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Psychological and Physiological Trauma Research
Seize Your Journeys
_______________________ Traumatic stress is found in many competent, healthy, strong, good people. No one can completely protect themselves from traumatic experiences. Many people have long-lasting problems following exposure to trauma. Up to 8% of persons will have PTSD at some time in their lives. People who react to traumas are not going crazy. What is happening to them is part of a set of common symptoms and problems that are connected with being in a traumatic situation, and thus, is a normal reaction to abnormal events and experiences. Having symptoms after a traumatic event is NOT a sign of personal weakness. Given exposure to a trauma that is bad enough, probably all people would develop PTSD. By understanding trauma symptoms better, a person can become less fearful of them and better able to manage them. By recognizing the effects of trauma and knowing more about symptoms, a person will be better able to decide about getting treatment. _______________________
Body Dysmorphic Disorders
“Diagnostic Features The essential feature of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (historically known as dysmorphophobia) is a preoccupation with a defect in appearance (Criterion A). The defect is either imagined, or, if a slight physical anomaly is present, the individual’s concern is markedly excessive (Criterion A). The preoccupation must cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion B). The preoccupation is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., dissatisfaction with body shape and size in Anorexia Nervosa) (Criterion C.). Complaints commonly involve imagined or slight flaws of the face or head such as hair thinning, acne, wrinkles, scars, vascular markings, paleness or redness of the complexion, swelling, facial asymmetry or disproportion, or excessive facial hair. Other common preoccupations include the shape, size, or some other aspect of the nose, eyes, eyelids, eyebrows, ears, mouth, lips, teeth, jaw, chin, cheeks, or head. However, any other body part may be the focus of concern (e.g., the genitals, breasts, buttocks, abdomen, arms, hands, feet, legs, hips, shoulders, spine, larger body regions, overall body size, or body build and muscularity). The preoccupation may simultaneously focus on several body parts. Although the complaint is often specific (e.g., “crooked” lip or a “bumpy” nose), it is sometimes vague (e.g., a “falling” face or “inadequately firm” eyes). Because of embarrassment over their concerns or for other reasons, some individuals with Body Dysmorphic Disorder avoid describing their “defects” in detail and may instead refer only to their general ugliness. Most individuals with this disorder experience marked distress over their supposed deformity, often describing their preoccupations as “intensely painful,” “tormenting,” or “devastating.” Most find their preoccupations difficult to control, and they may make little or no attempt to resist them. As a result, they often spend hours a day thinking about their “defect,” to the point where these thoughts may dominate their lives. Significant impairment in many areas of functioning generally occurs. Feelings of self-consciousness about their “defect” may lead to avoidance of work, school, or public situations. Associated Features and Disorders Frequent checking of the defect, either directly or in a reflecting surface (e.g., mirrors, store windows, car bumpers, watch faces) can consume many hours a day. Some individuals use special lighting or magnifying glasses to scrutinize their “defect.” There may be excessive grooming behavior (e.g. excessive hair combing, hair removal, ritualized makeup application, or skin picking). Although the usual intent of checking and grooming is to diminish anxiety, be reassured about one’s appearance, or temporarily improve one’s appearance, these behaviors often intensify the preoccupation and associated anxiety. Consequently, some individuals avoid mirrors, sometimes covering them or removing them from their environment. Others alternate between periods of excessive mirror checking and avoidance. Other behaviors aimed at improving the “defect” include excessive exercise (e.g., weight lifting), dieting, and frequent changing of clothes. There may be frequent requests for reassurance about the “defect,” but such reassurance leads to only temporary, if any, relief. Individuals with the disorder may also frequently compare their “ugly” body part with that of others. They may try to camouflage the “defect” (e.g., growing a beard to cover imagined facials scars, wearing a hat to hide imagined hair loss, stuffing their shorts to enhance a “small” penis). Some individuals may be excessively preoccupied with fears that the “ugly” body part will malfunction or is extremely fragile and in constant danger of begin damaged. Insight about the perceived defect is often poor, and some individuals are delusional; that is, they are completely convinced that their view of the defect is accurate and undistorted, and they cannot be convinced otherwise. Ideas and delusions of reference related to the imagined defect are also common; that is, individuals with this disorder often think that others may be (or are) taking special notice of their supposed flaw, perhaps talking about it or mocking it. Avoidance of usual activities may lead to extreme social isolation. In some cases, individuals may leave their homes only at night, when they cannot be seen, or become housebound, sometimes for years. Individuals with this disorder may drop out of school, avoid job interviews, work at jobs below their capacity, or not work at all. They may have few friends, avoid dating and other social interactions, have marital difficulties, or get divorced because of their symptoms. The distress and dysfunction associated with this disorder, although variable, can lead to repeated hospitalization and to suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, ad completed suicide. Individuals with Body Dysmorphic Disorder often pursue and receive general medical (often dermatological), dental, or surgical treatments to rectify their imagined or slight defects. Occasionally, individuals may resort to extreme measures (e.g., self-surgery) to correct their perceived flaws. Such treatment may cause the disorder to worsen, leading to intensified or new preoccupations, which may in turn lead to further unsuccessful procedures, so that individuals may eventually possess “synthetic” noses, ears, breast, hips, or other body pars, which they are still dissatisfied with. Body Dysmorphic Disorder may be associated with Major Depressive Disorder, Delusional Disorder, Social Phobia, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.” American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. p. 507-509.
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Eating Disorders “The Eating Disorders are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior. This section includes two specific diagnoses, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight. Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise. A disturbance in perception of body shape and weight is an essential feature of both Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. An Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified category is also provided for coding behaviors that do not meet criteria for a specific Eating Disorder. Simple obesity is include in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) as a general medical condition but does not appear in DSM-IV because it has not been established that it is consistently associated with a psychological or behavioral syndrome. However, when there is evidence that psychological factors are of importance in the etiology or course of a particular case of obesity, this can be indicated by noting the presence of Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition. Disorders of Feeding and Eating that are usually first diagnosed in infancy or early childhood (i.e., Pica, Rumination Disorder, and Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood) are included in the section “Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood. Anorexia Nervosa Diagnostic Features The essential features of Anorexia Nervosa are that the individual refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight, is intensely afraid of gaining weight, and exhibits a significant disturbance in the perception of the shape or size of his or her body. In addition, postmenarcheal females with this disorder are amenorrheic. (The term anorexia is a misnomer because loss of appetite is rare.) The individual maintains a body weight that is below a minimally normal level for age and height (Criterion A). When Anorexia Nervosa develops in an individual during childhood or early adolescence, there may be failure to make expected weight gains (i.e., while growing in height) instead of weight loss. Criterion A provides a guideline for determining when the individual meets the threshold for being underweight. It suggests that the individual weigh less than 85% of that weight that is considered normal for that person’s age and height (usually computed using one of several published versions of the Metropolitan Life Insurance tables or pediatric growth charts.). An alternative and somewhat stricter guideline (used in the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for research) requires that the individual have a body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms/height in meters2) equal to or below 17.5kg/m2. These cutoffs are provided only as suggested guidelines for eh clinician, since it is unreasonable to specify a single standard for minimally normal weight that applies to all individuals of a given age and height. In determining a minimally normal weight, the clinician should consider not only such guidelines but also the individual’s body build and weight history. Usually weight loss is accomplished primarily through reduction in total food intake. Although individuals may begin by excluding from their diet what they perceive to be highly caloric foods, most eventually end up with a very restricted diet that is sometimes limited to only a few foods. Additional methods of weight loss include purging (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxative or diuretics) and increased or excessive exercise.) Individuals with this disorder intensely fear gaining weight or becoming fat (Criterion B). This intense fear of becoming fat is usually not alleviated by the weight loss. In fact, concern about weight gain often increases even as actual weight continues to decrease. The experience and significance of body weight and shape are distorted in these individuals (Criterion C). Some individuals feel globally overweight. Others realize that they are thin but are still concerned that certain parts of their bodies, particularly the abdomen, buttocks, and thighs are “to fat.” They may employ a wide variety of techniques to estimate their body size and weight, including excessive weighing, obsessive measuring of body parts, and persistently using a mirror to check for perceived areas of “fat.” The self-esteem of individuals with Anorexia Nervosa is highly dependent on their body shape and weight. Weight loss is viewed as an impressive achievement and a sign of extraordinary self-discipline, whereas weight gain is perceived as an unacceptable failure of self-control. Though some individuals with this disorder may acknowledge being thin, they typically deny the serious medical implications of their malnourished state. In postmenarcheal females, amenorrhea (due to abnormally low levels of estrogen secretion that are due in turn to diminished pituitary secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone [PSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]) is an indicator of physiological dysfunction in Anorexia Nervosa (Criterion D.) Amenorrhea is usually a consequence of the weight loss but, in a minority of individuals, may actually precede it. In prepubertal females, menarche may be delayed by the illness. The individual is often brought to professional attention by family members after marked weight loss (or failure to make expected weight gains) has occurred. If individuals seek help on their own, it is usually because of their subjective distress over the somatic and psychological sequelae of starvation. It is rare for an individual with Anorexia Nervosa to complain of weight loss per se. Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa frequently lack insight into, or have considerable denial of, the problem and may be unreliable historians. It is therefore often necessary to obtain information form parents or other outside sources to evaluate the degree of weight loss and other features of the illness.” p. 583-584. Bulimia Nervosa “Diagnostic Features The essential features of Bulimia Nervosa are binge eating and inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain. In addition, the self-evaluation of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa is excessively influenced by body shape and weight. To qualify for the diagnosis, the binge eating and the inappropriate compensatory behaviors must occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months (Criterion C.) A binge is defined as eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food that is definitely larger than most individuals would eat under similar circumstances (Criterion A1.). The clinician should consider the context in which the eating occurred—what would be regarded as excessive consumption at a typical meal might be considered normal during a celebration or holiday meal. A “discrete period of time” refers to a limited period, usually less than 2 hours. A single episode of binge eating need not be restricted to one setting. For example, an individual may begin a binge in a restaurant and then continue it on returning home. Continual snacking on small amounts of food throughout the day would not be considered a binge. Although the type of food consumed during the binge varies, it typically includes sweet, high-calorie foods such as ice cream or cake. However, binge eating appears to be characterized more by an abnormality in the amount of food consumed than by a craving for a specific nutrient, such as carbohydrate. Although individuals with Bulimia Nervosa consume more calories during an episode of binge eating than persons without Bulimia Nervosa consume during a meal, the fractions of calories derived from protein, fat, and carbohydrate are similar. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa are typically ashamed of their eating problems and attempt to conceal their symptoms. Binge eating usually occurs in secrecy, or as inconspicuously as possible. An episode may or may not be planned in advance and is usually (but not always) characterized by rapid consumption. The binge eating often continues until the individual is uncomfortably, or even painfully, full. Binge eating is typically triggered by dysphoric mood states, interpersonal stressors intense hunger following dietary restraint, or feelings related to body weight, body shape, and food. Binge eating may transiently reduce dysphoria, but disparaging self-criticism and depressed mood often follow. An episode of binge eating is also accompanied by a sense of lack of control (Criterion A2). An individual may be in a frenzied state while binge eating, especially early in the course of the disorder. Some individuals describe a dissociative quality during, or following, the binge episodes. After Bulimia Nervosa has persisted for some time, individuals may report that their binge-eating episodes are no longer characterized by an acute feeling of loss of control, but rather by behavioral indicators of impaired control, such as difficulty resisting binge eating or difficulty stopping a binge once it has begun. The impairment in control associated with binge eating in bulimia Nervosa is not absolute; for example, an individual may continue binge eating while the telephone is ringing, but will cease if a roommate or spouse unexpectedly enters the room. Another essential feature of Bulimia Nervosa is the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (Criterion B). Many individuals with Bulimia Nervosa employ several methods in their attempt to compensate for binge eating. The most common compensatory technique is the induction of vomiting after an episode of binge eating. This method of purging is employed by 80%-90% of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa who present for treatment of eating disorders clinics. The immediate effects of vomiting include relief from physical discomfort and reduction of fear of gaining weight. In some cases, vomiting becomes a goal in itself, and the person will binge in order to vomit or will vomit after eating a small amount of food. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa may use a variety of methods to induce vomiting, including the use of fingers or instruments to stimulate the gag reflex. Individuals generally become adept at inducing vomiting and are eventually able to vomit at will. Rarely, individuals consume syrup of ipecac to induce vomiting. Other purging behaviors include the issue of laxatives and diuretics. Approximately one-third of those with Bulimia Nervosa misuse laxatives after binge eating. Rarely, individuals with the disorder will misuse enemas following episodes of binge eating, but this is seldom the sole compensatory method employed. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa may fast for a day or more or exercise excessively in an attempt to compensate for binge eating. Exercise may be considered to be excessive when it significantly interferes with important activities, when it occurs at inappropriate times or in inappropriate settings, or when the individual continues to exercise despite injury or other medical complications. Rarely, individuals with this disorder may take thyroid hormone in an attempt to avoid weight gain. Individuals with diabetes mellitus and Bulimia Nervosa may omit or reduce insulin doses in order to reduce the metabolism of food consumed during eating binges. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa place an excessive emphasis on body shape and weight in their self-evaluation, and these factors are typically the most important ones in determining self-esteem (Criterion D). Individuals with this disorder may closely resemble those with Anorexia Nervosa in their fear of gaining weight, in their desire to lose weight, and in the level of dissatisfaction with their bodies. However, a diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa should not be given when the disturbance occurs only during episodes of Anorexia Nervosa (Criterion E).” p. 589-591
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
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Body Dysmorphia
Body Dysmorphic Disorders _____ Record: 1 Title: Predictors of Remission From Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Prospective Study. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Pagano, Maria E., Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Menard, William, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US Fay, Christina, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US Stout, Robert L., Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Address: Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI, US Source: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol 193(8), Aug 2005. pp. 564-567. Journal URL: http://www.jonmd.com/Publisher: US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publisher URL: http://www.lww.com/ISSN: 0022-3018 (Print) 1539-736X (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000172681.51661.54 Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; symptom severity; remission; comorbid personality disorders Abstract: In the first naturalistic, prospective study of the course of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), we examined predictors of remission in 161 subjects over 1 year of follow-up. Data were obtained on clinical characteristics at the intake interview and weekly BDD symptom severity over 1 year using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation. More severe BDD at intake, longer BDD duration, and the presence of a comorbid personality disorder predicted a lower likelihood of partial or full remission from BDD. BDD remission was not predicted by gender; race/ethnicity; socioeconomic status; being an adult versus an adolescent; age of BDD onset; delusionality of BDD symptoms; or the presence at intake of major depression, a substance use disorder, social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, or an eating disorder. Receipt of mental health treatment or nonmental health treatment (e.g., surgery, dermatologic treatment) during the follow-up year also did not predict remission from BDD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Comorbidity; *Personality Disorders; *Remission (Disorders); *Severity (Disorders); Symptoms Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: US Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-Non-Patient Version Hollingshead Index Psychiatric Status Rating Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders Methodology: Empirical Study; Longitudinal Study; Prospective Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050829 Accession Number: 2005-08969-010 Number of Citations in Source: 27 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-08969-010Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-089 69-010">Predictors of Remission From Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Prospective Study.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 2 Title: Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Menard, William, Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Fay, Christina, Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Pagano, Maria E., Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Address: Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol 46(4), Jul-Aug 2005. pp. 254-260. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/623360/description#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 0010-440X (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.10.004 Language: English Keywords: psychosocial functioning; quality of life; body dysmorphic disorder Abstract: Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have received only limited investigation. We examined these domains in 176 subjects with current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), BDD using reliable measures, several of which have not been used previously in BDD studies. Scores were compared to published norms. On the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, mental health-related quality of life scores for BDD subjects were approximately 1.8 SD units poorer than US population norms and 0.4 SD units poorer than norms for depression. On the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form, BDD subjects had a mean converted score of 49.9% ± 16.4%, which was 2.1 SD units poorer than the normative community sample score of 78.1% ± 13.7%. On the Social Adjustment Scale-- Self-Report, BDD subjects had a mean Overall Adjustment total score of 2.37 ± 0.52, which was 2.4 SD units poorer than the published norm of 1.59 ± 0.33. Scores on the Range of Impaired Functioning Tool reflected functional impairment in all domains. More severe BDD symptoms were significantly associated with poorer functioning and quality of life on all measures. On all but one measure, functioning and quality of life for subjects who were not currently receiving mental health treatment did not significantly differ from those who were receiving treatment. These findings indicate that individuals with BDD, regardless of treatment status, have markedly poor functioning and quality of life. In addition, they suggest that treatment should aim at improving functioning and quality of life in addition to relieving symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Psychosocial Readjustment; *Quality of Life Classification: Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: US Age Group: Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200) Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) Tests & Measures: Range of Impaired Functioning Tool Global Assessment of Functioning Scale Social and Occupational Functioning Scale Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire SF-36 Health Survey Social Adjustment Scale Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Longitudinal Study; Prospective Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050801 Accession Number: 2005-08209-003 Number of Citations in Source: 34 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-08209-003Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-082 09-003">Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 3 Title: Demographic Characteristics, Phenomenology, Comorbidity, and Family History in 200 Individuals With Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Body Image Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Menard, William Fay, Christina Weisberg, Risa Address: Phillips, Katharine A., Body Image Program, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Source: Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry, Vol 46(4), Jul-Aug 2005. pp. 317-325. Journal URL: http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn Publisher URL: http://www.appi.orgISSN: 0033-3182 (Print) 1545-7206 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1176/appi.psy.46.4.317 Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; demographic characteristics; family history; phenomenology; comorbidity Abstract: The authors examined characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder in the largest sample for which a wide range of clinical features has been reported. The authors also compared psychiatrically treated and untreated subjects. Body dysmorphic disorder usually began during adolescence, involved numerous body areas and behaviors, and was characterized by poor insight, high comorbidity rates, and high rates of functional impairment, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. There were far more similarities than differences between the currently treated and untreated subjects, although the treated subjects displayed better insight and had more comorbidity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Comorbidity; *Demographic Characteristics; *Family; *Phenomenology Classification: Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100) School Age (6-12 yrs) (180) Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200) Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder Brief Social Phobia Scale Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Non-Patient Edition Global Assessment of Function Scale Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050718 Accession Number: 2005-07193-004 Number of Citations in Source: 27 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-07193-004Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-071 93-004">Demographic Characteristics, Phenomenology, Comorbidity, and Family History in 200 Individuals With Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 4 Title: Obsessive-compulsive disorder and spectrum across the life span. Author(s): Hollander, Eric, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, US, eric.hollander@mssm.edu Address: Hollander, Eric, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY, US, eric.hollander@mssm.edu Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, Vol 9(2), Jun 2005. pp. 79-86. Journal URL: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/md/13651501.htmlPublisher: United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Publisher URL: http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/ISSN: 1365-1501 (Print) 1471-1788 (Electronic) Language: English Keywords: obsessive-compulsive disorder; life span; drug therapy; body dysmorphic disorder; neurobiology Abstract: An obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) spectrum has been proposed, which includes a group of disorders that share certain features with OCD including clinical symptoms (repetitive behaviours and thoughts), neurobiology (e.g. neurotransmitters) and preferential response to anti-obsessional treatments, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Three distinct clusters have been identified within the OCD spectrum, i.e. disorders concerning preoccupations with bodily sensations or appearance, impulsive disorders, and neurologically based disorders, and these share phenotypic features. Using one example from each of these clusters, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), pathological gambling (PG) and autism, respectively, the phenomenology, neurobiology and pharmacotherapy indicates that specific biological factors are shared by OCD and by these disorders and correlate with the severity of repetitive behaviours. Thus, in common with OCDs, in BDD there is increased activity in the limbic regions; in PG there is evidence of deficiencies in 5-HT function and receptors; and in autism there are restricted interests and repetitive behaviours which may be influenced by serotonergic mechanisms. Our findings support the notion that targeted treatments, for example using SSRIs, for the behaviours associated with these disorders are effective. Our review considers one SSRI treatment in particular, fluvoxamine, and conclusions should be drawn in light of this. Further testing of our hypothesis would be prudent to confirm its validity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Drug Therapy; *Life Span; *Neurobiology; *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Classification: Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders (3215) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050627 Accession Number: 2005-06338-002 Number of Citations in Source: 33 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-06338-002Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-063 38-002">Obsessive-compulsive disorder and spectrum across the life span.