, when they cannot be seen, or become housebound, sometimes for years. Individuals with this disorder may drop out of school, avoid job interviews, work at jobs below their capacity, or not work at all. They may have few friends, avoid dating and other social interactions, have marital difficulties, or get divorced because of their symptoms. The distress and dysfunction associated with this disorder, although variable, can lead to repeated hospitalization and to suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, ad completed suicide. Individuals with Body Dysmorphic Disorder often pursue and receive general medical (often dermatological), dental, or surgical treatments to rectify their imagined or slight defects. Occasionally, individuals may resort to extreme measures (e.g., self-surgery) to correct their perceived flaws. Such treatment may cause the disorder to worsen, leading to intensified or new preoccupations, which may in turn lead to further unsuccessful procedures, so that individuals may eventually possess “synthetic” noses, ears, breast, hips, or other body pars, which they are still dissatisfied with. Body Dysmorphic Disorder may be associated with Major Depressive Disorder, Delusional Disorder, Social Phobia, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.”
American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. p. 507-509.
_____ Record: 1 Title: Body Image of Taiwanese Men Versus Western Men. Author(s): Kuo, Wen-Hung Source: American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 162(9), Sep 2005. pp. 1758. Journal URL: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn Publisher URL: http://www.appi.orgISSN: 0002-953X (Print) 1535-7228 (Electronic) Language: English Keywords: sociocultural factors; developmental factors; body dissatisfaction; disordered eating behavior; acculturation; Taiwanese American women; Taiwanese American men Abstract: Comments on the article by Chi Fu Jeffrey Yang et al. (see record 2005-01145-008) and by Tsai et al.(see record 2003-00919-008). In the article by Chi-Fu Jeffrey Yang et al., the authors found that heterosexual Taiwanese men exhibited significantly less body dissatisfaction than their Western counterparts. They concluded that the Western tradition of muscularity and more muscular male bodies in the Western media might be responsible for the differential attitudes about body image. Although they did not interview Caucasian men in Western societies directly in this study their cross-comparison was supposed to be valid. However, I think another important comparison group is clearly missing: the group of Asian men raised and living in the Western societies, such as Asian Americans. Tsai et al. speculated that, based on "social comparison theory," since most Taiwanese American women are in the minority in the environment in which they grow up, they tend to be smaller and skinnier than their Caucasian peers. In turn, they do not compare their body shape regularly with their Caucasian counterparts. Body dysmorphia may manifest in a nontraditional way and be less overt. Contrarily, Taiwanese women's day-to-day interactions are usually with other Taiwanese women with much more similar physical characteristics; there may be more comparison in body shape that results in body dissatisfaction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Asians; *Body Image; *Eating Disorders; *Human Sex Differences; *Social Comparison; Acculturation; Sociocultural Factors Classification: Eating Disorders (3260) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Comment/Reply; Letter; Original Journal Article Release Date: 20051003 Accession Number: 2005-10664-034 Number of Citations in Source: 3 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-10664-034 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-106 64-034">Body Image of Taiwanese Men Versus Western Men.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 2 Title: Somatoform Disorders After Temporal Lobectomy. Author(s): Naga, Anjanette A., Department of Neurology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, US Devinsky, Orrin, Department of Neurology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, US, od@nyu.edu Barr, William B., Department of Neurology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, US Address: Devinsky, Orrin, Department of Neurology, New York University, 403 East 34th Street, Rivergate 4th Floor, New York, NY, US, od@nyu.edu Source: Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Vol 17(2), Jun 2004. pp. 57-61. Journal URL: http://www.neuneubeneu.com/Publisher: US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publisher URL: http://www.lww.com/ISSN: 1543-3633 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1097/01.wnn.0000117860.44205.78 Language: English Keywords: somatoform disorders; temporal lobectomy; epilepsy surgery Abstract: Objective: Depression, anxiety, and psychosis are the most frequent psychiatric disorders after epilepsy surgery. The only new-onset somatoform disorder reported postoperatively is conversion disorder. We identified 10 patients who developed somatoform disorder other than nonconversion epileptic seizures after anterior temporal lobectomy. Method: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 325 anterior temporal lobectomy and 125 extratemporal surgeries between 1991 and 2000. Results: Seven of the patients developed undifferentiated somatoform disorder after anterior temporal lobectomy, 1 had pain and body dysmorphia, another had pain disorder, and another had body dysmorphia alone, but none were found after extratemporal surgeries (chi-square = 3.93; P ≤ 0.05). Somatoform disorder was significantly more common in right anterior temporal lobectomy (n = 9) than left anterior temporal lobectomy (n = 1) (chi-square = 6.5; P ≤ 0.025).Conclusions: Our findings suggest that right temporal resection contributes to the development of somatoform disorders in our patients and that right temporal dysfunctions may contribute to idiopathic somatoform disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Epilepsy; *Psychosurgery; *Somatoform Disorders; *Temporal Lobe Classification: Medical Treatment of Physical Illness (3363) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: US Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Methodology: Empirical Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040705 Accession Number: 2004-15299-001 Number of Citations in Source: 37 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-15299-001 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-152 99-001">Somatoform Disorders After Temporal Lobectomy.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 3 Title: Eating disorders in men: Current considerations. Author(s): Harvey, Jeffery A., Department of Psychiatry, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, US Robinson, John D., Department of Psychiatry, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, US, jdrobinson@howard.edu Address: Robinson, John D., Department of Surgery, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, US, jdrobinson@howard.edu Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, Vol 10(4), Dec 2003. pp. 297-306. Journal URL: http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,4-40109-70-35607 590-0,00.html Publisher: Germany: Springer Publisher URL: http://www.springeronline.comISSN: 1068-9583 (Print) 1573-3572 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1023/A:1026357505747 Language: English Keywords: eating disorders; body dissatisfaction; body image; body dysmorphia; diet; exercise; media; males; homosexuality; heterosexuality Abstract: Over the past two decades, there has been a change in the way men think about their bodies. The media portrays images of men with muscular bodies and a "six pack" abdomen. These images can create body dissatisfaction in males. With the change in the way that the media and society in the United States look at men, so has the drive for men to achieve this ideal body image. Eating disorders, body dysmorphia, and strict exercise and diet regimens seem to plague young men as do the images in advertisements. Although eating disorders in men are similar to what women experience, men seem to strive for more body mass whereas women try to obtain thinness. Gay men and heterosexual men seem to experience eating disorders in the same way although there are differences between how they perceive their bodies. This paper outlines how the media contributes to body dissatisfaction in men. In addition to understanding how the media affects men, it is important to review and possibly revise our understanding of eating disorders and body dysmorphia symptoms to gain a solid understanding of how these symptoms appear in men today. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image; *Communications Media; *Eating Disorders; *Human Males; Diets; Exercise; Heterosexuality; Male Homosexuality Classification: Eating Disorders (3260) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20031124 Accession Number: 2003-09462-009 Number of Citations in Source: 40 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2003-09462-009 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2003-094 62-009">Eating disorders in men: Current considerations.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 4 Title: Body dysmorphia, the plastic surgeon, and the counselor. Author(s): Renshaw, Domeena C., Loyola U, Sexual Dysfunction Training Clinic, Chicago, IL, US Source: Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, Vol 11(3), Jul 2003. pp. 264-267. Publisher: US: Sage Publications Publisher URL: http://www.sagepublications.com/ISSN: 1066-4807 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1177/1066480703011003005 Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphia; deformity; dissatisfaction; distress; social ostracism; rejection; cosmetic surgery; counseling; perceived body defect Abstract: Trauma repair, deformity, and unsightly blemishes may cause social embarrassment and take thousands of individuals to plastic surgeons. A few persons have endless preoccupation with a slight, real, or perceived appearance defect. Some of either gender age 10 to 80, seek cosmetic surgeons for aesthetic correction. However a minority continues to have intense obsessive preoccupation with an imagined body defect. Their concern is excessive and causes significant distress in social, work, or study functions not due to another clinical condition such as anorexia nervosa, in which subjects reject their body as obese. Misperceived ugliness is called body dysmorphia or dysmorphophobia, often only diagnosed after several discontented return visits to the surgeon who refers the patient for counseling--rarely welcome referrals by the patient when they are convinced the problem is physical and not psychological. Careful listening and patient acceptance are essentials in management. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Dissatisfaction; *Plastic Surgery; *Self Perception; Distress; Physical Disfigurement Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20030811 Accession Number: 2003-05778-004 Number of Citations in Source: 11 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2003-05778-004 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2003-057 78-004">Body dysmorphia, the plastic surgeon, and the counselor.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 5 Title: The case of Ted: Body dysmorphia in a male. Author(s): Gubitosa, Nunzio, Private Practice, New York, NY, US Source: Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy, Vol 19(1), 2002. pp. 79-84. Publisher: US: International Universities Press Publisher URL: http://www.iup.comISSN: 0736-508X (Print) Language: English Keywords: male professional athlete; body dysmorphia; eating Abstract: Discusses the case of body dysmorphia in a 35-yr-old male who was a former professional athlete. The patient presented with symptoms of depression and difficulty in establishing an intimate relationship. The author discusses the patient's long-standing preoccupation with his body and physical appearance. This manifested in a rigid and controlling approach to his eating: what he ate, the quality of the ingredients, how the food was prepared, and what he would not eat were all issues of significant concern. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Athletes; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Eating Behavior; *Psychoanalysis; Human Males Classification: Eating Disorders (3260) Psychoanalytic Therapy (3315) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Methodology: Clinical Case Study; Empirical Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Release Date: 20021204 Accession Number: 2002-06444-006 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2002-06444-006 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2002-064 44-006">The case of Ted: Body dysmorphia in a male.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 6 Title: Discussion: From a classical perspective. Author(s): Kauff, Priscilla F., Cornell U, Weill Medical School, NY, US Source: Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy, Vol 19(1), 2002. pp. 85-89. Publisher: US: International Universities Press Publisher URL: http://www.iup.comISSN: 0736-508X (Print) Language: English Keywords: male professional athlete; body dysmorphia; eating; classical perspective; psychoanalysis Abstract: Comments on an article by N. Gubitosa, which presents the case of a 35-yr-old male with dysmorphic disorder (see record 2002-06444-006). The current author suggests that the patient may be more disturbed than the case study seems to suggest. It is argued that the patient's level of anxiety, reflected in his "frantic" manner of communication (as reported by the therapist), the fear that his body is failing him, the fear of his competitive feelings that seems to have increased to such a degree that he had to withdraw from his sports career, and the growing concern with his physical appearance and food preoccupation may indicate the presence of a serious underlying pathological process. It is suggested that it is also possible that a homosexual panic may be developing in the patient that is contributing both to his anxiety and to the acceleration of his efforts to defend against it. The meaning of the food preoccupation and transference-countertransference issues are discussed. The author believes that a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder with depression and possible homosexual and paranoid elements should be considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Athletes; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Eating Behavior; *Psychoanalysis; Human Males Classification: Eating Disorders (3260) Psychoanalytic Therapy (3315) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Comment/Reply Release Date: 20021204 Accession Number: 2002-06444-007 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2002-06444-007 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2002-064 44-007">Discussion: From a classical perspective.