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 5 Title: Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US, Katharine_Phillips@brown.edu Coles, Meredith E., Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, US Menard, William, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US Yen, Shirley, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Fay, Christina, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US Weisberg, Risa B., Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Address: Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI, US, Katharine_Phillips@brown.edu Source: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Vol 66(6), Jun 2005. pp. 717-725. Publisher: US: Physicians Postgraduate Press Publisher URL: http://www.psychiatrist.com/ISSN: 0160-6689 (Print) Language: English Keywords: suicidal ideation; suicide attempts; lifetime impairment; body dysmorphic disorder; comorbid disorders Abstract: Objective: Because suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has received little investigation, this study examined rates, correlates, predictors, and other aspects of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in this disorder. Method: From January 2001 to June 2003, 200 subjects with DSM-IV BDD recruited from diverse sources were assessed with standard measures. Results: Subjects had high rates of lifetime suicidal ideation (78.0%) and suicide attempts (27.5%). Body dysmorphic disorder was the primary reason for suicidal ideation in 70.5% of those with a history of ideation and nearly half of subjects with a past attempt. Suicidal subjects often did not reveal their BDD symptoms to their clinician. In univariate analyses, both suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were associated with lifetime functional impairment due to BDD (p < .001), current functional impairment (p < .001 to < .05), lifetime bipolar disorder (p < .05), any personality disorder (p < .05 to .001), and comorbid borderline personality disorder (p < .01 to < .001). A history of suicidal ideation (but not suicide attempts) was additionally associated with comorbid lifetime major depression (p = .001). A history of suicide attempts (but not suicidal ideation) was additionally associated with delusional appearance beliefs (p = .01) and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), an eating disorder, or a substance use disorder (p < .001 to < .05). In logistic regression analyses, suicidal ideation was significantly predicted by comorbid major depression (p = .010) and greater lifetime impairment due to BDD (p = .003); suicide attempts were significantly predicted by PTSD (p = .011), a substance use disorder (p = .011), and greater lifetime impairment due to BDD (p = .005). Conclusion: Individuals with BDD have high rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Lifetime impairment due to BDD and certain comorbid disorders are associated with suicidality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Attempted Suicide; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Comorbidity; *Suicidal Ideation Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20051017 Accession Number: 2005-07030-007 Number of Citations in Source: 57 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-07030-007Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-070 30-007">Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 6 Title: Ayahuasca in Adolescence: A Preliminary Psychiatric Assessment. Author(s): Da Silveira, Dartiu Xavier, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil, dartiu@psiquiatria.epm.br Grob, Charles S., Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Harbor/UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, US de Rios, Marlene Dobkin, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, US Lopez, Enrique, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, US Alonso, Luisa K., Brasilia Catholic University Graduate School, Brazil Tacla, Cristiane, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil Doering-Silveira, Evelyn, Addiction Unit (PROAD), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil Address: Da Silveira, Dartiu Xavier, Rua Florida 320, 04565-000, Sao Paulo, Brazil, dartiu@psiquiatria.epm.br Source: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, Vol 37(2), Jun 2005. pp. 129-133. Publisher: US: Haight-Ashbury Publications Publisher URL: http://www.hafci.orgISSN: 0279-1072 (Print) Language: English Keywords: ayahuasca use; psychiatric symptoms Abstract: Ayahuasca is believed to be harmless for those (including adolescents) drinking it within a religious setting. Nevertheless controlled studies on the mental/psychiatric status of ritual hallucinogenic ayahuasca concoction consumers are still lacking. In this study, 40 adolescents from a Brazilian ayahuasca sect were compared with 40 controls matched on sex, age, and educational background for psychiatric symptomatology. Screening scales for depression, anxiety, alcohol consumption patterns (abuse), attentional problems, and body dysmorphic disorders were used. It was found that, compared to controls, considerable lower frequencies of positive scoring for anxiety, body dismorphism, and attentional problems were detected among ayahuasca-using adolescents despite overall similar psychopathological profiles displayed by both study groups. Low frequencies of psychiatric symptoms detected among adolescents consuming ayahuasca within a religious context may reflect a protective effect due to their religious affiliation. However further studies on the possible interference of other variables in the outcome are necessary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Drug Usage; *Hallucinogenic Drugs; *Psychiatric Symptoms Classification: Drug & Alcohol Usage (Legal) (2990) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: Brazil Age Group: Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200) Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Self Report Questionnaire Body Shape Questionnaire State Trait Anxiety Inventory [Appended] Beck Anxiety Inventory [Appended] Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [Appended] Drug Use Screening Inventory [Appended] Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050822 Accession Number: 2005-08515-003 Number of Citations in Source: 19 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-08515-003Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-085 15-003">Ayahuasca in Adolescence: A Preliminary Psychiatric Assessment.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 7 Title: Olanzapine Augmentation of Fluoxetine in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Philipps, Katharine A. Source: American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 162(5), May 2005. pp. 1022-1023. Journal URL: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn Publisher URL: http://www.appi.orgISSN: 0002-953X (Print) 1535-7228 (Electronic) Language: English Keywords: fluoxetine; treatment resistant body dysmorphic disorder; olanzapine augmentation Abstract: This letter reports on olanzapine augmentation of fluoxetine in six patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Most patients do not respond or respond only partially to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). Investigation of SRI augmentation strategies is therefore needed. Because 35%-50% of patients with body dysmorphic disorder are delusional, SRI augmentation with antipsychotics is of particular interest. Six subjects (3 women) were first treated with fluoxetine for ≥12 weeks. Olanzapine was then added to fluoxetine if thefluoxetine response was inadequate. With olanzapine treatment, body dysmorphic disorder symptoms were minimally improved in two patients and unchanged in four. These results underscore the need for further studies of atypical antipsychotics as augmentation agents as well as monotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Drug Augmentation; *Fluoxetine; *Olanzapine; *Treatment Resistant Disorders; Drug Therapy Classification: Clinical Psychopharmacology (3340) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder Clinical Global Impression scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Letter Release Date: 20050531 Accession Number: 2005-04693-034 Number of Citations in Source: 6 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-04693-034Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-046 93-034">Olanzapine Augmentation of Fluoxetine in Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 8 Title: A 'shrinking' patient - an endocrine disorder? Author(s): Ropohl, Axel, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Erlangen, Germany Elstner, Samuel, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany Hensen, Johannes, Klinikum Hannover Nordstadt, Department of Medicine, Hannover, Germany Harsch, Igor Alexander, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Erlangen, Germany, igor.harsch@medl.imed.uni-erlangen.de Address: Harsch, Igor Alexander, Department of Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany, igor.harsch@medl.imed.uni-erlangen.de Source: General Hospital Psychiatry, Vol 27(2), Mar-Apr 2005. pp. 150-152. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505761/description#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 0163-8343 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.11.003 Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; delusional disorder; underdiagnosis; endocrinology Abstract: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), also known as dysmorphophobia, is characterized by a preoccupation with an assumed disfigurement or malformation of the body. We report a case of a female patient searching for medical advice in several endocrinological outpatient departments because of imaginary continuous shrinking. Following medical and psychiatric evaluation, the patient was given a diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder (delusional variant) according to the DSM-IV by the consulting psychiatrist. The patient rejected the suggested psychiatric therapy and went on searching for medical help, which resulted in continuous "doctor-hopping" and insufficient treatment. As a complicating factor, the patient's husband and adult children shared her conviction of a shrinking body size, so an induced delusional disorder in terms of a folie à famille is also noteworthy. Despite being a distressing and impairing disorder, BDD seems to be an underrecognized psychiatric disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Delusions; *Differential Diagnosis; *Endocrinology Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) Methodology: Clinical Case Study; Empirical Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Letter; Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050425 Accession Number: 2005-03685-012 Number of Citations in Source: 10 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-03685-012Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-036 85-012">A 'shrinking' patient - an endocrine disorder?</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 9 Title: The Classification of Muscle Dysmorphia. Author(s): Maida, Denise Martello, La Salle University, Philadelphia, PA, US, denisemaida@comcast.net Lee Armstrong, Sharon, La Salle University, Philadelphia, PA, US Address: Maida, Denise Martello, Department of Psychology, La Salle University, 1900 W. Olney Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, US, denisemaida@comcast.net Source: International Journal of Men's Health, Vol 4(1), Spr 2005. pp. 73-91. Journal URL: http://mensstudies.com/newlook/online/page3/page3.php?cover=MH.jpg&cat=pur&vart=j Publisher: US: Mens Studies Press Publisher URL: http://www.mensstudies.com/ISSN: 1532-6306 (Print) Language: English Keywords: muscle dysmorphia; symptoms; men; body dysmorphic disorder; weightlifters; obsessive compulsive disorder; somatoform disorder; hostility Abstract: For some time, society's emphasis on appearance has negatively affected women. Now we're finding increasing numbers of men who are also overly dissatisfied with their bodies. This trend has led to a new disorder, muscle dysmorphia (MD), which is characterized by a preoccupation with muscularity accompanied by perceptual, affective, and behavioral components that interfere with daily activities. Currently, MD is not included in the DSM-IV, although it is purported to be a kind of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), which in turn is a somatoform disorder. This study investigated relationships among symptoms of MD and variables most relevant to a DSM classification of men who lift weights regularly. No relationship was found between MD and a measure of somatoform disorder. Instead, BDD, OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder), body dissatisfaction, and hostility are the main predictors of MD. This suggests that MD is an OCD spectrum disorder, rather than a somatoform disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Human Males; *Muscles; *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; *Somatoform Disorders; Hostility; Personality Traits; Psychopathology; Weightlifting Classification: Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Location: US Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) Tests & Measures: Drive for Muscularity Scale Muscle Dysmorphia Symptom Questionnaire Eating Disorders Inventory Brief Symptom Inventory Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050815 Accession Number: 2005-08311-007 Number of Citations in Source: 55 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-08311-007Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-083 11-007">The Classification of Muscle Dysmorphia.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 10 Title: Substance Use Disorders in Individuals With Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Grant, Jon E., Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US, Jon_Grant@brown.edu Menard, William, Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Pagano, Maria E., Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Fay, Christina, Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Address: Grant, Jon E., Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI, US, Jon_Grant@brown.edu Source: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Vol 66(3), Mar 2005. pp. 309-316. Publisher: US: Physicians Postgraduate Press Publisher URL: http://www.psychiatrist.com/ISSN: 0160-6689 (Print) Language: English Keywords: substance use disorders; body dysmorphic disorder; comorbidity Abstract: Background: Little is known about substance use disorders (SUDs) in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Although studies have examined SUD comorbidity in BDD, no previous studies have examined clinical correlates of SUD comorbidity. Method: We examined rates and clinical correlates of comorbid SUDs in 176 consecutive subjects with DSM-IV BDD (71% female; mean ± SD age = 32.5 ± 12.3 years). Comorbidity data were obtained with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. BDD severity was assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for BDD, and delusionality (insight) was assessed with the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale. Quality of life and social/occupational functioning were examined using the Social Adjustment Scale, Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, and Range of Impaired Functioning Tool. All variables were compared in BDD subjects with and without lifetime and current SUDs. Data were collected from January 2001 to June 2003. Results: 48.9% of BDD subjects (N = 86) had a lifetime SUD, 29.5% had lifetime substance abuse, and 35.8% had lifetime substance dependence (most commonly, alcohol dependence [29.0%]). 17% (N = 30) had current substance abuse or dependence (9.1% reported current substance abuse, and 9.7% reported current dependence). 68% of subjects with a lifetime SUD reported that BDD contributed to their SUD. There were far more similarities than differences between subjects with a comorbid SUD and those without an SUD, although those with a lifetime SUD had a significantly higher rate of suicide attempts (p = .004). Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that SUDs are very common in individuals with BDD. Subjects with and without a comorbid SUD were similar in most domains that were examined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Comorbidity; *Drug Abuse; Body Image Disturbances Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Age Group: Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200) Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) Tests & Measures: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale Brief Social Phobia Scale Range of Impaired Functioning Tool Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire SF-36 Health Survey Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Social Adjustment Scale Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050425 Accession Number: 2005-03221-005 Number of Citations in Source: 56 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-03221-005Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-032 21-005">Substance Use Disorders in Individuals With Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 11 Title: Male Body Image in Taiwan Versus the West: Yanggang Zhiqi Meets the Adonis Complex. Author(s): Yang, Chi-Fu Jeffrey Gray, Peter Pope, Harrison G. Jr., McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, US, pope@mclean.harvard.edu Address: Pope, Harrison G. Jr., McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, US, pope@mclean.harvard.edu Source: American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 162(2), Feb 2005. pp. 263-269. Journal URL: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn Publisher URL: http://www.appi.orgISSN: 0002-953X (Print) 1535-7228 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.263 Language: English Keywords: body image disorders; male body image; body ideals; Taiwanese men; Western men; non-Western men; models; womens magazine advertisements Abstract: Objective: Body image disorders appear to be more prevalent in Western than non-Western men. Previous studies by the authors have shown that young Western men display unrealistic body ideals and that Western advertising seems to place an increasing value on the male body. The authors hypothesized that Taiwanese men would exhibit less dissatisfaction with their bodies than Western men and that Taiwanese advertising would place less value on the male body than Western media. Method: The authors administered a computerized test of body image to 55 heterosexual men in Taiwan and compared the results to those previously obtained in an identical study in the United States and Europe. Second, they counted the number of undressed male and female models in American versus Taiwanese women's magazine advertisements. Results: In the body image study, the Taiwanese men exhibited significantly less body dissatisfaction than their Western counterparts. In the magazine study, American magazine advertisements portrayed undressed Western men frequently, but Taiwanese magazines portrayed undressed Asian men rarely. Conclusions: Taiwan appears less preoccupied with male body image than Western societies. This difference may reflect 1) Western traditions emphasizing muscularity and fitness as a measure of masculinity, 2) increasing exposure of Western men to muscular male bodies in media images, and 3) greater decline in traditional male roles in the West, leading to greater emphasis on the body as a measure of masculinity. These factors may explain why body dysmorphic disorder and anabolic steroid abuse are more serious problems in the West than in Taiwan. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Advertising; *Body Image; *Body Image Disturbances; *Cross Cultural Differences; *Magazines; Human Males Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Location: Europe; Taiwan; US Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050228 Accession Number: 2005-01145-008 Number of Citations in Source: 64 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-01145-008Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-011 45-008">Male Body Image in Taiwan Versus the West: Yanggang Zhiqi Meets the Adonis Complex.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 12 Title: Placebo-Controlled Study of Pimozide Augmentation of Fluoxetine in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US, Katharine_Phillips@brown.edu Address: Phillips, Katharine A., Brown Medical School, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI, US, Katharine_Phillips@brown.edu Source: American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 162(2), Feb 2005. pp. 377-379. Journal URL: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn Publisher URL: http://www.appi.orgISSN: 0002-953X (Print) 1535-7228 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.377 Language: English Keywords: placebo; pimozide; drug augmentation; fluoxetine; body dysmorphic disorder Abstract: Objective: Although body dysmorphic disorder often responds to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), most patients do not respond or respond only partially. However, placebo-controlled studies of augmentation of SRIs have not been done. Furthermore, although 40%-50% of patients are delusional, studies of antipsychotic medications have not been done. Method: Twenty-eight patients with body dysmorphic disorder or its delusional variant participated in an 8-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study of pimozide augmentation of fluoxetine. Results: Pimozide was not more effective than placebo: two (18.2%) of 11 subjects responded to pimozide and three (17.6%) of 17 subjects responded to placebo. There was no significant effect of baseline delusionality on endpoint severity of body dysmorphic disorder. Delusionality did not decrease significantly more with pimozide than placebo. Conclusions: Pimozide augmentation of fluoxetine treatment for body dysmorphic disorder was not more effective than placebo, even in more delusional patients. Further studies of augmentation for SRIs are needed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Drug Augmentation; *Fluoxetine; *Pimozide; *Placebo Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Clinical Psychopharmacology (3340) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Clinical Global Impression Scale Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Conference: American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Annual Meeting, Dec, 2002, San Juan, Puerto Rico Conference Notes: An earlier version of this article was presented at the aforementioned conference. Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050228 Accession Number: 2005-01145-023 Number of Citations in Source: 10 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-01145-023Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-011 45-023">Placebo-Controlled Study of Pimozide Augmentation of Fluoxetine in Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 13 Title: Development of the body image concern inventory. Author(s): Littleton, Heather L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Brands, Galveston, TX, US, hlittleton@yahoo.com Axsom, Danny, Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, US Pury, Cynthia L. S., Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, US Address: Littleton, Heather L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Brands, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, US, hlittleton@yahoo.com Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol 43(2), Feb 2005. pp. 229-241. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/265/description#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 0005-7967 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.006 Language: English Keywords: inventory development; body image concern; reliability; validity Abstract: Development of the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), a measure designed to assess dysmorphic concern, is described. A panel of expert raters supported the construct validity of the measure, and four college student samples (N-sub(s) = 184, 200, 56, 40) supported the internal consistency of the BICI. In addition, in studies 1 and 3, concurrent validity was established through comparison of the BICI to extant self-report and interview measures of dysmorphic symptomatology. Convergent validity patterns were assessed through comparison with measures of obsessive-compulsive and eating disorder symptomatology in studies 2 and 4. Finally, the results of study 4 supported that the BICI discriminated individuals with a diagnosis of Body Dysmorphic Disorder or bulimia (disorders that frequently involve high levels of dysmorphic concern) from those with subclinical symptoms. Results suggest that the BICI is a reliable, valid, and user-friendly tool for assessing dysmorphic concern, with utility in both research and clinical settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Image Disturbances; *Inventories; *Test Construction; *Test Reliability; *Test Validity Classification: Clinical Psychological Testing (2224) Eating Disorders (3260) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: US Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Body Image Concern Inventory Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination-Self-Report Padua Inventory Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050214 Accession Number: 2005-01158-006 Number of Citations in Source: 43 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-01158-006Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-011 58-006">Development of the body image concern inventory.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 14 Title: Body dysmorphic disorder treated with bupropion: Cases report. Author(s): Nardi, Antonio E., Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Psychiatry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Lopes, Fabiana L., Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Psychiatry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Valença, Alexandre M., Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Psychiatry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 39(1-2), Jan 2005. pp. 112. Journal URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0004-8674&site=1Publisher: United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Publisher URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.comISSN: 0004-8674 (Print) 1440-1614 (Electronic) Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; pharmacotherapy; bupropion; fluoxetine; sertraline; major depression; drug therapy Abstract: Research on effective pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has increased rapidly. We report two people with BDD from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who responded well to bupropion sustained-release and maintained the response in a long-term follow-up. Case 1 was a 25 year-old Caucasian male. He was diagnosed with BDD and major depressive episode (DSM-IV). Neither fluoxetine nor sertraline ameliorated his symptoms. Case 2 was a 32 year-old Caucasian female. At the age of 30 she had some depressive symptoms and was diagnosed with major depressive episode and BDD (DSM-IV). Clomipramine was commenced and increased to 175 mg/day. After 8 weeks the depressive symptoms were improved, but she suffered side-effects and was switched to sertraline. Several studies have suggested that pharmacotherapy is useful in BDD. Bupropion has a favourable profile of adverse events specially lack of weight gain that can be important to BDD sufferers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Bupropion; *Drug Therapy; Fluoxetine; Major Depression; Sertraline Classification: Medical Treatment of Physical Illness (3363) Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: Brazil Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Methodology: Clinical Case Study; Empirical Study; Followup Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Letter Release Date: 20050214 Accession Number: 2005-00815-016 Number of Citations in Source: 2 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-00815-016Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-008 15-016">Body dysmorphic disorder treated with bupropion: Cases report.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 15 Title: Cluster analysis of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical and genetic correlates. Author(s): Lochner, Christine, MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa, cl2@sun.ac.za Hemmings, Sian M. J., MRC/US Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa Kinnear, Craig J., MRC/US Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa Niehaus, Dana J. H., MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa Nel, Daniel G., Center for Statistical Consultation, Department of Statistics & Actuarial Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa Corfield, Valerie A., MRC/US Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa Moolman-Smook, Johanna C., MRC/US Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa Seedat, Soraya, MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa Stein, Dan J., MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa Address: Lochner, Christine, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa, 7505, cl2@sun.ac.za Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol 46(1), Jan-Feb 2005. pp. 14-19. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/623360/description#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 0010-440X (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.020 Language: English Keywords: obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders; obsessive compulsive disorder; comorbidity; polymorphism; genotypes; cluster analysis; demographic variables; clinical variables Abstract: Background: Comorbidity of certain obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs; such as Tourette's disorder) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may serve to define important OCD subtypes characterized by differing phenomenology and neurobiological mechanisms. Comorbidity of the putative OCSDs in OCD has, however, not often been systematically investigated. Methods: The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Axis I Disorders- Patient Version as well as a Structured Clinical Interview for Putative OCSDs (SCID-OCSD) were administered to 210 adult patients with OCD (N = 210, 102 men and 108 women; mean age, 35.7 ± 13.3). A subset of Caucasian subjects (with OCD, n = 171; control subjects, n = 168), including subjects from the genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population (with OCD, n = 77; control subjects, n = 144), was genotyped for polymorphisms in genes involved in monoamine function. Because the items of the SCID-OCSD are binary (present/absent), a cluster analysis (Ward's method) using the items of SCID-OCSD was conducted. The association of identified clusters with demographic variables (age, gender), clinical variables (age of onset, obsessive-compulsive symptom severity and dimensions, level of insight, temperament/character, treatment response), and monoaminergic genotypes was examined. Results: Cluster analysis of the OCSDs in our sample of patients with OCD identified 3 separate clusters at a 1.1 linkage distance level. The 3 clusters were named as follows: (1) "reward deficiency" (including trichotillomania, Tourette's disorder, pathological gambling, and hypersexual disorder), (2) "impulsivity" (including compulsive shopping, kleptomania, eating disorders, self-injury, and intermittent explosive disorder), and (3) "somatic" (including body dysmorphic disorder and hypochondriasis). Several significant associations were found between cluster scores and other variables; for example, cluster I scores were associated with earlier age of onset of OCD and the presence of tics, cluster II scores were associated with female gender and childhood emotional abuse, and cluster III scores were associated with less insight and with somatic obsessions and compulsions. However, none of these clusters were associated with any particular genetic variant. Conclusion: Analysis of comorbid OCSDs in OCD suggested that these lie on a number of different dimensions. These dimensions are partially consistent with previous theoretical approaches taken toward classifying OCD spectrum disorders. The lack of genetic validation of these clusters in the present study may indicate the involvement of other, as yet untested, genes. Further genetic and cluster analyses of comorbid OCSDs in OCD may ultimately contribute to a better delineation of OCD endophenotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Client Characteristics; *Comorbidity; *Disorders; *Genotypes; *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; Cluster Analysis; Demographic Characteristics; Polymorphism Classification: Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders (3215) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) Aged (65 yrs & older) (380) Tests & Measures: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Axis I Disorders-Patient Version Structured Clinical Interview for Putative Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Clinical Global Impression Scale Temperament and Character Inventory Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050307 Accession Number: 2005-00696-003 Number of Citations in Source: 61 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-00696-003Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-006 96-003">Cluster analysis of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical and genetic correlates.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 16 Title: Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Subset of Self-Injurious Behaviors with Intellectual Disability? Author(s): Barnhill, Jarrett, Developmental Neuropharmacology Clinic, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, US, Jarrett_Barnhill@med.unc.edu Address: Barnhill, Jarrett, Developmental Neuropharmacology Clinic, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, US, Jarrett_Barnhill@med.unc.edu Source: Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, Vol 8(1), Jan-Mar 2005. pp. 5-12. Publisher: US: Psych Media Publisher URL: http://www.mhaspectsofdd.comISSN: 1057-3291 (Print) Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; self-injurious behavior; intellectual disabilities; affective symptoms; somatoform disorder Abstract: This paper focuses on two case studies that suggest a relationship between selected typologies of self-injurious behavior, affective symptoms and suspected body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). It is largely an exploratory endeavor since there is limited data available regarding BDD in people with intellectual disabilities. The author hopes that this review will increase clinician sensitivity to the presence of and generate research into this intriguing somatoform disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Mental Retardation; *Self Destructive Behavior; *Somatoform Disorders; *Symptoms Classification: Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Methodology: Clinical Case Study; Empirical Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050502 Accession Number: 2005-03758-002 Number of Citations in Source: 48 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-03758-002Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-037 58-002">Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Subset of Self-Injurious Behaviors with Intellectual Disability?</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 17 Title: Somatization and somatoform disorders. Author(s): Abbey, Susan E., Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Source: The American psychiatric publishing textbook of psychosomatic medicine. Levenson, James L. (Ed) ; pp. 271-296. Washington, DC, US: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2005. xxi, 1092 pp. ISBN: 1-58562-127-7 (hardcover) Language: English Keywords: somatoform disorders; undifferentiated somatoform disorder; conversion disorder; body dysmorphic disorder; somatization disorder not otherwise specified; treatment; somatization Abstract: (from the chapter) The DSM-TV-TR somatoform disorders are somatization disorder, undifferentiated somatoform disorder, conversion disorder, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, and somatoform disorder not otherwise specified (American Psychiatric Association 2000). The feature they have in common is the presence of unexplained physical symptoms that are not intentionally produced. In DSM-IV-TR it is emphasized that these disorders are grouped together because of the need to exclude medical and substance-induced etiologies (American Psychiatric Association 2000). This chapter begins with a discussion of the process of somatization, followed by a review of the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association 2000) somatoform disorders and their management. The chapter focuses on adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Psychosomatic Medicine; *Somatization Disorder; *Treatment; *Somatization; Body Dysmorphic Disorder; Conversion Disorder; Hypochondriasis; Somatoform Pain Disorder Classification: Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Health & Mental Health Services (3370) Population: Human (10) Intended Audience: Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) Publication Type: Book, Edited Book; Print Document Type: Original Chapter Book Type: Textbook/Study Guide Release Date: 20050418 Accession Number: 2004-22157-012 Number of Citations in Source: 187 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-22157-012Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-221 57-012">Somatization and somatoform disorders.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 18 Title: Body dysmorphic disorder (stoornis in de lichaamsbeleving): Een overzicht. Translated Title: Body dysmorphic disorder: An overview. Author(s): Vulink, N. C. C., Opleiding tot Klinisch Onderzoeket(AGIKO), Netherlands, N.C.C.vulink@azu.nl Denys, D., Dwangstoornissen van het UMC Utrecht, Netherlands Address: Vulink, N. C. C., Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, 6.01.206, Postbus 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands, N.C.C.vulink@azu.nl Source: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, Vol 47(1), 2005. pp. 21-27. Publisher: Netherlands: Uitgeverij Boom Publisher URL: http://www.uitgeverijboom.nl/ISSN: 0303-7339 (Print) Language: Dutch Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; psychiatric disease; diagnosis Abstract: Background: Persons suffering from debilitating psychiatric disease known as body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are preoccupied with imagined or slight defects in their appearance. Over the past few years there has been increased interest in the prevalence and neurobiology of body dysmorphic disorder. Objective: To provide an overview of the literature on body dysmorphic disorder. Method: We searched the literature from 1977 up to the present using PsycINFO and PubMed on the basis of the key words 'body dysmorphic disorder', 'dysmorphobia' and 'somatoform disorder. Results: Body djsmorphic disorder is an important psychiatric disease with a prevalence ranging from 0.7% to 13%. Both the serotonergic and the dopaminergic systems are involved and also structural changes can occur in the brain. Patients with body dysmorphic disorder benefit from psychiatric treatment with seretonergic re-uptake inhibitors and from cognitive behavioural therapy. Conclusion: Since persons with body dysmorphic disorder are more likely to attend plastic surgery clinics and dermatology clinics than psychiatric clinics, their disorder is often unrecognised or overlooked. Early diagnosis is important since good psychiatric treatment is available. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Diagnosis; *Mental Disorders Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Methodology: Literature Review Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050801 Accession Number: 2005-01846-003 Number of Citations in Source: 51 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-01846-003Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-018 46-003">Body dysmorphic disorder (stoornis in de lichaamsbeleving): Een overzicht.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 19 Title: Specific Phobias and Social Phobia. Author(s): Wiederhold, Brenda K., Virtual Reality Medical Center, CA, US Wiederhold, Mark D., Virtual Reality Medical Center, CA, US Source: Virtual reality therapy for anxiety disorders: Advances in evaluation and treatment. Wiederhold, Brenda K.; Wiederhold, Mark D. ; pp. 125-138. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2005. viii, 225 pp. Publisher URL: http://www.apa.org/booksISBN: 1-59147-031-5 (hardcover) Language: English Keywords: specific phobias; social phobia; virtual reality therapy Abstract: (from the create) This chapter explores the use of virtual reality therapy to treat specific phobias and social phobia. Topics discussed include the prevalence, risk factors and treatment of both specific phobias and social phobia. The chapter explores various specific phobias including generalized social phobia, fear of public speaking, test anxiety, body dysmorphic disorder, and avoidant personality disorder. Social skills training, with the use of virtual reality therapy, is looked at as a treatment for social phobias. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Phobias; *Social Phobia; *Treatment; *Virtual Reality Classification: Specialized Interventions (3350) Population: Human (10) Intended Audience: Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) Publication Type: Book, Authored Book; Print Document Type: Original Chapter Release Date: 20041115 Accession Number: 2004-18400-011 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-18400-011Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-184 00-011">Specific Phobias and Social Phobia.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 20 Title: Cognitive therapy of schizophrenia. Series Title: Guides to individualized evidence-based treatment Author(s): Kingdon, David G., U Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom Turkington, Douglas, School of Neurology, Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Newcastle-upon- Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom Source: New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, 2005. xvi, 219 pp. ISBN: 1-59385-104-9 (hardcover) Language: English Keywords: cognitive therapy; schizophrenia Abstract: (from the introduction) This book is the inaugural volume of the series titled "Guides to Individualized Evidence-Based Treatment." The books in this series aim to facilitate the transportation of evidence-based therapies from the ivory tower to the front lines of clinical settings. Toward that end, this volume, like the others in this series, describes in some detail not just the interventions of the therapy, but also the conceptualizations upon which the interventions are based. With this information, clinicians will not blindly carry out interventions, but will be guided by a conceptualization they can use to adapt the treatment to the needs of the patient at hand in a way that is flexible yet systematic and theory driven (Persons, in press). Kingdon and Turkington present clear cognitive-behavioral conceptualizations of schizophrenia at the level of the disorder, the subtype, and the symptoms (e.g., hallucinations). This volume provides invaluable assistance to the clinician who works with schizophrenic patients. In addition, as a clinician who works with (nonschizophrenic) anxious and depressed patients, I found this book unexpectedly illuminating. Ideas presented here for conceptualizing and managing negative symptoms of schizophrenia have been useful in my work with depressed patients who do not respond to other evidence-based interventions, and with personality-disordered individuals who struggle with paralyzing passivity. Ideas presented here have also been helpful in treating the psychotic symptoms experienced by patients with borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder, and in treating patients with anxiety disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders, and depression, who frequently display thinking that is delusional or nearly so. This volume is authored by two gifted clinicians whose writing conveys their deep understanding of schizophrenia and their respect for those who suffer from it. The authors also communicate their commitment to helping these individuals manage their symptoms in order to live a meaningful and gratifying life. Some individuals with schizophrenia can accomplish these goals without medication; in general, however, the evidence indicates that at the current point of our knowledge, most patients with schizophrenia need medication in addition to psychosocial treatment in order to function at their best. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Cognitive Therapy; *Schizophrenia Classification: Cognitive Therapy (3311) Schizophrenia & Psychotic States (3213) Population: Human (10) Intended Audience: Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) Publication Type: Book, Authored Book; Print Release Date: 20050321 Accession Number: 2005-02809-000 Number of Citations in Source: 126 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-02809-000Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-028 09-000">Cognitive therapy of schizophrenia.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 21 Title: The broken mirror: Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder (rev. & exp ed.). Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Body Image Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US Source: New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press, 2005. xii, 412 pp. ISBN: 0-19-508317-2 (hardcover) 0-19-512126-0 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; treatment Abstract: (from the jacket) In the original edition of The Broken Mirror, the first book ever written on topic of BDI, Katharine Philips brought readers an authoritative and comprehensive guide to this often debilitating illness. This Revised and Expanded Edition draws on Dr. Phillips' years of clinical practice and scientific research, including professional evaluations of approximately 900 individuals with BDD. This edition also includes four indispensable, updated chapters that provide the latest information on the treatment of BDD--including treatments that should be avoided--and give detailed advice for family members and friends on how to cope with the disorder. Left untreated, the torment of BDD can lead to psychiatric hospitalization and sometimes suicide. With treatment, many sufferers are able to lead normal lives. The Broken Mirror is literally a lifesaving handbook to sufferers, their families, and professionals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Treatment Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Intended Audience: Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) Publication Type: Book, Authored Book; Print Release Date: 20051107 Accession Number: 2005-07388-000 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-07388-000Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-073 88-000">The broken mirror: Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder (rev. & exp ed.).</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 22 Title: Correlates of dysmorphic concern in people seeking cosmetic enhancement. Author(s): Castle, David J., Mental Health Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia, dcastle@mhri.edu.au Molton, Michael, Private practice, Perth, WAU, Australia Hoffman, Keturah, Private practice, Perth, WAU, Australia Preston, Neil J., Fremantle Hospital and Health Service, WAU, Australia Phillips, Katharine A., Body Dysmorphic Disorder Program, Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Address: Castle, David J., Mental Health Research Institute, University of Melbourne, 155 Oak Street, Parkville, VIC, Australia, 3052, dcastle@mhri.edu.au Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 38(6), Dec 2004. pp. 439-444. Journal URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0004-8674&site=1Publisher: United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Publisher URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.comISSN: 0004-8674 (Print) 1440-1614 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01381.x Language: English Keywords: clinical correlates; dysmorphic concern; cosmetic enhancement; body dysmorphic disorder Abstract: Objective: To determine the clinical correlates of dysmorphic concern in persons seeking cosmetic enhancement from cosmetic physicians. Method: A questionnaire survey of 137 patients attending the practices of two cosmetic physicians. Results: Four subjects (2.9%; 95% CI=0.8%-7.3%) had a diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), but many more expressed overconcern with physical appearance ('dysmorphic concern'). Dysmorphic concern accounted for a substantial amount of the variance for mood, social anxiety, and impairment in work and social functioning, while concerns related to how self or others perceive the putative flaw in appearance, impacted significantly on work and leisure activities, but did not apparently influence mood and social anxiety to any significant degree. Conclusions: Dysmorphic concern is a broad dimensional construct that is related to both inter- and intrapsychic distress and disablement associated with people seeking cosmetic enhancement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image Disturbances; *Cosmetic Techniques; *Physical Appearance; *Plastic Surgery Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Cosmetic Enhancement Questionnaire Work Home Leisure Scale Zung Depression Rating Scale Social Interaction Anxiety Scale Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040705 Accession Number: 2004-15164-007 Number of Citations in Source: 24 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-15164-007Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-151 64-007">Correlates of dysmorphic concern in people seeking cosmetic enhancement.