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 7 Title: Discussion: From an object relations perspective. Author(s): Sarasohn, Kim, New York U, Ehrenkranz School of Social Work, NY, US Source: Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy, Vol 19(1), 2002. pp. 91-96. Publisher: US: International Universities Press Publisher URL: http://www.iup.comISSN: 0736-508X (Print) Language: English Keywords: male professional athlete; body dysmorphia; eating; psychoanalysis; object relations Abstract: Comments on an article by N. Gubitosa, which presents the case of a 35-yr-old male with dysmorphic disorder (see record 2002-06444-006). The current author argues that though there are a number of vantage points from which this case might valuably be explored, a British object relations perspective, particularly the thinking of M. Klein, H. Segal, and W. Bion, illuminates a predominance of oral aggression, and a failure to internalize a positive and nurturing object. This leads to an inability to metabolize envy and aggression and, ultimately, inhibits the capacity for symbol formation, which seems to impede the potential effectiveness of the treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Athletes; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Eating Behavior; *Object Relations; *Psychoanalysis; Human Males Classification: Eating Disorders (3260) Psychoanalytic Therapy (3315) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Comment/Reply Release Date: 20021204 Accession Number: 2002-06444-008 Number of Citations in Source: 4 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2002-06444-008 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2002-064 44-008">Discussion: From an object relations perspective.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 8 Title: Discussion: From a self psychology perspective. Author(s): Eldridge, Amy, Inst for Clinical Social Work, Chicago, IL, US Source: Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy, Vol 19(1), 2002. pp. 97-102. Publisher: US: International Universities Press Publisher URL: http://www.iup.comISSN: 0736-508X (Print) Language: English Keywords: male professional athlete; body dysmorphia; eating; psychoanalysis; self psychology Abstract: Comments on an article by N. Gubitosa, which presents the case of a 35-yr-old male with dysmorphic disorder (see record 2002-06444-006). The current author responds to the article from the point of view of self psychology. Specifically, the following questions are addressed: (1) How do we understand the patient's problems within the context of his history? (2) How do we understand his issues within the context of self psychology? and (3) How can a therapist respond most helpfully to him? As a self psychologist, the author examines the patient's history, current struggles, and transferences with an eye toward the quality of the relationships afforded while the self was developing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Athletes; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Eating Behavior; *Psychoanalysis; *Self Psychology; Human Males Classification: Eating Disorders (3260) Psychoanalytic Therapy (3315) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Comment/Reply Release Date: 20021204 Accession Number: 2002-06444-009 Number of Citations in Source: 6 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2002-06444-009 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2002-064 44-009">Discussion: From a self psychology perspective.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 9 Title: Discussion: From a feminist psychoanalytic perspective. Author(s): Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth Bethelard, Faith Source: Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy, Vol 19(1), 2002. pp. 103-110. Publisher: US: International Universities Press Publisher URL: http://www.iup.comISSN: 0736-508X (Print) Language: English Keywords: male professional athlete; body dysmorphia; eating; feminist psychoanalysis Abstract: Comments on an article by N. Gubitosa, which presents the case of a 35-yr-old male with dysmorphic disorder (see record 2002-06444-006). The current authors address the question of formulation. Young-Bruehl and Bethelard argue that Gubitosa seems to be operating on the assumption that he is treating an eating disorder, although he acknowledges that the patient presented with depression along with his concern about his relationships. The patient's depression is considered, and the case is discussed from a feminist psychoanalytic perspective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Athletes; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Eating Behavior; *Feminist Therapy; *Psychoanalysis; Human Males Classification: Eating Disorders (3260) Psychoanalytic Therapy (3315) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Comment/Reply Release Date: 20021204 Accession Number: 2002-06444-010 Number of Citations in Source: 3 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2002-06444-010 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2002-064 44-010">Discussion: From a feminist psychoanalytic perspective.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 10 Title: Cannabis-induced Koro in Americans. Author(s): Earleywine, Mitchell, U Southern California, Dept of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, US Address: Earleywine, Mitchell, U Southern California, Dept of Psychology, 36th and McClintock, Los Angeles, CA, US Source: Addiction, Vol 96(11), Nov 2001. pp. 1663-1666. Journal URL: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/carfax/09652140.htmlPublisher: United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Publisher URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.comISSN: 0965-2140 (Print) 1360-0443 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1080/09652140120080787 Language: English Keywords: cannabis-induced Koro; US; human males Abstract: Koro, an acute panic reaction related to the perception of penile retraction, was once considered limited to specific cultures. The disorder has appeared as part of a panic response to cannabis, but only in citizens of India. This study looked for cannabis-induced Koro in Americans. Given the relative rarity of cannabis-induced Koro, this work focused on individual case studies. Over 70 men responded by phone to report negative reactions to cannabis. Three of them (Caucasians aged 22-26 yrs with yrs of experience with cannabis) spontaneously mentioned experiencing symptoms of Koro after smoking marijuana. All 3 cases occurred after participants had heard about cannabis-induced Koro and used the drug in a novel setting or atypical way. Two of the men had body dysmorphia, which may have contributed to symptoms. All 3 decreased their cannabis consumption after the Koro experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Cannabis; *Koro; Human Males Classification: Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders (3215) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Location: US Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Methodology: Empirical Study; Nonclinical Case Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Release Date: 20011114 Accession Number: 2001-09050-011 Number of Citations in Source: 18 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2001-09050-011 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2001-090 50-011">Cannabis-induced Koro in Americans.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 11 Title: Media effects on eating disorders in preadolescent and adolescent females: A program for primary prevention. Author(s): Strong, Kathryn O'Bryan, Azusa Pacific U., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, Vol 61(9-B), Apr 2001. pp. 5008. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI9985702 Language: English Keywords: media effects; eating disorders; preadolescent females; adolescent females; prevention program Abstract: This study investigated the influence of media exposure to disordered eating attitudes and behavior in 10 to 14 year old females. Media was integrated into a prevention program designed to reduce the amount of eating disorder symptomology in preadolescent and adolescent females. Significant improvement was made in body dysmorphia (X = 5.144(1), p = .023). A significant reduction was achieved in expressed interest in developing an eating disorder (F = 147.16(1, 83), p < .001). A significant change in behavior was found when viewing videos with thin verses normal size models. Participants ate significantly less while viewing a video which showed thin models than they did while viewing a video which showed normal size models (t = 2.186 (83), p = .032). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Communications Media; *Eating Disorders; *Prevention; Human Females Classification: Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) Population: Human (10) Female (40) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100) School Age (6-12 yrs) (180) Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200) Methodology: Empirical Study Publication Type: Dissertation Abstract; Print Format(s) Available: Print Release Date: 20010926 Accession Number: 2001-95006-066 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2001-95006-066 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2001-950 06-066">Media effects on eating disorders in preadolescent and adolescent females: A program for primary prevention.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 12 Title: Behavioral aspects of disturbance: Conditioning, context, and avoidance. Author(s): Thompson, J. Kevin, U South Florida, Dept of Psychology, Tampa, FL, US Heinberg, Leslie J., Johns Hopkins U School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, US Altabe, Madeline, U South Florida, Dept of Psychology, Tampa, FL, US Tantleff-Dunn, Stacey, U Central Florida, Dept of Psychology, Lab for the Study of Eating, Appearance, & Health, Orlando, FL, US Source: Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. Thompson, J. Kevin; Heinberg, Leslie J.; Altabe, Madeline; Tantleff-Dunn, Stacey ; pp. 251-269. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 1999. xii, 396 pp. Publisher URL: http://www.apa.org/booksISBN: 1-55798-541-3 (hardcover) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1037/10312-009 Language: English Keywords: traumatic conditioning events; avoidance; body image disturbance; cognitive-behavioral treatment Abstract: (from the chapter) Traumatic conditioning events and the subsequent avoidance of body-related situations that such experiences engender constitute two hallmark components of body image disturbance. Critical events may consist of any type of negative body-focused experience, ranging from the casual comment by a stranger to sexual abuse by a family member. Avoidance of social situations, wherein the appearance may be viewed or scrutinized by others, is a particularly distressing symptom for many individuals. Assessment and treatment of these factors is essential to the clinical management of individuals with body image disturbance. Desensitization and in vivo exposure methods are the two primary behavioral treatment strategies. These methods are a major component of