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 23 Title: Reel psychiatry: Movie portrayals of psychiatric conditions. Author(s): Quadrio, Carolyn Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 38(6), Dec 2004. pp. 481. Journal URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0004-8674&site=1Publisher: United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Publisher URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.comReviewed Item: David J. Robinson (2003). Reel psychiatry: Movie portrayals of psychiatric conditions; Port Huron, MI: Rapid Psychler Press, 2003 ISBN 1895328 07 8 pp. 340 ISSN: 0004-8674 (Print) 1440-1614 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01393.x Language: English Keywords: psychiatric conditions; movies Abstract: Reviews the book, "Reel psychiatry: Movie portrayals of psychiatric conditions," by David J. Robinson (see record 2003-88168-000). This book provides something of a carefree romp through DSM. It is a fun read and yet it also presents a thorough review of the entire DSM manual. Many of the films date back as far as the 1930s and for me they were extremely meaningful. For those who do have good familiarity with the movies, this is a wonderful way of reviewing DSM and bringing the various syndromes to life. The style of writing is engaging, entertaining and easy to read. Psychiatrically it is sound too. Mostly, the author chose his illustrative movies well - one very minor exception being body dysmorphic disorder. The author's knowledge of the film world is encyclopaedic - obviously. As an added bonus, he gives each film a rating, so the book is a useful companion to one's TV guide. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Films; *Mental Disorders Classification: Psychological & Physical Disorders (3200) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Review Release Date: 20040705 Accession Number: 2004-15164-020 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-15164-020Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-151 64-020">Reel psychiatry: Movie portrayals of psychiatric conditions.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 24 Title: Measuring 'negative body image': Validation of the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire in a nonclinical population. Author(s): Cash, Thomas F., Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, US, tcash@odu.edu Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Santos, Melanie T., Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Virginia Beach, VA, US Hrabosky, Joshua I., Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Virginia Beach, VA, US Address: Cash, Thomas F., Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, US, tcash@odu.edu Source: Body Image, Vol 1(4), Dec 2004. pp. 363-372. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/issn/17401445Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 1740-1445 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.10.001 Language: English Keywords: body image; Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire; test validity; psychosocial functioning; test reliability; psychometrics Abstract: Despite numerous measures of facets of the body image construct, no single assessment broadly measures a continuum of body image disturbance. Accordingly, this study developed the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (BIDQ), derived from the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire. Participants were 220 college women and 75 college men who completed an online survey containing this new assessment and established measures of body image and psychosocial functioning. Results confirmed that the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire was internally consistent and free of impression-management response bias. For both sexes, the measure converged appropriately with other body image indices (evaluation, affect, investment, and impact), was positively correlated with depression, social anxiety, and eating disturbance. Scores on this assessment also predicted psychosocial functioning above and beyond body dissatisfaction as a predictor. Greater body image disturbance was observed among women than men, among heavier than lighter women, and among White than African American women. Limitations and future research implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Image; *Body Image Disturbances; *Psychosocial Development; *Test Validity; Psychometrics; Test Reliability Classification: Health Psychology Testing (2226) Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: US Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) Tests & Measures: Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria-Short Form Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised Body Image Quality of Life Inventory Eating Attitudes Test-26 Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depressed Mood Scale Impression Management Scale of the Paulhus Deception Scales Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050627 Accession Number: 2005-06122-004 Number of Citations in Source: 33 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-06122-004Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-061 22-004">Measuring 'negative body image': Validation of the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire in a nonclinical population.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 25 Title: Self-esteem in body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Pinto, Anthony, Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Jain, Satyam, Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Address: Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, Brown Medical School, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Source: Body Image, Vol 1(4), Dec 2004. pp. 385-390. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/issn/17401445Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 1740-1445 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.07.001 Language: English Keywords: self esteem; body dysmorphic disorder; body image; pharmacotherapy Abstract: Although studies indicate that poor body image is associated with poor self-esteem, few investigations have examined self-esteem in a clinical sample of individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The present study examined self-esteem in 93 BDD patients and change in self-esteem with pharmacotherapy. Subjects completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and were assessed with other measures. Participants in a placebo-controlled fluoxetine trial completed measures at baseline and endpoint. The mean RSES score was approximately 1.5 SD units lower than means reported for nonclinical samples. Although poorer self-esteem was associated with more severe BDD and depression, as well as greater delusionality, the relationship between self-esteem and BDD severity was largely mediated by depressive symptoms. Self-esteem did not improve significantly more with fluoxetine than placebo, although it improved significantly more in fluoxetine responders than in nonresponders. It is unclear whether poor self-esteem predisposes to BDD and/or is a consequence of the disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image; *Drug Therapy; *Self Esteem Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Outpatient (60) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050627 Accession Number: 2005-06122-006 Number of Citations in Source: 25 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-06122-006Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-061 22-006">Self-esteem in body dysmorphic disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 26 Title: Is BDD Culturally Induced? Author(s): Fawcett, Jan, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, US Source: Psychiatric Annals, Vol 34(12), Dec 2004. pp. 900. Publisher: US: SLACK Publisher URL: http://www.slackinc.com/ISSN: 0048-5713 (Print) Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; mass media; advertising; materialism; western culture; diagnosis; treatment Abstract: This issue of Psychiatric Annals, focuses on body dysmorphic disorder. The issue is an excellent and comprehensive discussion of this rather recently recognized disorder, covering diagnosis and assessment methodologies as well as both pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatments. With the growing prevalence of both body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders, and in light of mass media advertising and what appears to be a growing preoccupation with outer surfaces and appearances, it is difficult not to wonder if these disorders are the consequences of the rampant materialism of contemporary Western culture. Consider the billions spent on makeup, hair enhancements, and plastic surgery--not to mention high-fashion clothes, pricey automobiles, and other luxuries. All are positioned in advertising as increasing "sexiness." This tendency toward "looks are everything" makes one wonder if these disorders are not some of the price we pay for a culture that offers material aplenty for an entitled segment of our society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Advertising; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image Disturbances; *Mass Media; *Materialism; Diagnosis; Treatment Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Editorial Release Date: 20050131 Accession Number: 2004-22263-001 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-22263-001Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-222 63-001">Is BDD Culturally Induced?</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 27 Title: From the Guest Editor. Author(s): Wilhelm, Sabine, (Ed), Body Dysmorphic Disorder Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US Source: Psychiatric Annals, Vol 34(12), Dec 2004. pp. 902-903. Publisher: US: SLACK Publisher URL: http://www.slackinc.com/ISSN: 0048-5713 (Print) Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; etiology; treatment; prevalence; age of onset; psychopathology; differential diagnosis; assessment tools; cognitive-behavior therapy; pharmacotherapy Abstract: The contributors to this special issue represent many of the leading investigators in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), each with his or her respective viewpoints regarding the etiology and treatment of BDD. Neziroglu and colleagues (see record 2004-22263-005) describe the clinical picture of BDD and review the studies pertaining to its prevalence and age of onset. My article with Dr. Buhlmann (see record 2004-22263-006) provides a comprehensive review of the cognitive experimental psychopathology literature of BDD. Allen and Hollander (see record 2004-22263-007) summarize the literature on important similarities and differences between BDD and other disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), hypochondriasis, eating disorders, and social phobia. Crerand, Sarwer and colleagues investigated the rate of BDD in plastic surgery patients (see record 2004-22263-010). Their data suggest about 8% of the cosmetic surgery patients suffer from BDD. Sarwer and colleagues (see record 2004-22263-008) provide an overview of assessment tools in BDD and present a description of the cognitive-behavior therapy literature. Phillips's (see record 2004-22263-009) review of the pharmacotherapy literature indicates that serotonin reuptake inhibitors are often efficacious for BDD. She reports that SRI doses are higher for BDD than for other emotional disorders and that switching to another SRI may be useful if one SRI fails. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Cognitive Behavior Therapy; *Differential Diagnosis; *Drug Therapy; *Etiology; Epidemiology; Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; Onset (Disorders); Psychopathology; Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; Social Phobia; Treatment Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Editorial Release Date: 20050131 Accession Number: 2004-22263-002 Number of Citations in Source: 7 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-22263-002Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-222 63-002">From the Guest Editor.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 28 Title: A Behavioral Model for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Neziroglu, Fugen, Bio-Behavioral Institute, Great Neck, NY, US Roberts, Marty, Bio-Behavioral Institute, Great Neck, NY, US Yaryura-Tobias, Jose A., Bio-Behavioral Institute, Great Neck, NY, US Address: Neziroglu, Fugen, Bio Behavioral Institute, 935 Northern Blvd., Suite 102, Great Neck, NY, US Source: Psychiatric Annals, Vol 34(12), Dec 2004. pp. 915-920. Publisher: US: SLACK Publisher URL: http://www.slackinc.com/ISSN: 0048-5713 (Print) Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; comorbidity; OCD; social phobia; depression; personality disorders; prevalence; cognitive therapy; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; behavioral model; conditioning Abstract: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) appears to commence during adolescence, is not gender specific, and is often comorbid with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), social phobia, depression, and personality disorders. Its prevalence rate is not yet firmly established, with studies indicating anywhere from 0.7% to 13% of the various populations studied. Most patients with BDD have high overvalued ideas and are difficult to treat. Treatment has consisted of cognitive-behavior therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. A behavioral model of a patient's acquisition and maintenance of BDD is provided, with emphasis on classical followed by operant conditioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image Disturbances; *Comorbidity; *Drug Therapy; *Models; Cognitive Behavior Therapy; Conditioning; Epidemiology; Major Depression; Personality Disorders; Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; Social Phobia Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) Population: Human (10) Methodology: Literature Review Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050131 Accession Number: 2004-22263-005 Number of Citations in Source: 36 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-22263-005Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-222 63-005">A Behavioral Model for Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 29 Title: Cognitive Factors in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Buhlmann, Ulrike, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, US Wilhelm, Sabine, Body Dysmorphic Disorder Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, US Address: Wilhelm, Sabine, Massachusetts General Hospital, OCD Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA, US Source: Psychiatric Annals, Vol 34(12), Dec 2004. pp. 922-926. Publisher: US: SLACK Publisher URL: http://www.slackinc.com/ISSN: 0048-5713 (Print) Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; diagnosis; physical defects; information processing; attitudes; cognitive behavior models Abstract: Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance (eg, shape or size of the nose) that the BDD sufferer perceives as hideous and repulsive. If the individual has a slight physical defect, the concern has to be markedly excessive. Moreover, the preoccupation must cause significant distress or impairment in social or occupational functioning. The concern in appearance also is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa). Research has shown that patients with BDD exhibited significantly poorer performance in both verbal and nonverbal memory tasks, mediated by deficits in organizational strategies. People with BDD believe that appearance is important and that other people notice their imagined or slight flaw in appearance. This may lead to feelings of shame and low self-esteem. Various theorists have incorporated the research on information-processing biases and maladaptive beliefs and attitudes into cognitive-behavior models of BDD's development and maintenance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Adult Attitudes; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image Disturbances; *Cognitions; *Models; Diagnosis Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Methodology: Literature Review Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050131 Accession Number: 2004-22263-006 Number of Citations in Source: 24 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-22263-006Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-222 63-006">Cognitive Factors in Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 30 Title: Similarities and Differences Between Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Other Disorders. Author(s): Allen, Andrea, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, US Hollander, Eric, Seaver and New York Autism Center of Excellence, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, US Address: Allen, Andrea, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1230, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, US Source: Psychiatric Annals, Vol 34(12), Dec 2004. pp. 927-933. Publisher: US: SLACK Publisher URL: http://www.slackinc.com/ISSN: 0048-5713 (Print) Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; somatoform disorder; differential diagnosis; anxiety disorders; impulse control disorders; eating disorders; depressive disorders; hypochondriasis; subtypes Abstract: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) currently is classified as a somatoform disorder but also has notable similarities with disorders from other categories found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). These include anxiety disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and social phobia, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, impulse control disorders such as the pathological grooming disorders trichotillomania and psychogenic excoriation (skin picking), and depressive disorders. Similarities also can be seen between BDD and hypochondriasis, another somatoform disorder. Three subtypes of hypochondriasis have been described: obsessive-compulsive hypochondria, phobic hypochondria, and depressive hypochondria. Patients with BDD are particularly similar to those suffering from obsessive-compulsive hypochondria; the other subtypes have much less in common with BDD and other OC spectrum disorders. Understanding the key differences between BDD and these disorders is essential to accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment. In most cases, finding the correct diagnosis depends on understanding the motivations for patients' behaviors. In the case of depression, the concern is not that the wrong diagnosis will be made but rather that the BDD will be missed entirely. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image Disturbances; *Comorbidity; *Differential Diagnosis; *Somatoform Disorders; Eating Disorders; Hypochondriasis; Impulse Control Disorders; Major Depression; Subtypes (Disorders) Classification: Psychological & Physical Disorders (3200) Population: Human (10) Methodology: Literature Review Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050131 Accession Number: 2004-22263-007 Number of Citations in Source: 34 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-22263-007Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-222 63-007">Similarities and Differences Between Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Other Disorders.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 31 Title: Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder With Cognitive-behavior Therapy. Author(s): Sarwer, David B., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US Gibbons, Lauren M., Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US Crerand, Canice E., Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US Address: Sarwer, David B., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, 10 Penn Tower, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA, US Source: Psychiatric Annals, Vol 34(12), Dec 2004. pp. 934-941. Publisher: US: SLACK Publisher URL: http://www.slackinc.com/ISSN: 0048-5713 (Print) Language: English Keywords: cognitive behavior conceptualization; assessment; treatment; body dysmorphic disorder; BDD; cognitive behavior model; cognitive behavior therapy Abstract: This article discusses the cognitive-behavior conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). It begins with a detailed description of a cognitive-behavior model of the disorder. Subsequently, the identification and assessment of patients thought to have BDD is discussed. A cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) treatment model is outlined, and case reports and clinical trials supporting its utility are reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion of future research priorities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image Disturbances; *Cognitive Behavior Therapy; *Models; *Psychiatric Evaluation Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) Population: Human (10) Tests & Measures: Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Modified for BDD Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050131 Accession Number: 2004-22263-008 Number of Citations in Source: 45 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-22263-008Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-222 63-008">Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder With Cognitive-behavior Therapy.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 32 Title: Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder Using Medication. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, US Address: Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI, US Source: Psychiatric Annals, Vol 34(12), Dec 2004. pp. 945-953. Publisher: US: SLACK Publisher URL: http://www.slackinc.com/ISSN: 0048-5713 (Print) Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; drug therapy; serotonin-reuptake inhibitors; SRIs; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SSRIs; dosage; treatment length; ECT Abstract: TThis article offers practical suggestions on how to successfully treat body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) with pharmacotherapy, and includes the following topics: recognizing BDD, serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) treatment for BDD, SRI treatment for delusional BDD, other medications for BDD, higher SRI doses, slow SRI response, length of treatment, discontinuing an SRI, switching SRIs, SRI augmentation, and ECT for BDD. The SRIs--clomipramine and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)--are the best-studied medications in BDD. Reports from subsequent large clinical series, open-label studies, and controlled studies consistently have indicated that SRIs often are efficacious for BDD and that they are probably more efficacious than other types of medication. It must be emphasized that virtually all aspects of pharmacotherapy for BDD need to be studied, as research is still in its early stages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Chlorimipramine; *Drug Therapy; *Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; Drug Dosages; Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy; Treatment Duration Classification: Clinical Psychopharmacology (3340) Population: Human (10) Methodology: Literature Review Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050131 Accession Number: 2004-22263-009 Number of Citations in Source: 27 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-22263-009Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-222 63-009">Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder Using Medication.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 33 Title: Rate of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Among Patients Seeking Facial Plastic Surgery. Author(s): Crerand, Canice E., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Weight and Eating Disorders Program, Philadelphia, PA, US Sarwer, David B., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US Magee, Leanne, Weight and Eating Disorders Program, US Gibbons, Lauren M., Weight and Eating Disorders Program, US Lowe, Michael R., Drexel University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, US Bartlett, Scott P., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, US Becker, Daniel G., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, US Glat, Paul M., St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Division of Plastic Surgery, US LaRossa, Donato, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, US Low, David W., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, US Whitaker, Linton A., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, US Address: Crerand, Canice E., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Weight and Eating Disorders Program, 3535 Market Street, Suite 3124, Philadelphia, PA, US Source: Psychiatric Annals, Vol 34(12), Dec 2004. pp. 958-965. Publisher: US: SLACK Publisher URL: http://www.slackinc.com/ISSN: 0048-5713 (Print) Language: English Keywords: rate of body dysmorphic disorder; facial plastic surgery; patients Abstract: This article describes a research study undertaken to further investigate the rate of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) among patients who seek facial plastic surgery. Because patients with BDD commonly report preoccupations with facial features (eg, nose), the study specifically targeted patients seeking facial procedures. The study included 141 patients recruited from three sites: a university based plastic surgery practice (80.1%), a university-based otorhinolaryngology practice (9.9%), and a suburban private practice (10%). Results suggest that 8% of patients who sought cosmetic medical treatments and 7% of those who sought noncosmetic medical treatments met diagnostic criteria for BDD. Coupled with the evidence that suggests that the vast majority of patients do not experience improvement in their BDD symptoms following cosmetic treatments, the results further illustrate the need for the assessment of BDD in medical settings that offer appearance-related treatments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Physical Appearance; *Plastic Surgery Classification: Medical Treatment of Physical Illness (3363) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050131 Accession Number: 2004-22263-010 Number of Citations in Source: 37 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-22263-010Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-222 63-010">Rate of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Among Patients Seeking Facial Plastic Surgery.