the empirically validated cognitive-behavioral programs developed by Cash and J. C. Rosen and should be considered for anyone presenting clinically with body dysmorphia or less severe body image concerns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Avoidance; *Body Image Disturbances; *Cognitive Behavior Therapy; *Conditioning; *Emotional Trauma Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Cognitive Therapy (3311) Population: Human (10) Intended Audience: Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) Methodology: Literature Review Publication Type: Book, Authored Book Document Type: Original Chapter Release Date: 19990301 Accession Number: 1999-02140-009 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=1999-02140-009 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=1999-021 40-009">Behavioral aspects of disturbance: Conditioning, context, and avoidance.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 13 Title: Androgenic-anabolic steroids and body dysmorphia in young men. Author(s): Wroblewska, Anna -M., Stobhill NHS Trust Hosp, Dept of Clinical Psychology, Glasgow, Scotland Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol 42(3), Mar 1997. pp. 225-234. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/525474/desc ription#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 0022-3999 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/S0022-3999(96)00302-9 Language: English Keywords: patterns & side effects & treatment of & influence of social & psychological & developmental factors & body image on androgenic anabolic steroid use & abuse Abstract: There has recently been increasing attention focused on the use of androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS). Some research has suggested that a disturbance in body image in males leads to AAS use. At present, the available literature is sparse and there is little or no discussion on the causal factors for their use. This review gives a historical account of the development and the changing patterns of AAS use. Both the physical and psychological side-effects are presented. The available evidence and theories for external/social and internal, psychological, and developmental influences are discussed in relation to AAS use. The current trends for the treatment of AAS abusers are also presented. Recommendations regarding further research are made in the conclusions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Image; *Drug Usage; *Psychosocial Factors; *Side Effects (Drug); *Steroids; Drug Abuse Classification: Drug & Alcohol Usage (Legal) (2990) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal Release Date: 19970101 Accession Number: 1997-03668-002 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=1997-03668-002 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=1997-036 68-002">Androgenic-anabolic steroids and body dysmorphia in young men.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 14 Title: Appearance obsession: Women's reactions to men's objectification of their bodies. Author(s): Johnston, Joni E. Source: Men and sex: New psychological perspectives. Levant, Ronald F. (Ed); Brooks, Gary R. (Ed) ; pp. 61-83. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1997. xvi, 283 pp. ISBN: 0-471-16903-X (hardcover) Language: English Keywords: gender role socialization & appearance obsession & impact of body objectification on sexuality & intimate heterosexual relations, females, clinical & cultural implications Abstract: (from the introduction) This chapter deals with the impact objectification has on women and on intimate heterosexual relationships. The author's elaboration of "appearance obsession," a "chronic, painful preoccupation with one's physical appearance," provides valuable insights that underscore the importance of helping men develop emotional empathy for women. (from the chapter) Topics addressed include: theoretical underpinnings and familial beginnings, appearance obsession and women's sexuality, gender role socialization and emotion: the language of feelings, women's sexual difficulties in response to objectification, clinical implications, clinical assessment and individual treatment, body dysmorphia: a brief look, couples therapy, and cultural implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Male Female Relations; *Physical Appearance; *Sex Roles; *Sexuality; *Socialization; Body Image; Human Females; Intimacy; Measurement; Treatment Classification: Sexual Behavior & Sexual Orientation (2980) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Age Group: Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200) Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Intended Audience: Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) Publication Type: Book, Edited Book Document Type: Original Chapter Release Date: 19980301 Accession Number: 1997-36405-003 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=1997-36405-003 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=1997-364 05-003">Appearance obsession: Women's reactions to men's objectification of their bodies.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ The link information above provides a persistent link to the article you've requested. 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