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 34 Title: Depression, Anxiety, Anger, And Somatic Symptoms in Patients With Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Siniscalchi, Jason M., Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US McElroy, Susan L., University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, US Address: Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Source: Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol 75(4), Win 2004. pp. 309-320. Journal URL: http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,4-10039-70-35731366-0,00.html?changeHeader=true Publisher: Germany: Springer Publisher URL: http://www.springeronline.comISSN: 0033-2720 (Print) 1573-6709 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1023/B:PSAQ.0000043507.03596.0d Language: English Keywords: depression; anxiety; anger; somatic symptoms; body dysmorphic disorder; hostility; fluvoxamine Abstract: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a relatively common and impairing disorder. However, little is known about non-BDD symptoms and well-being in patients with this disorder. Seventy-five outpatients with DSM-IV BDD completed the Symptom Questionnaire, a validated self-report measure with four scales: depression, anxiety, somatic/somatization, and anger-hostility. Scores were compared to published norms for normal subjects and psychiatric outpatients. Participants in an open-label fluvoxamine trial completed the Symptom Questionnaire at baseline and endpoint. Compared to normal controls, BDD subjects had markedly elevated scores on all four scales, indicating severe distress and psychopathology. Compared to psychiatric patients, BDD subjects had higher scores on the depression, anxiety, and anger/hostility scales but not on the somatic/somatization scale. Scores on all scales significantly decreased with fluvoxamine. In conclusion, patients with BDD have markedly high levels of distress, are highly symptomatic, and have poor well-being in the domains of depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, and anger-hostility. All of these symptoms significantly improved with fluvoxamine. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Anger; *Anxiety; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Hostility; *Major Depression; Fluvoxamine Classification: Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Outpatient (60) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Symptom Questionnaire Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20041129 Accession Number: 2004-20058-001 Number of Citations in Source: 30 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-20058-001Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-200 58-001">Depression, Anxiety, Anger, And Somatic Symptoms in Patients With Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 35 Title: Body-Image Dissatisfaction in Gay Versus Heterosexual Men: Is There Really a Difference? Author(s): Hausmann, Armand, Department of General Psychiatry, Innsbruck University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria, armand.hausmann@uibk.ac.at Mangweth, Barbara, Department of General Psychiatry, Innsbruck University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria Walch, Thomas, Department of General Psychiatry, Innsbruck University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria Rupp, Claudia I., Department of General Psychiatry, Innsbruck University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria Pop, Harrison G. Jr., Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, US Address: Hausmann, Armand, Department of General Psychiatry, Innsbruck University Hospital, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria, armand.hausmann@uibk.ac.at Source: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Vol 65(11), Nov 2004. pp. 1555-1558. Publisher: US: Physicians Postgraduate Press Publisher URL: http://www.psychiatrist.com/ISSN: 0160-6689 (Print) Language: English Keywords: body-image dissatisfaction; Gay men; heterosexual men; body ideals; body-image disorders; somatomorphic matrix; eating disordered men Abstract: Background: Gay men are thought to experience body-image concerns or disorders more frequently than heterosexual men. It is unclear, however, whether these putative concerns are due to unrealistic body ideals (aspiring to a body shape that is difficult or impossible to attain), body-image distortion (misperceiving the actual shape of one's body), or both. Method: We administered a well-established computerized body-image test, the "somatomorphic matrix," to 37 gay men recruited from the community in April 1999 and compared the results with previous data from 49 community-recruited heterosexual comparison men and 24 clinic-recruited heterosexual men with eating disorders. Results: Gay men were indistinguishable from the community-recruited heterosexual comparison men on measures of both body ideals and body-image distortion. By contrast, eating-disordered men were significantly distinguishable from both other groups on body-image distortion. The lack of differences between community gay and heterosexual men on body-image indices seems unlikely to represent a type II error, since the somatomorphic matrix showed ample power to detect abnormalities in the eating-disordered men, despite the smaller sample size of the latter group. Conclusion: Contrary to our hypotheses, gay men did not differ significantly from heterosexual men on measures of body image. These unexpected findings cast doubt on the widespread belief that gay men experience greater body-image dissatisfaction than heterosexual men. If our findings are valid, it follows that some previous studies of body image in gay men may possibly have been influenced by selection bias. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image; *Body Image Disturbances; *Eating Disorders; *Male Homosexuality Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Inpatient (50) Outpatient (60) Location: Austria Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: fat-free mass index Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20041227 Accession Number: 2004-21440-019 Number of Citations in Source: 26 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-21440-019Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-214 40-019">Body-Image Dissatisfaction in Gay Versus Heterosexual Men: Is There Really a Difference?</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 36 Title: Change in psychosocial functioning and quality of life of patients with body dysmorphic disorder treated with fluoxetine: A placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Rasmussen, Steven A., Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Address: Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Source: Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry, Vol 45(5), Oct 2004. pp. 438-444. Journal URL: http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn Publisher URL: http://www.appi.orgISSN: 0033-3182 (Print) 1545-7206 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1176/appi.psy.45.5.438 Language: English Keywords: psychosocial functioning; quality of life; body dysmorphic disorder; fluoxetine; mental health Abstract: In a 12-week placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder, the authors investigated change in psychosocial functioning and mental health-related quality of life in 60 subjects. The subjects were assessed with the LIFE-RIFT (a measure of impaired functioning), Social and Occupational Functioning Scale (SOFAS), and Medical Outcomes Study 36- Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) before and after receiving fluoxetine or placebo. At baseline, the patients had impaired psychosocial functioning and markedly poor mental health-related quality of life. Compared to placebo, fluoxetine was associated with significantly greater improvement in LIFE-RIFT and SOFAS scores and with improvement on the mental health subscale of the SF-36 that approached significance. Decrease in the severity of body dysmorphic disorder, as measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder, was significantly correlated with improvement in functioning and quality of life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Drug Therapy; *Fluoxetine; *Quality of Life; Psychosocial Factors Classification: Clinical Psychopharmacology (3340) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Outpatient (60) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Social and Occupational Functioning Scale Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation-Range of Impaired Functioning Tool Clinical Global Impression Scale SF-36 Health Survey Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Conference: Annual Meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit, 42nd, Jun, 2002, Boca Raton, FL, US Conference Notes: Portions of this research were presented at the aforementioned conference. Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040927 Accession Number: 2004-18156-010 Number of Citations in Source: 31 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-18156-010Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-181 56-010">Change in psychosocial functioning and quality of life of patients with body dysmorphic disorder treated with fluoxetine: A placebo-controlled study.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 37 Title: Obsessão ou delírio? Descrição fenomenológica de uma paciente com transtorno dismórfico corporal. Translated Title: Obsession or delusion? A phenomenological description of a patient with body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Kalaf, Juliana, Programa de Ansiedade e Depressão, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Brazil Fontenelle, Leonardo F., Programa de Ansiedade e Depressão, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Brazil, leofontenelle@hotmail.com Mendlowicz, Mauro V., Programa de Ética e Psiquiatria Forense do IPUB/UFRJ, Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental (MSM), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Brazil Miotto, Roberto R., Programa de Ansiedade e Depressão, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Brazil Versiani, Marcio, Programa de Ansiedade e Depressão, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Brazil Address: Fontenelle, Leonardo F., Rua Lopes Trovao, 88/1501-bloco A-Icarai, RJ, CEP 24220-071, Niteroi, Brazil, leofontenelle@hotmail.com Source: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, Vol 53(5), Sep-Oct 2004. pp. 281-285. Journal URL: http://www.ipub.ufrj.br/jbp.htmPublisher: Brazil: Univ Federal do Rio de Janeiro Inst de Psiquiatria ISSN: 0047-2085 (Print) Language: Portuguese Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; phenomenological description; obsession; obsessive-compulsive disorder; delusional disorder Abstract: The essential feature of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a preoccupation with an imagined defect in the appearance of a normal-appearing person or a markedly excessive concern about a slight physical imperfection. The 4-super(th) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diseases (DSM-IV) acknowledges the existence of delusional and nondelusional forms of BDD. In this article, we described and analyzed the phenomenological aspects of a case of a patient with BDD who also exhibited marked obsessive and delusional features. Our report underlines the overlapping that exists between BDD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and delusional disorder, somatic type. It was suggested that, given their relatively high degree of diagnostic inaccuracy, the nosological systems currently employed do not provide an adequate classificatory niche for ambiguous disorders characterized mainly by complaints of physical deformities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Delusions; *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; *Phenomenology Classification: Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders (3215) Population: Human (10) Methodology: Clinical Case Study; Empirical Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050425 Accession Number: 2004-20261-002 Number of Citations in Source: 40 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-20261-002Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-202 61-002">Obsessão ou delírio? Descrição fenomenológica de uma paciente com transtorno dismórfico corporal.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 38 Title: Diagnóstico diferencial da fobia social: Uma revisão. Translated Title: Differential diagnosis of social phobia: A review. Author(s): Michels, Murilo José, Departamento de Neurologia e Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (FMB/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil Torres, Albina Rodrigues, Docente da Disdplina de Psiquiatria, Departamento de Neurologia e Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (FMB/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil, torresar@fmb.unesp.br Address: Torres, Albina Rodrigues, Departamento de Neurologia e Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu/UNESP, SP, CEP 18618-970, Botuca, Brazil, torresar@fmb.unesp.br Source: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, Vol 53(5), Sep-Oct 2004. pp. 291-300. Journal URL: http://www.ipub.ufrj.br/jbp.htmPublisher: Brazil: Univ Federal do Rio de Janeiro Inst de Psiquiatria ISSN: 0047-2085 (Print) Language: Portuguese Keywords: differential diagnosis; social phobia Abstract: Social phobia is a common mental disorder that can cause considerable distress and impairment in functioning and quality of life, but it is still an underdiagnosed and undertreated disorder. The differential diagnosis is not always simple, because its clinical features overlap with many other mental and non-mental disorders characterized by social avoidance. The aim of this study was to review the literature and discuss the differential diagnosis of social phobia with the following conditions: normal social anxiety (shyness), depressive disorders, alcoholism, body dysmorphic disorder, panic disorder and agoraphobia, simple phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, delusional disorders and avoidant and schizoid personality disorders. A Medline and Lilacs search was conducted between 1990 and 2002, using the key words social phobia, social anxiety disorder, diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The accurate diagnosis is very important for the appropriate treatment approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Differential Diagnosis; *Social Phobia Classification: Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders (3215) Population: Human (10) Methodology: Literature Review Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050425 Accession Number: 2004-20261-003 Number of Citations in Source: 37 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-20261-003Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-202 61-003">Diagnóstico diferencial da fobia social: Uma revisão.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 39 Title: Terapia farmacologica del Disturbo di Dismorfismo Corporeo. Translated Title: Drug therapy of the body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Colombo, Pier Paolo, Dipartimento di Scienze Psichiatriche e Medicina Psicologica, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy Robone, Camilla, Dipartimento di Scienze Psichiatriche e Medicina Psicologica, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy, robone_c@hotmail.com Address: Robone, Camilla, robone_c@hotmail.com Source: Rivista di Psichiatria, Vol 39(5), Sep-Oct 2004. pp. 295-302. Publisher: Italy: Pensiero Scientifico Publisher URL: http://www.pensiero.it/ISSN: 0035-6484 (Print) Language: Italian Keywords: drug therapy; body dysmorphic disorder; dysmorphophobia; psychotic disorder; somatoform disorder; delusional disorders; nondelusional disorders Abstract: Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), also known as dysmorphophobia, consists of a distressing or impairing preoccupation with either an imaginary or a light real defect in appearance. Body Dysmorphic Disorder is classified as a somatoform disorder. Delusional Body Dysmorphic Disorder is considered to be a type delusional disorder (which is similar to monosymptomatic hypocondrial psychosis), somatic type, and is classified as a psychotic disorder. The aim of this paper is to assess the best drug-therapy for Non-delusional and Delusional Body Dysmorphic Disorder on the basis of literature data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Delusions; *Drug Therapy; *Somatoform Disorders; Psychosis Classification: Clinical Psychopharmacology (3340) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050411 Accession Number: 2004-21344-008 Number of Citations in Source: 90 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-21344-008Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-213 44-008">Terapia farmacologica del Disturbo di Dismorfismo Corporeo.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 40 Title: Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: A comparison of clinical features. Author(s): Frare, Franco, Adults Mental Health Unit, Pistoia, Italy Perugi, Giulio, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, gperugi@psico.med.unipi.it Ruffolo, Giuseppe, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Toni, Cristina, Institute of Behavioural Science 'G. De Lisio', Carrara-Pisa, Italy Address: Perugi, Giulio, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56100, Pisa, Italy, gperugi@psico.med.unipi.it Source: European Psychiatry, Vol 19(5), Aug 2004. pp. 292-298. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505814/description#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 0924-9338 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.04.014 Language: English Keywords: obsessive-compulsive disorder; body dysmorphic disorder; demographic characteristics; clinical features; psychiatric comorbidity Abstract: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is currently classified as a somatoform disorder in DSM-IV, but has been long noted to have some important similarities with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In addition, BDD and OCD have been often reported to be comorbid with each other. In the present study, we compared demographic characteristics, clinical features and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with OCD, BDD or comorbid BDD-OCD (34 subjects with BDD, 79 with OCD and 24 with BDD-OCD). We also compared the pattern of body dysmorphic concerns and associated behaviors in BDD patients with or without OCD comorbidity. In our sample, BDD and OCD groups showed similar sex ratio. Both groups with BDD and BDD-OCD were significantly younger, and experienced the onset of their disorder at a significantly younger age than subjects with OCD. The two BDD groups were also less likely to be married, and more likely to be unemployed and to have achieved lower level degree, than OCD subjects even when controlling for age. The three groups were significantly different in the presence of comorbid bulimia, alcohol-related and substance-use disorders, BDD-OCD patients showing the highest rate and OCD the lowest. BDD-OCD reported more comorbid bipolar II disorder and social phobia than in the other two groups, while generalized anxiety disorder was observed more frequently in OCD patients. Patients with BDD and BDD-OCD were similar as regards the presence of repetitive BDD-related behaviors, such as mirror-checking or camouflaging. Both groups also did show a similar pattern of distribution as regards the localization of the supposed physical defects in specific areas of the body. The only significant difference concerned the localization in the face, that was more frequent in the BDD group. Our results do not contradict the proposed possible conceptualization of BDD as an OCD spectrum disorder. However, BDD does not appear to be a simple clinical variant of OCD and it seems to be also related to social phobia, mood, eating and impulse control disorders. The co-presence of BDD and OCD features appears to possibly individuate a particularly severe form of the syndrome, with a greater load of psychopathology and functional impairment and a more frequent occurrence of other comorbid mental disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Comorbidity; *Demographic Characteristics; *Mental Disorders; *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Outpatient (60) Location: Italy Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Adult Demographic and Personal Inventory Family History version of the Research Diagnostic Criteria Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040920 Accession Number: 2004-17971-008 Number of Citations in Source: 50 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-17971-008Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-179 71-008">Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: A comparison of clinical features.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 41 Title: Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders in Rheumatic Fever With and Without Sydenham's Chorea. Author(s): Hounie, Ana Gabriela, Psychiatry Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil, anah@protoc.com.br Pauls, David L., Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, US Mercadante, Marcos Tomanik, Pervasive Developmental Disorder Program, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil Rosário-Campos, Maria Conceição, Psychiatry Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil Shavitt, Roseli Gedanke, Psychiatry Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil de Mathis, Maria Alice, Psychiatry Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil de Alvarenga, Pedro Gomes, Psychiatry Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil Cúri, Mariana, Psychiatry Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil Miguel, Euripedes Constantino, Psychiatry Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil Address: Hounie, Ana Gabriela, Psychiatry Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP), Rua Dr Jose Pereira de Queiroz 67. Pacaembu, SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil, CEP 01241-040, anah@protoc.com.br Source: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Vol 65(7), Jul 2004. pp. 994-999. Publisher: US: Physicians Postgraduate Press Publisher URL: http://www.psychiatrist.com/ISSN: 0160-6689 (Print) Language: English Keywords: obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders; rheumatic fever; Sydenhams chorea; tic disorders; body dysmorphic disorder; obsessive-compulsive disorder Abstract: Background; Recent findings suggest that acute-phase rheumatic fever (RF) patients present with higher frequencies of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders. Until now, there have been no such studies in RF in non-acute phases. Objective: To verify whether patients with a history of RF with or without Sydenham's chorea (SC) present with higher rates of OCD, tic disorders, and other obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum disorders (such as body dysmorphic disorder [BDD]) than controls. Method: Between February 1999 and December 2002, 59 consecutive outpatients with non-acute RF (28 with and 31 without SC) from an RF clinic and 39 controls from an orthopedics clinic were blindly assessed for OC spectrum disorders using structured interviews to assign DSM-IV diagnosis. Data were analyzed with Fisher exact and χ² tests to compare frequencies of disorders, and Kaplan-Meiersurvival analyses were used to obtain age-corrected rates. Results: The age-corrected rates of tic disorders were higher in patients with RF without SC (N = 3; 14.39%) (p = .003) when compared with controls. Age-corrected rates for OC spectrum disorders (OCD, tic disorders, and BDD) combined were higher both in RF without SC (N = 4; 20.65%) and RF with SC (N = 5; 19.55%) groups than in controls (N = 1; 2.56%) (P = .048). Conclusions: RF, even in the non-acute phase, may increase the risk for some OC spectrum disorders, such as OCD, tic disorders, and BDD. These data, although preliminary, reinforce the idea that OC spectrum disorders may share common underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and vulnerability factors with RF or that RF could trigger central nervous system late manifestations such as OC spectrum disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Chorea; *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; *Rheumatic Fever; *Tics; Body Dysmorphic Disorder Classification: Psychological & Physical Disorders (3200) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Outpatient (60) Location: Brazil Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100) School Age (6-12 yrs) (180) Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200) Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Tests & Measures: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050926 Accession Number: 2004-17800-017 Number of Citations in Source: 39 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-17800-017Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-178 00-017">Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders in Rheumatic Fever With and Without Sydenham's Chorea.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 42 Title: A healthy imagination? Editorial for the special issue of Memory: Mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. Author(s): Holmes, Emily A., MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom, emily.holmes@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk Hackmann, Ann, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom Address: Holmes, Emily A., MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 2EF, emily.holmes@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk Source: Memory, Vol 12(4), Jul 2004. Special issue: Memory : Mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. pp. 387-388. Journal URL: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/pp/09658211.htmlPublisher: United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Publisher URL: http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/ISSN: 0965-8211 (Print) 1464-0686 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1080/09658210444000124 Language: English Keywords: mental imagery; memory; psychopathology; psychological disorders; imagination; psychological disorder Abstract: This special issue of "Memory" on mental imagery and memory in psychopathology presents a novel series of papers investigating emotional, intrusive mental imagery across a wide range of psychological disorders. We include posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders such as agoraphobia and social phobia, as well as psychosis, bipolar disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and depression. The roles of imagery in symptom maintenance and in psychological treatment are explored. We hope that this special issue of Memory will appeal to clinicians and experimental psychologists in the fields of memory and emotion. It provides a forum to forge links between experimental and clinical psychology. In bringing together a diverse range of research to the topic of mental imagery and memory in psychopathology, we hope this issue provides a unique opportunity to build on this exciting and rapidly expanding area. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Imagery; *Memory; *Mental Disorders; *Psychopathology Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Editorial Release Date: 20040628 Accession Number: 2004-14897-001 Number of Citations in Source: 5 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-14897-001Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-148 97-001">A healthy imagination? Editorial for the special issue of Memory: Mental imagery and memory in psychopathology.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 43 Title: Reflecting on imagery: A clinical perspective and overview of the special issue of Memory on mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. Author(s): Hackmann, Ann, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom, annhackmann@psych.ox.ac.uk Holmes, Emily A., MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom Address: Hackmann, Ann, University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX7 3JX, annhackmann@psych.ox.ac.uk Source: Memory, Vol 12(4), Jul 2004. Special issue: Memory : Mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. pp. 389-402. Journal URL: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/pp/09658211.htmlPublisher: United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Publisher URL: http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/ISSN: 0965-8211 (Print) 1464-0686 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1080/09658210444000133 Language: English Keywords: mental imagery; memory; psychopathology; psychological disorders; PTSD; agoraphobia; mood disorders; psychosis; body dysmorphic disorder Abstract: The authors provide an overview of the papers in the special issue of Memory on mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. The papers address emotional, intrusive mental imagery across a range of psychological disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), agoraphobia, body dysmorphic disorder, mood disorders, and psychosis. They include work on information processing issues including modelling cravings, conditioning, and aversions, as well as imagery qualities such as vividness and emotionality. The overview aims to place the articles in a broader context and draw out some exciting implications of this novel work. It provides a clinical context to the recent growth in this area from a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) perspective. We begin with PTSD, and consider links to imagery in other disorders. The clinical implications stemming from this empirical work and from autobiographical memory theory are discussed. These include consideration of a variety of techniques for eliminating troublesome imagery, and creating healthy, realistic alternatives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Imagery; *Memory; *Mental Disorders; *Psychopathology; Affective Disorders; Agoraphobia; Body Dysmorphic Disorder; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Psychosis Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040628 Accession Number: 2004-14897-002 Number of Citations in Source: 88 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-14897-002Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-148 97-002">Reflecting on imagery: A clinical perspective and overview of the special issue of Memory on mental imagery and memory in psychopathology.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 44 Title: Spontaneously occurring images and early memories in people with body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Osman, Selen, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom Cooper, Myra, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom, myra.cooper@hmc.ox.ac.uk Hackmann, Ann, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Veale, David, University of London, London, United Kingdom Address: Cooper, Myra, Isis Education Centre, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7JX, myra.cooper@hmc.ox.ac.uk Source: Memory, Vol 12(4), Jul 2004. Special issue: Memory : Mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. pp. 428-436. Journal URL: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/pp/09658211.htmlPublisher: United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Publisher URL: http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/ISSN: 0965-8211 (Print) 1464-0686 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1080/09658210444000043 Language: English Keywords: spontaneous images; early memories; body dysmorphic disorder; stressful memories Abstract: A semi-structured interview assessing the presence and characteristics of spontaneous appearance-related images was designed and administered. A total of 18 patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and 18 normal controls took part. The BDD patients were found to have spontaneously occurring appearance-related images that were significantly more negative, recurrent, and viewed from an observer perspective than control participants. These images were more vivid and detailed and typically involved visual and organic (internal body) sensations. The study also found that BDD images were linked to early stressful memories, and that images were more likely than verbal thoughts to be linked to these memories. Implications for theory and clinical practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image Disturbances; *Early Experience; *Imagery; Psychological Stress Classification: Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders (3215) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: United Kingdom Age Group: Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200) Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) Tests & Measures: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale Body Consciousness Questionnaire Beck Depression Inventory--II Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040628 Accession Number: 2004-14897-005 Number of Citations in Source: 29 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-14897-005Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-148 97-005">Spontaneously occurring images and early memories in people with body dysmorphic disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 45 Title: Crooked Mirrors: The Externalization of Self-Image in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Gorbis, Eda, Westwood Institute for Anxiety Disorders, Inc., US Source: Behavior Therapist, Vol 27(4), Sum 2004. pp. 74-76. Publisher: US: Assn for Advancement of Behavior Therapy Publisher URL: http://www.aabt.org/ISSN: 0278-8403 (Print) Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; body dissatisfaction; treatment; distorted mirrors method; mirror exposure; cognitive behavior therapy; medical interventions Abstract: The article presents information about body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) which manifests itself as an abnormal dissatisfaction with one's physical appearance. Current treatment procedures for BDD include cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and medical interventions. Due to their recent development, these treatments are only beginning to show signs of effectiveness. A standardized method was recently developed and adopted by the Westwood Institute for Anxiety Disorders. The method involves the use of distorted mirrors to counter the false beliefs and ritualistic obsessions associated with BDD. This distorted mirror exposure involves fifteen 90-minute therapy sessions. While the small sample size does not allow for any significant generalizations regarding efficacy, five of the seven treated BDD patients improved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Exposure Therapy; *Treatment; Cognitive Behavior Therapy; Medical Treatment (General) Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) Population: Human (10) Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20041101 Accession Number: 2004-19264-004 Number of Citations in Source: 7 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-19264-004Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-192 64-004">Crooked Mirrors: The Externalization of Self-Image in Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 46 Title: Somatoform disorders: A help or hindrance to good patient care? Author(s): Sharpe, Michael, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom Mayou, Richard, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Address: Sharpe, Michael, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Kennedy Tower, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH10 5HF Source: British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 184(6), Jun 2004. pp. 465-467. Journal URL: http://bjp.rcpsych.org/Publisher: United Kingdom: Royal College of Psychiatrists Publisher URL: http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/ISSN: 0007-1250 (Print) 1472-1465 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1192/bjp.184.6.465 Language: English Keywords: somatoform disorders; functional impairment; anxiety disorders; depressive disorders; disorder prevalence; Dutch primary care Abstract: Comments on an article by de Waal and colleagues (see record 2004-15101-005), which reports on the prevalence of somatoform disorders in Dutch primary care. They found that at least one out of six patients seen by general practitioners could be regarded as having a somatoform disorder, almost all in the non-specific category of undifferentiated somatoform disorder. The prevalence of the condition has major implications for medical services but what does this diagnosis mean? Is receiving a diagnosis of somatoform disorder of any benefit to the patient? Does it help the doctor to provide treatment? Somatoform disorders include a heterogeneous group of diagnoses united only by their tendency to present with somatic complaints. In DSM-III-R the specific subcategories included somatisation disorder, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, conversion disorder and chronic pain disorder, but the classification proved inadequate to the clinical task and the most recent edition of DSM added the non-specific category of undifferentiated somatoform disorder. In conclusion, the increasing recognition of the size of the problem of somatic symptoms unassociated with disease is well illustrated by de Waal et al. The recognition of the importance of symptoms as a subject of study in their own right is both overdue and welcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Anxiety Disorders; *Epidemiology; *Major Depression; *Primary Health Care; *Somatoform Disorders Classification: Psychological & Physical Disorders (3200) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Comment/Reply; Editorial Release Date: 20040830 Accession Number: 2004-15101-003 Number of Citations in Source: 22 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-15101-003Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-151 01-003">Somatoform disorders: A help or hindrance to good patient care?</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 47 Title: Conversion Hysteria: Lessons From Functional Imaging. Author(s): Black, Deborah N., Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, PQ, Canada Seritan, Andreea L., Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, US Taber, Katherine H., School of Health Information Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, US Hurley, Robin A., Mental Health Service Line, Salisbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, NC, US, Robin.Hurley@med.va.gov Address: Hurley, Robin A., Hefner VA Medical Center, 1601 Brenner Avenue, Salisbury, NC, US, Robin.Hurley@med.va.gov Source: Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, Vol 16(3), Sum 2004. pp. 245-251. Journal URL: http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn Publisher URL: http://www.appi.orgISSN: 0895-0172 (Print) 1545-7222 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16.3.245 Language: English Keywords: conversion hysteria; dissociative disorders; somatization; depression; urinary retention; motor pathways; schizophrenia Abstract: The article presents information on hysteria or the conversion disorder. The term hysteria, based on the Egyptian theory of the wandering uterus, is credited to Hippocrates. Formerly considered a dissociative disorder, conversion disorder is classified in DSM-IV-TR as a somatoform disorder along with somatization, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, and body dysmorphic disorder. Psychogenic disorders of memory and personal identity are classified as dissociative disorders. Conversion disorder shares high comorbidity with anxiety, depression, and personality disorders. The symptoms of hysteria can affect any aspect of elementary neurological function, including involuntary movements or paralysis, mutism, urinary retention, pain, blindness, deafness, and analgesia. Inconsistencies on examination suggest this diagnosis. These include simultaneous contraction of muscular agonists and antagonists, fluctuating weakness, non anatomical sensory loss, tunnel vision, and astasia-abasia. An important finding in conversion disorder is that electrophysiological itests indicate that sensory and motor pathways are intact. The mapping of the brain in conversion disorder has implications for the conscious experience of self and the disruption of selfhood in dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Conversion Disorder; *Dissociative Identity Disorder; *Hysteria; Schizophrenia; Somatoform Pain Disorder; Urinary Incontinence Classification: Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer-Reviewed Status-Unknown; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20041129 Correction Date: 20051024 Accession Number: 2004-18704-001 Number of Citations in Source: 44 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-18704-001Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-187 04-001">Conversion Hysteria: Lessons From Functional Imaging.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 48 Title: SPECT Imaging of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Carey, Paul, MRC Unit for Stress and Anxiety Disorders, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa, pcarey@sun.ac.za Seedat, Soraya Warwick, James van Heerden, Ben Stein, Dan J. Address: Carey, Paul, MRC Unit for Stress and Anxiety Disorders, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063 Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa, pcarey@sun.ac.za Source: Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, Vol 16(3), Sum 2004. pp. 357-359. Journal URL: http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn Publisher URL: http://www.appi.orgISSN: 0895-0172 (Print) 1545-7222 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16.3.357 Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; hexamethylpropylene amine oxime; affective disorders; body perception; SPECT Imaging Abstract: [-sup-9-sup-9mTc] Hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scans were undertaken in six subjects with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The scans showed a broad range of discrepant findings that do not immediately support a view of BDD as resting on either an obsessive-compulsive or affective disorder spectrum. Nevertheless, involvement of parietal regions is consistent with the characteristic altered body perception of BDD. These preliminary data highlight the need for further systematic functional imaging studies of this condition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Amines; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Cerebral Blood Flow; *Tomography; Brain Classification: Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) Tests & Measures: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20041129 Accession Number: 2004-18704-014 Number of Citations in Source: 12 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-18704-014Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-187 04-014">SPECT Imaging of Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 49 Title: Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Art Background. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A. Menard, William Source: American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 161(5), May 2004. pp. 927-928. Journal URL: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn Publisher URL: http://www.appi.orgISSN: 0002-953X (Print) 1535-7228 (Electronic) Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; patient background; art occupation; art education; aesthetics Abstract: Comments on the article by D. Veale et al (see record 2002-04602-029) on the possible association of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) with an occupation or education in art and design. Exploring an alternative possibility that patients with BDD tend to develop an interest on aesthetics, the present authors conducted a study of 146 patients with BDD who were currently employed as artists. They conclude that further study is needed to elucidate factors that may contribute to the development of BDD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Aesthetics; *Art; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Client Characteristics; *Education Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Electronic Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Comment/Reply; Letter; Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040628 Accession Number: 2004-14106-033 Number of Citations in Source: 2 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-14106-033Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-141 06-033">Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Art Background.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 50 Title: Muscularity concerns among men: Development of attitudinal and perceptual measures. Author(s): Hildebrandt, Tom, Graduate School of Applied Professional Psychology, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Rutgers Eating Disorder Clinic, Piscataway, NJ, US, hildebtb@hotmail.com Langenbucher, Jim, Center for Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, US Schlund, David G., Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, US Address: Hildebrandt, Tom, Graduate School of Applied Professional Psychology, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Rutgers Eating Disorder Clinic, 41-C Gordon Rd., Piscataway, NJ, US, hildebtb@hotmail.com Source: Body Image, Vol 1(2), May 2004. pp. 169-181. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/issn/17401445Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 1740-1445 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.01.001 Language: English Keywords: muscularity concerns; attitudinal measures; perceptual measures; muscle dysmorphia; scale development; test reliability; test validity Abstract: The current study reports the development and psychometrics of a figure rating scale with leanness and muscularity dimensions and a 13-item questionnaire assessing symptoms associated with muscle dysmorphia (MD). Three separate samples of men and women completed the muscle dysmorphic disorder inventory (MDDI), the bodybuilder image grid (BIG) or both to measure 1-week test-retest reliability, internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity and valid placement of BIG figures along interval scales of body fat and lean muscle mass. The MDDI and MDDI subscales (drive for size, appearance intolerance, and functional impairment) had good reliability, internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity. The BIG had good to excellent test-retest reliability, good convergent and divergent validity and validity as an interval scale. Implications for characterizing body image disturbance in men and benefits and limitations of the measures are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Attitude Measures; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Muscles; *Perceptual Measures; Human Males; Test Reliability; Test Validity Classification: Clinical Psychological Testing (2224) Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: US Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) Tests & Measures: muscle dysmorphia inventory muscle dysmorphic disorder inventory Bodybuilder image grid Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050307 Accession Number: 2005-01513-004 Number of Citations in Source: 30 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-01513-004Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-015 13-004">Muscularity concerns among men: Development of attitudinal and perceptual measures.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ The link information above provides a persistent link to the article you've requested. Persistent link to this record: Following the link above will bring you to the start of the article or citation. Cut and Paste: To place article links in an external web document, simply copy and paste the HTML above, starting with "<A HREF" If you have any problems or questions, contact Technical Support at http://support.epnet.com/CustSupport/Customer/OpenCase.aspx or call800-758-5995. This e-mail was generated by a user of EBSCOhost who gained access via the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN account. Neither EBSCO nor UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN are responsible for the content of this e-mail. _____ Record: 1 Title: Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US, Katharine_Phillips@brown.edu Coles, Meredith E., Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, US Menard, William, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US Yen, Shirley, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Fay, Christina, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, US Weisberg, Risa B., Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Address: Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI, US, Katharine_Phillips@brown.edu Source: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Vol 66(6), Jun 2005. pp. 717-725. Publisher: US: Physicians Postgraduate Press Publisher URL: http://www.psychiatrist.com/ ISSN: 0160-6689 (Print) Language: English Keywords: suicidal ideation; suicide attempts; lifetime impairment; body dysmorphic disorder; comorbid disorders Abstract: Objective: Because suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has received little investigation, this study examined rates, correlates, predictors, and other aspects of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in this disorder. Method: From January 2001 to June 2003, 200 subjects with DSM-IV BDD recruited from diverse sources were assessed with standard measures. Results: Subjects had high rates of lifetime suicidal ideation (78.0%) and suicide attempts (27.5%). Body dysmorphic disorder was the primary reason for suicidal ideation in 70.5% of those with a history of ideation and nearly half of subjects with a past attempt. Suicidal subjects often did not reveal their BDD symptoms to their clinician. In univariate analyses, both suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were associated with lifetime functional impairment due to BDD (p < .001), current functional impairment (p < .001 to < .05), lifetime bipolar disorder (p < .05), any personality disorder (p < .05 to .001), and comorbid borderline personality disorder (p < .01 to < .001). A history of suicidal ideation (but not suicide attempts) was additionally associated with comorbid lifetime major depression (p = .001). A history of suicide attempts (but not suicidal ideation) was additionally associated with delusional appearance beliefs (p = .01) and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), an eating disorder, or a substance use disorder (p < .001 to < .05). In logistic regression analyses, suicidal ideation was significantly predicted by comorbid major depression (p = .010) and greater lifetime impairment due to BDD (p = .003); suicide attempts were significantly predicted by PTSD (p = .011), a substance use disorder (p = .011), and greater lifetime impairment due to BDD (p = .005). Conclusion: Individuals with BDD have high rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Lifetime impairment due to BDD and certain comorbid disorders are associated with suicidality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Attempted Suicide; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Comorbidity; *Suicidal Ideation Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20051017 Accession Number: 2005-07030-007 Number of Citations in Source: 57 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-07030-007 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-070 30-007">Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 2 Title: Pharmacotherapy of somatoform disorders. Author(s): Fallon, Brian A., Columbia U, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Somatic Disorders Program, Division of Therapeutics, Dept of Psychiatry, New York, NY, US, bafl@columbia.edu Address: Fallon, Brian A., Dept of Psychiatry, Division of Therapeutics, Somatic Disorders Program, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia U, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 69, New York, NY, US, bafl@columbia.edu Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol 56(4), Apr 2004. pp. 455-460. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/525474/desc ription#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.com ISSN: 0022-3999 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00631-7 Language: English Keywords: somatoform disorders; pharmacologic treatment; pharmacotherapy; hypochondriasis; body dysmorphic disorder Abstract: This paper reviews the published literature on the pharmacologic management of somatoform disorders. Using Medline, the author identified all articles published between 1970 and 2003 on this topic, selecting the best-designed studies for inclusion. The review reveals that patients with the obsessional cluster of somatoform disorders (hypochondriasis and body dysmorphic disorder [BDD]) respond well to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). Less is known about the pharmacologic responsiveness of patients with the primarily somatic cluster of somatoform disorders (somatization, pain), a patient group that is common in the health provider's office. Improvements in the design of future clinical trials are needed. A particular focus needs to be applied to study the neglected area of the pharmacologic treatment of syndromal and subsyndromal somatization and pain disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Drug Therapy; *Hypochondriasis; *Pharmacology; *Somatoform Disorders Classification: Medical Treatment of Physical Illness (3363) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: US Methodology: Literature Review Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040524 Accession Number: 2004-14098-011 Number of Citations in Source: 40 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-14098-011 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-140 98-011">Pharmacotherapy of somatoform disorders.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 3 Title: Is anorexia nervosa a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder? Probably not, but read on... Author(s): Grant, Jon E., Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US, jon_grant@brown.edu Phillips, Katharine A., Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US Address: Grant, Jon E., Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI, US, jon_grant@brown.edu Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry, Vol 12(2), Mar-Apr 2004. pp. 123-126. Journal URL: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10673229.asp Publisher: United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Publisher URL: http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/ ISSN: 1067-3229 (Print) 1465-7309 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1080/10673220490447236 Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; anorexia nervosa; disturbed body image; differential diagnosis; comorbidity Abstract: Is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) related to eating disorders? BDD's relationship to eating disorders--anorexia nervosa, in particular--has scarcely been discussed, despite their shared core feature of disturbed body image. People with anorexia nervosa have an intense fear of gaining weight or appearing overweight even when they are normal weight or underweight. People with BDD are also preoccupied with their appearance, thinking that they look abnormal, ugly, or deformed, when in fact they look normal. If we consider body image disturbance to be the fundamental problem in anorexia, might the diagnosis of BDD be appropriate for patients with anorexia? Despite their similarities, BDD and anorexia nervosa have some important clinical differences and respond differently to treatment. When BDD and anorexia co-occur, it's important to diagnose both of them because women with both disorders are more severely ill than those with anorexia alone. Clearly, we have much to learn about the understudied and intriguing relationship between these disorders of disturbed body image. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Anorexia Nervosa; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image Disturbances; *Comorbidity; *Differential Diagnosis Classification: Psychological & Physical Disorders (3200) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040531 Accession Number: 2004-14202-005 Number of Citations in Source: 27 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-14202-005 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-142 02-005">Is anorexia nervosa a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder? Probably not, but read on...</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 4 Title: Emotion recognition deficits in body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Buhlmann, Ulrike, Department of Psychiatry, OCD Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, US McNally, Richard J., Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, US Etcoff, Nancy L., Department of Psychiatry, OCD Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, US Tuschen-Caffier, Brunna, University of Siegen, Department of Psychology, Siegen, Germany Wilhelm, Sabine, Department of Psychiatry, OCD Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, US, wilhelm@psych.mgh.harvard.edu Address: Wilhelm, Sabine, Department of Psychiatry, OCD Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, US, wilhelm@psych.mgh.harvard.edu Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol 38(2), Mar-Apr 2004. pp. 201-206. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/241/descrip tion#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.com ISSN: 0022-3956 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00107-9 Language: English Keywords: emotion recognition deficits; body dysmorphic disorder; obsessive compulsive disorder; facial expressions Abstract: In this study, we investigated (1) the ability to identify facial expressions of emotion, and (2) to discriminate single facial features in Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) patients, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients, and in healthy control participants. Specifically, their ability for general facial feature discrimination was assessed using the Short Form of the Benton Facial Recognition Test (Benton AL, Hamsher KdeS, Varney NR, Spreen O. Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: a clinical manual. New York: Oxford University Press; 1983). However, findings of the BFRT indicate no differences among the groups. The BDD group was less accurate than the control group, but not the OCD group, in identifying facial expressions of emotion. Relative to the control and OCD groups, the BDD group more often misidentified emotional expressions as angry. In contrast to the findings of Sprengelmeyer et al. [Proc. Royal Soc. London Series B: Biol. Sci. 264 (1997), 1767], OCD patients did not show a disgust recognition deficit. Poor insight and ideas of reference, common in BDD, might partly result from an emotion recognition bias for angry expressions. Perceiving others as angry and rejecting might reinforce concerns about one's personal ugliness and social desirability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Emotional States; *Face Perception; *Facial Expressions; *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Outpatient (60) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040322 Accession Number: 2004-11329-012 Number of Citations in Source: 27 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-11329-012 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-113 29-012">Emotion recognition deficits in body dysmorphic disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 5 Title: Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development 2000-2001. Author(s): Cheng, Jennifer K., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US Kutcher, Stan Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol 43(3), Mar 2004. pp. 375-376. Journal URL: http://www.jaacap.com/ Publisher: US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publisher URL: http://www.lww.com/ Reviewed Item: Margaret Hertzig; Ellen A. Farber (Eds.) (2003). Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development 2000-2001; New York: Brunner-Routledge, 2003, 632 pp., $110.00 (hardcover). ISSN: 0890-8567 (Print) 1527-5418 (Electronic) Language: English Keywords: child psychiatry; child development; parenting; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; clinical issues; treatment; violence; victimization; diagnosis Abstract: Reviews the book "Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development 2000-2001," edited by Margaret Hertzig and Ellen A. Farber (see record 2003-88081-000). The book marks the millennial edition of an important monograph series. The editors have compiled a well-considered selection of articles in child psychiatry to create a book that provides a great window into the field as it currently exists. Reading the book cover to cover was a somewhat gargantuan task given its length, but it covers a wide breadth of material in multiple formats, including articles, studies, and reviews with different levels of complexity, that therefore holds something of interest for everyone. The book is organized into six sections: Developmental Issues, Parenting, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Other Clinical Issues, Treatment Issues, and Violence and Victimization. The first section addresses child development in presenting articles that provide both historical perspective and discussions of a complex concept. ADHD, the focus of another section, continues to be a topic of controversy, with ongoing debates surrounding the validity of the diagnosis and the appropriateness of stimulant use. The next two sections discuss other important topics and treatment issues within child psychiatry, including thoughtful articles on autism, sexual abuse, and body dysmorphic disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Child Psychiatry; *Childhood Development; *Diagnosis; *Treatment; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Parenting Skills; Victimization; Violence Classification: Developmental Psychology (2800) Psychological & Physical Disorders (3200) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Review Release Date: 20050711 Accession Number: 2004-18751-026 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-18751-026 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-187 51-026">Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development 2000-2001.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 6 Title: Poremecaj sheme vlastitoga tijela. Translated Title: Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Begovac, Branka, University Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia, branka.begovac@zg.hinet.hr Address: Begovac, Branka, Klinika za Psihijatriju Klinicki Bolnicki Centar Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia, branka.begovac@zg.hinet.hr Source: Socijalna Psihijatrija, Vol 32(1), Mar 2004. pp. 9-13. Publisher: Croatia: Hratsko Psihijatrijsko Društvo Publisher URL: http://www.hpd.htnet.hr/ISSN: 0303-7908 (Print) Language: Serbo-Croatian Keywords: Body Dysmorphic Disorder; somatoform disorder; body part defect; defect perception Abstract: Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a somatoform disorder characterized by the subject having an incorrect perception of a defect of some body part or by exaggerated attention to a minimal defect. It is a severe disorder, characterized by functional decrease. It is a relatively unknown and rarely described disorder, presenting a new entity in DSM-IV classification. In ICD-X it is described as a form of hypochondriasis. BDD is often misdiagnosed and connected with frequent consultation and interventions of plastic surgeons and dermatologists. The symptoms of BDD can be a prelude to major primary psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia and depression. Often there is a comorbidity with the above mentioned or some other disorders. Recently, a combination of psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic approach has opened new possibilities in therapy of this disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Somatoform Disorders Classification: Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050307 Accession Number: 2004-13734-002 Number of Citations in Source: 25 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-13734-002Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-137 34-002">Poremecaj sheme vlastitoga tijela.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 7 Title: Una perspectiva desde la psicología de la salud de la imagen corporal. Translated Title: A health psychology perspective of body image. Author(s): Raich, Rosa María, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, rosa.raich@uab.es Address: Raich, Rosa María, Departamento de Psicologia de la Salud y Psicologia Social, Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Codigo Postal, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, rosa.raich@uab.es Source: Avances en Psicologia Clinica Latinoamericana, Vol 22, 2004. pp. 15-27. Journal URL: http://www.rlpsi.org/apl/Publisher: Colombia: Fundación para el Avance de la Psicologia Publisher URL: http://www.rlpsi.orgISSN: 0120-3797 (Print) Language: Spanish Keywords: health psychology; body image; body dysmorphic disorder; self-esteem Abstract: In this article we analyze some body image definitions. Also we study the body image exaggerated worries, and the Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). We analyze clinical features of this disorder as well as the most frequent complaints about appearance. We study the relationship among BDD and self-esteem level, gender identity, interpersonal anxiety and depression. Some assessment techniques and cognitive-behavioral interventions are described. Finally we present some future perspectives of the study of this disorder. After the analysis of the studies we arrive at the conclusion that aesthetic outlook pressure is bigger in women than in men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image; *Health Care Psychology; *Self Esteem Classification: Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050314 Accession Number: 2004-21026-001 Number of Citations in Source: 60 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-21026-001Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-210 26-001">Una perspectiva desde la psicología de la salud de la imagen corporal.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 8 Title: Body image and cosmetic medical treatments. Author(s): Sarwer, David B., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, Philadelphia, PA, US, dsarwer@mail.med.upenn.edu Crerand, Canice E., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, Philadelphia, PA, US Address: Sarwer, David B., University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Edwin and Fannie Gray Hall Center for Human Appearance, 10 Penn Tower, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, US, dsarwer@mail.med.upenn.edu Source: Body Image, Vol 1(1), Jan 2004. pp. 99-111. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/issn/17401445Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 1740-1445 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00003-2 Language: English Keywords: body image; cosmetic medical treatments Abstract: Cosmetic medical treatments have become increasingly popular over the past decade. The explosion in popularity can be attributed to several factors--the evolution of safer, minimally invasive procedures, increased mass media attention, and the greater willingness of individuals to undergo cosmetic procedures as a means to enhance physical appearance. Medical and mental health professionals have long been interested in understanding both the motivations for seeking a change in physical appearance as well as the psychological outcomes of these treatments. Body image has been thought to play a key role in the decision to seek cosmetic procedures, however, only recently have studies investigated the pre- and postoperative body image concerns of patients. While body image dissatisfaction may motivate the pursuit of cosmetic medical treatments, psychiatric disorders characterized by body image disturbances, such as body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders, may be relatively common among these patients. Subsequent research on persons who alter their physical appearance through cosmetic medical treatments are likely provide important information on the nature of body image. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Image; *Plastic Surgery Classification: Medical Treatment of Physical Illness (3363) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050228 Accession Number: 2005-01511-009 Number of Citations in Source: 67 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-01511-009Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-015 11-009">Body image and cosmetic medical treatments.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 9 Title: Advances in a cognitive behavioural model of body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Veale, David, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University of London, London, United Kingdom, david@veale.co.uk Address: Veale, David, Department of Psychiatry, Priory Hospital North London, The Bourne, Southgate, London, United Kingdom, N14 6RA, david@veale.co.uk Source: Body Image, Vol 1(1), Jan 2004. pp. 113-125. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/issn/17401445Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 1740-1445 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00009-3 Language: English Keywords: cognitive behavioral model; body dysmorphic disorder Abstract: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is the most distressing and handicapping of all the body image disorders. A cognitive behavioural model of BDD is discussed which incorporates evidence from recent studies and advances in the author's 1996 conceptual model. The model aims to understand the maintenance of symptoms in BDD, to assist in the process of engagement of therapy and to guide the strategies to use. At the core of BDD is an excessive self-focussed attention on a distorted body image, the negative appraisal of such images leading to rumination, changes in mood and the use of safety behaviours. Evidence for possible risk factors in the development of BDD is also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Cognitive Psychology; *Models; *Psychological Theories Classification: Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders (3215) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050228 Accession Number: 2005-01511-010 Number of Citations in Source: 80 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-01511-010Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2005-015 11-010">Advances in a cognitive behavioural model of body dysmorphic disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 10 Title: Insight in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Author(s): Eisen, Jane L. Phillips, Katharine A. Coles, Meredith E. Rasmussen, Steven A. Address: Eisen, Jane L., Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI, US Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol 45(1), Jan-Feb 2004. pp. 10-15. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/623360/description#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.comISSN: 0010-440X (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2003.09.010 Language: English Keywords: obsessive compulsive disorder; body dysmorphic disorder; insight; global insight; symptom severity; adult outpatients Abstract: Similarities between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have been described in terms of clinical presentation, comorbidity rates, treatment response profiles, and other features. This is the first study to compare insight in OCD and BDD measuring global insight and numerous components of insight. We compared insight in 64 adult outpatients with DSM-IV OCD and 85 adult outpatients with DSM-IV BDD using a reliable and valid measure (the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale [BABS]). BDD patients had significantly poorer global insight than OCD patients. BDD patients also had significantly poorer insight on the following components of insight: conviction that the belief is accurate, perception of other's views of the belief, explanation for differing views, willingness to consider that the belief is wrong, and recognition that the belief has a psychiatric/psychological cause. Poorer insight was significantly positively correlated with more severe symptoms of the disorder only in the BDD group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Insight; *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; *Severity (Disorders) Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Outpatient (60) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040112 Accession Number: 2003-11125-002 Number of Citations in Source: 43 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2003-11125-002Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2003-111 25-002">Insight in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 11 Title: Clinical correlates of recurrent major depression in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Hong, Jin Pyo, Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Samuels, Jack, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US Bienvenu, O. Joseph III, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US Cannistraro, Paul, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US Grados, Marco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US Riddle, Mark A., Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US Liang, Kung-Yee, Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US Cullen, Bernadette, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US Hoehn-Saric, Rudolf, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US Nestadt, Gerald, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US, gnestadt@jhmi.edu Address: Hong, Jin Pyo, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Meyer 4-181, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, US, gnestadt@jhmi.edu Source: Depression and Anxiety, Vol 20(2), 2004. pp. 86-91. Publisher: US: John Wiley & Sons Publisher URL: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ISSN: 1091-4269 (Print) 1520-6394 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1002/da.20024 Language: English Keywords: recurrent major depression; obsessive-compulsive disorder; comorbid condition; illness severity; family history Abstract: Major depressive disorder is the most frequent comorbid condition in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study investigated factors associated with the development of recurrent major depressive disorder (RDD) in patients with OCD. Eighty OCD cases and 73 control probands were examined by psychiatrists or clinical psychologists using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Anxiety (SADS-LA). Two experienced psychiatrists independently reviewed all clinical materials and made final consensus diagnoses using DSM-IV criteria. Family history of OCD and RDD, additional comorbid disorders, OCD symptoms and illness severity were compared between persons with OCD alone (n = 21) and OCD with RDD (n = 41). Compared to OCD probands without RDD, OCD probands with RDD had earlier age at first diagnosis, more severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and were more likely to have a family history of RDD. Social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder occurred more frequently in the comorbid group. In a multiple logistic regression model, only early age of OCD diagnosis was significantly associated with RDD. Early age at onset of OCD increases the risk of depressive disorder in individuals with OCD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Comorbidity; *Family Background; *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; *Recurrent Depression; *Severity (Disorders) Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: US Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Tests & Measures: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Anxiety version Family Informant Schedule and Criteria Revised Structured Instrument for the Diagnosis of Personality Disorders Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20041227 Accession Number: 2004-20368-005 Number of Citations in Source: 27 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-20368-005Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-203 68-005">Clinical correlates of recurrent major depression in obsessive-compulsive disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 12 Title: Adolescent girls' appearance conversations: Evaluation, pressure and coping. Author(s): Giblin, Alexia A., U Washington, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol 65(5-A), 2004. pp. 1663. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAI0806356 Language: English Keywords: adolescent girls; appearance conversations; body weight; sexuality Abstract: One reason adolescent girls may be feeling bad about their bodies may lie in what they are saying to each other about appearance (Jones, Vigfusdottir, & Lee, 2004). The literature regarding these appearance conversations is limited and lacks depth. The purpose of this qualitative study is to more deeply understand what occurs in adolescent girls' appearance conversations. The present study asks what kinds of conversational behaviors occur when girls are stimulated to talk about appearance. Ten dyads of adolescent girlfriends participated in this study that was broken down in to four, 15-minute segments. Each segment prompted appearance conversations in a different way (i.e., popular magazines, interview). Examples from the data were used to describe the major categories of (a) appearance evaluations and (b) appearance pressure. Minor categories of appearance evaluations were (a) tone, (b) target, (c) source, (d) covert nature of appearance evaluations, (e) discussing weight of females, (f) negatively evaluating females' sexuality displays, (g) evaluating similarity in peers' clothing style, and (h) psychological reactions to evaluations. Appearance pressure minor categories were (a) perceived origins of pressures, (b) psychological reactions to pressures, and (c) coping with appearance pressures. Implications for therapeutic and preventative interventions to address the potentially harmful effects of adolescent appearance conversations are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Adolescent Attitudes; *Coping Behavior; *Physical Appearance; *Social Dating; Asians; Body Dysmorphic Disorder Classification: Educational Psychology (3500) Population: Human (10) Female (40) Age Group: Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200) Methodology: Empirical Study; Qualitative Study Publication Type: Dissertation Abstract; Print Format(s) Available: Print Release Date: 20050328 Accession Number: 2004-99021-009 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-99021-009Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-990 21-009">Adolescent girls' appearance conversations: Evaluation, pressure and coping.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 13 Title: Body image and body dysmorphic disorder: The role of media messages and gender identity. Author(s): Wester, Kelly Lynn, Kent State U., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol 64(7-A), 2004. pp. 2397. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAI3097203 Language: English Keywords: body image; body dysmorphic disorder; gender identity; biological sex; ethnicity; media messages Abstract: Body image may be defined as the perception or attitude one has regarding the appearance of his or her body. Body image satisfaction has been found to be related to variables, such as biological sex, ethnicity and media messages. However, not much research has examined the relationship between body image satisfaction and gender identity. Nor has research been conducted that examines the relationship between these variables and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). The current study examined the relationship between gender identity, media messages and body image satisfaction and BDD in a college sample of men and women. The survey was distributed to students who were currently enrolled in a Midwestern State University through their university email addresses. A total of 5,858 undergraduate and graduate students were enrolled in the third session of Summer 2002 when the web-based surveys were distributed. A total of 41.3% of students responded to the web-based survey (n = 2417). Both male (n = 618) and female (n = 1799) students participated. Factorial ANOVAs, hierarchical regressions and logistic regressions were used to examine the differences and interactions, and the relationships between sex, ethnicity, body mass index, and gender identity and body image satisfaction, media messages, and BDD. Some of the main findings were that significant differences were found between males and females, body mass indices, ethnic groups and gender identity for body image satisfaction and media messages. Among other variables, media messages and body mass indices were significantly related to both body image satisfaction and BDD. The findings indicate that demographic variables did not explain a noteworthy portion of body image satisfaction or BDD, thus future research should continue to examine factors that significantly influence these variables. Ethnic groups also differed in the degree to which they reported being influenced by media messages. The possible reasons for this difference should be further examined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image; *Gender Identity; *Mass Media; *Messages Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Location: US Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Dissertation Abstract; Print Format(s) Available: Print Release Date: 20040531 Accession Number: 2004-99001-123 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-99001-123Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-990 01-123">Body image and body dysmorphic disorder: The role of media messages and gender identity.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 14 Title: Body image as a predictor of outcome in facelift surgery. Author(s): Spitzack, Nancy, Antioch U/New England Graduate School, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, Vol 65(2-B), 2004. pp. 1040. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI3120829 Language: English Keywords: body image; facelift surgery; cosmetic procedures; body dysmorphic disorder; social role; self-esteem Abstract: This study was intended to investigate body image as a possible predictor of psychosocial outcome in 31 facelift patients from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Previous psychological research related to cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures was reviewed. A tremendous increase in requests for cosmetic procedures continues despite economic, physical, and psychological risks. Although many studies report positive psychosocial outcomes, negative outcomes occur despite good technical results. Factors repeatedly demonstrated to predict negative outcome following surgery include preexisting psychological disturbance, especially body dysmorphic disorder; and having unrealistic expectations or external motivations for surgery. However, body image in the absence of clinically significant distortion, including positive and negative ends of the spectrum for self-reported appearance evaluation and appearance orientation, has not been researched as a predictor of outcome. To reduce the risk of negative psychosocial outcome, participants were screened for body dysmorphic disorder, a condition which precluded them from surgery. Psychosocial outcome variables included general symptoms of psychological distress, interpersonal relationship and social role functioning, self-esteem, body image, and satisfaction. Data were collected prior to surgery and at a three-month follow-up to evaluate possible changes in psychosocial functioning and to assess satisfaction following surgery. A series of two-tailed, paired t tests revealed significant increases in self-assessed physical attractiveness, as a result of surgery (p < .01). Other outcome variables remained relatively stable. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate body image as a potential predictor of satisfaction. Results indicated that satisfaction was not predicted by body image for this sample. Participants' satisfaction with their surgical procedure was consistently and uniformly positive, their satisfaction with the surgical result was largely positive, and no participants reported strong, negative feelings about their appearance prior to surgery. Furthermore, careful screening of participants likely reduced the range of both risk to surgical candidates and satisfaction ratings. Thus, the ability to predict satisfaction with surgery from presurgical body image was hampered by restricted variability in the criterion satisfaction variables. Possible directions for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Image Disturbances; *Self Esteem; *Surgery; Cosmetic Techniques Classification: Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) Population: Human (10) Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Dissertation Abstract; Print Format(s) Available: Print Release Date: 20041227 Accession Number: 2004-99016-060 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-99016-060Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-990 16-060">Body image as a predictor of outcome in facelift surgery.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 15 Title: Rate of body dysmorphic disorder among patients seeking facial cosmetic procedures. Author(s): Crerand, Canice Ellen, Drexel U., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, Vol 65(3-B), 2004. pp. 1541. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI3127033 Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; facial cosmetic procedures; body image dissatisfaction; depression Abstract: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined as a preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance resulting in significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning (APA, 2000). BDD patients are often concerned with facial features and are also likely to present to cosmetic surgery settings for treatment of their perceived defect (Phillips & Diaz, 1997). Studies have reported rates of BDD of 7-12% in patients from cosmetic surgery and dermatology settings (Sarwer, Wadden, Pertschuk, & Whitaker, 1998; Phillips, Dufresne, Wilkel, & Vittorio, 2000). Methodological weaknesses, including lack of control groups, reliance on surgeons' judgments of slight or minimal deformity, and the use of different measures to assess for BDD, necessitate further study of the rate of BDD in patients seeking cosmetic procedures. This study was designed to further establish the rate of BDD among patients seeking cosmetic procedures. Ninety-one patients seeking facial cosmetic surgery and 50 patients seeking non-cosmetic facial procedures were recruited from a university cosmetic surgery practice, a university otorhinolaryngology practice, and a private cosmetic surgery practice. Prior to their initial visit, patients completed packets of questionnaires, including demographic questions and measures to assess body image dissatisfaction, BDD symptoms, and depression. Surgeons and nurses rated the severity of patient appearance concerns using a rating scale. Surgeons, nurses, and laypersons also rated a sample of patient photographs. Percentages of patients who screened positive for BDD on a self-report measure in combination with a surgeon rating of minimal or no deformity were calculated. Eight percent of the cosmetic group and 7% of the non-cosmetic group met criteria for BDD. Patients with BDD symptoms reported greater depression and body image dissatisfaction as compared to patients without BDD symptoms. There was poor diagnostic correspondence between the two self-report measures of BDD. Nurses and surgeons rated defects similarly. Surgeons rated appearance concerns as more noticeable as compared to laypersons. These results suggest that BDD is not uncommon among patients seeking facial cosmetic procedures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image Disturbances; *Cosmetic Techniques; Major Depression Classification: Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) Population: Human (10) Inpatient (50) Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Dissertation Abstract; Print Format(s) Available: Print Release Date: 20050124 Accession Number: 2004-99018-266 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-99018-266Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-990 18-266">Rate of body dysmorphic disorder among patients seeking facial cosmetic procedures.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 16 Title: Neuropsychological indicators in body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Bailey, Malinda L., New School U., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, Vol 64(10-B), 2004. pp. 5205. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI3109745 Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; executive function; memory function; visuospatial functions; visuoconstructional functions; motor function; gender differences; neuropsychological functioning Abstract: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a disorder typified by obsessions and compulsions regarding one of more aspects of appearance. Although empirical data have been gathered defining this disorder, very little data exists regarding neuropsychological functioning. This study investigated the nature of executive function, memory function, visuospatial and visuoconstructional functions, and motor function in BDD, and also investigated potential gender-based differences in neuropsychological functioning. Eighteen male and 11 female subjects with BDD were evaluated via a battery of tests chosen to assess various areas of neuropsychological functioning hypothesized to be impaired in BDD. Comparisons were based on nonnative data for the measures. No gender-based differences were found. As a group, BDD subjects demonstrated significant performance deficits on measures of executive function, especially set-shifting and sustained attention. BDD subjects also demonstrated significant deficits in verbal memory function. Non-verbal memory, visuospatial, visuoconstructional, and motor functions were found to be normal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Human Sex Differences; *Neuropsychological Assessment; Cognitive Ability; Memory; Motor Coordination; Visuospatial Ability Classification: Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) Physiological Psychology & Neuroscience (2500) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Methodology: Empirical Study Publication Type: Dissertation Abstract; Print Format(s) Available: Print Release Date: 20041213 Accession Number: 2004-99008-262 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-99008-262Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-990 08-262">Neuropsychological indicators in body dysmorphic disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 17 Title: The classification of muscle dysmorphia. Author(s): Maida, Denise Martello, La Salle U., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, Vol 64(10-B), 2004. pp. 5224. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI3108291 Language: English Keywords: muscle dysmorphia; body image disturbance; physical appearance Abstract: Men's attitudes concerning body image have been changing markedly over the years. The emphasis society has put on appearance, which has negatively affected women for some time, has led to an increasing number of teenage boys and men who are so concerned over not being muscular enough that their everyday school, work, and social lives are being harmed. This relatively new disorder, which has already had several labels since its emergence, is currently referred to as Muscle Dysmorphia (MD). The hallmark feature of this under-researched phenomenon is a preoccupation that one's body is not lean or muscular enough. This disorder has perceptual, affective, and behavioral components that interfere with daily routine and activities. Currently, MD is not in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV), but is currently thought to be a type of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), which in turn, is a Somatoform Disorder. Yet, MD seems to share more symptoms with obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders than somatization symptoms. The current study, through analyzing the relationships between symptoms of MD and symptoms of various variables linked to other disorders, attempted to help move in the direction of proper classification of MD. As hypothesized, the study found that the symptoms of MD were related to symptoms of BDD, OCD, certain measures of eating disorders, anxiety, depression, and hostility. No relationship was found between MD and Somatization. Additional analyses found that BDD, OCD, Body Dissatisfaction (an eating disorder measure), and hostility are the four main predictors of MD. Furthermore, it was found that OCD is mediated by BDD, BDIS, and HOSTIL in predicting MD, thus suggesting that MD might, in fact, be an OCD spectrum disorder, rather than a Somatoform disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Body Image Disturbances; *Human Males; *Muscles; *Physical Appearance Classification: Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) Physiological Psychology & Neuroscience (2500) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Methodology: Empirical Study Publication Type: Dissertation Abstract; Print Format(s) Available: Print Release Date: 20041213 Accession Number: 2004-99008-124 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-99008-124Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-990 08-124">The classification of muscle dysmorphia.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 18 Title: Familial (9;11)(p22;p15.5)Pat Translocation and XX Sex Reversal in a Phenotypic Boy With Cryptorchidism and Delayed Development. Author(s): Prabhakara, K., Diagnostics Division, Center for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India Angalena, R., Diagnostics Division, Center for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India Radha Ramadevi, A., Diagnostics Division, Center for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India, radha@www.cdfd.org.in Address: Radha Ramadevi, A., Diagnostics Division, Center for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, ECIL Road, Nacharam, Hyderabad, India, 500 076, radha@www.cdfd.org.in Source: Genetic Counseling, Vol 15(1), 2004. pp. 37-41. Journal URL: http://www.medhyg.ch/new_site/revuesgrp/geneticcoun.phpPublisher: Switzerland: Medecine et Hygiene Publisher URL: http://www.medhyg.ch/new_site/index.phpISSN: 1015-8146 (Print) Language: English Keywords: familial reciprocal translocation; sex reversal; phenotypic boy; cryptorchidism; delayed development; dysmorphic features; attention deficiency hyperactive disorder Abstract: We describe a patient with the co-occurrence of a familial 9;11 reciprocal translocation and an XX sex reversal. The patient had cryptorchidism, delayed development, dysmorphic features and attention deficiency hyperactive disorder (ADHD). The proband's karyotype was 46,XX,t(9;11)(p22;p15.5) and he was positive for SRY gene. The father was found to be the carrier of the similar translocation. The co-occurrence of XX sex reversal and autosomal reciprocal translocation has not been described previously. The possible reasons for the manifestation of features other than those found in XX sex reversal is described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Chromosome Disorders; *Delayed Development; *Translocation (Chromosome); Human Males Classification: Psychological & Physical Disorders (3200) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100) School Age (6-12 yrs) (180) Methodology: Clinical Case Study; Empirical Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050307 Accession Number: 2004-12706-001 Number of Citations in Source: 15 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-12706-001Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-127 06-001">Familial (9;11)(p22;p15.5)Pat Translocation and XX Sex Reversal in a Phenotypic Boy With Cryptorchidism and Delayed Development.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 19 Title: De novo paracentric inversion 14q13q24.1 in a patient with severe involuntary movements, epilepsy, oligodontia and dysmorphic features. Author(s): Peippo, M., Department of Medical Genetics, Family Federation of Finland, Helsinki, Finland, maarit.peippo@vaestoliitto.fi Tengström, C., rinnekoti Foundation, Labortory of Genetics, Espoo, Finland Arvio, M., Pääjärvi Centre, Lammi, Finland Valanne, L., Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Oksanen, V., Department of Neurophysiology, Kamta-Häme Central Hospital, Hämeenlinna, Finland Kaakkola, S., Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland Ignatius, J., Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland Address: Peippo, M., Department of Medical Genetics, Family Federation of Finland, P.O. Box 849, 00101, Helsinki, Finland, maarit.peippo@vaestoliitto.fi Source: Genetic Counseling, Vol 15(3), 2004. pp. 341-346. Journal URL: http://www.medhyg.ch/new_site/revuesgrp/geneticcoun.phpPublisher: Switzerland: Medecine et Hygiene Publisher URL: http://www.medhyg.ch/new_site/index.phpISSN: 1015-8146 (Print) Language: English Keywords: de novo paracentric inversion; severe involuntary movements; epilepsy; oligodontia; dysmorphic features; chromosome; dysarthria; mental retardation Abstract: We describe a 22-year-old woman with a de novo paracentric inversion of the long arm of chromosome 14 with breakpoints at q13 and q24 and associated with epilepsy, dysarthria and severe incapacitating involuntary movements present since birth. These movements were incessant when awake but absent when asleep. She had unusual facies with downward slant of palpebral fissures, epicanthi, broad philtral groove, flat malar region, large, cup shaped and low-set ears, and short neck. Her decidual and permanent dentition lacked all premolars and molars. Psychological assessment at ages 6 and 15 years showed mild mental retardation. In spite of the aggravation of the neurological symptoms no decline of mental capacity was observed. A brain MRI was normal at 19 years of age. Early on EEC showed changes compatible with partial epilepsy, and at later stages there was, contrary to expectation, only a mild background slowing. Urinary metabolic screening tests and a search for vacuolated lymphocytes were negative. Previously, four cases with a similar inversion have been described. Of these, three were familial with normal phenotype, and the fourth was de novo with severe mental retardation, microcephaly and involuntary movements. Our case is the second de novo inversion of the long arm of chromosome 14 with breakpoints at q13 and q24. The observations in the two patients suggest that this chromosomal rearrangement is associated with a congenital complex movement disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Chromosome Disorders; *Chromosomes; *Dysarthria; *Epilepsy; *Mental Retardation; Body Dysmorphic Disorder Classification: Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders (3290) Population: Human (10) Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Methodology: Clinical Case Study; Empirical Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20050418 Accession Number: 2004-19865-004 Number of Citations in Source: 9 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-19865-004Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-198 65-004">De novo paracentric inversion 14q13q24.1 in a patient with severe involuntary movements, epilepsy, oligodontia and dysmorphic features.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 20 Title: Impact of Age at Onset and Duration of Illness on the Expression of Comorbidities in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Author(s): Diniz, Juliana B., Department of Psychiatry, University of S ão Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil, juliana@protoc.com.brRosario-Campos, Maria C., Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil Shavitt, Roseli G., Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil Curi, Mariana, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil Hounie, Ana G., Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil Brotto, Sergio A., Department of Psychiatry, Santa Casa Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil Miguel, Euripedes C., Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil Address: Diniz, Juliana B., R Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, s/n, 3degree andar/sala 4025, SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 05403-010, juliana@protoc.com.br Source: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Vol 65(1), Jan 2004. pp. 22-27. Publisher: US: Physicians Postgraduate Press Publisher URL: http://www.psychiatrist.com/ISSN: 0160-6689 (Print) Language: English Keywords: onset age; illness duration; comorbidity; obsessive compulsive disorder; tic disorders; mood disorders; anxiety disorders; eating disorders; body dysmorphic disorder; etiology; trichotillomania Abstract: Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients usually experience comorbidities including tics, trichotillomania, body dysmorphic disorder, and mood and anxiety disorders. The present report verifies how age at onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and duration of illness are associated with comorbid diagnoses in OCD patients. Method: Psychiatric comorbidity was assessed using a structured clinical interview in 161 consecutive outpatients referred for treatment between 1996 and 2001 who met DSM-IV criteria for OCD. Age at onset and duration of illness were retrospectively assessed by direct interviews. Results: An earlier age at onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms was associated with tic disorders, while longer illness duration was associated with depressive disorder (major depressive disorder or dysthymia) and social phobia. Conclusion: Age at onset and duration of OCD illness are meaningful variables affecting the expression of comorbidities in OCD. Tic disorders and OCD may share common etiologic pathways. Depressive disorders, in contrast, may be secondary complications of OCD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Comorbidity; *Disease Course; *Etiology; *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; *Onset (Disorders); Affective Disorders; Anxiety Disorders; Body Dysmorphic Disorder; Eating Disorders; Tics; Trichotillomania Classification: Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders (3215) Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) Outpatient (60) Location: Brazil Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100) School Age (6-12 yrs) (180) Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200) Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) Tests & Measures: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Third Edition Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040405 Accession Number: 2004-10836-003 Number of Citations in Source: 37 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-10836-003 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-108 36-003">Impact of Age at Onset and Duration of Illness on the Expression of Comorbidities in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 21 Title: Non-schizophrenic psychoses: Common and distinguishing features. Author(s): Schatzberg, Alan F., Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA, US, afschatz@stanford.edu Address: Schatzberg, Alan F., Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, 3rd Floor, Stanford, CA, US, afschatz@stanford.edu Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol 38(1), Jan 2004. pp. 1-2. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/241/descrip tion#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.com ISSN: 0022-3956 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00093-1 Language: English Keywords: non-schizophrenic psychosis; psychotic disorders; clinical features; major depression; corollary discharge; bipolar disorders; body dysmorphic disorder; antipsychotic drug Abstract: Presents an introduction to the articles appearing in this issue of the journal. The first article by Ming Tsuang and colleagues (see record 2004-15512-002) reviews studies on the genetics of psychotic disorders. Helena Kraemer et al.(see record 200415512-003) discuss issues involved in dimensional vs. categorical approaches to diagnosis. Fleming et al. (see record 200415512-004) review neuropsychological deficits in major depression, emphasizing differentiation between psychotic and nonpsychotic subtypes. Judy Ford and Daniel Mathalon (see record 2004-15512-005) review studies on failure of corollary discharge. Ketter and colleagues (see record 2004-15512-006) review dimensional and categorical approaches to understanding how best to characterize psychotic bipolar disorders. Katharine Phillips (see record 2004-15512-007) emphasizes the common features of psychotic and non-psychotic forms of body dysmorphic disorder. Dilip Jeste and Christian Dolder (see record 2004-15512-008) review the use of atypical antipsychotics in non-schizophrenic disorder. Schneider et al. (see record 2004-15512-009) review studies on psychotic features in Alzheimer's disease. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Diagnosis; *Pathology; *Psychosis; *Symptoms; Bipolar Disorder; Body Dysmorphic Disorder; Major Depression; Neuroleptic Drugs Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Editorial Release Date: 20040705 Accession Number: 2004-15512-001 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-15512-001 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-155 12-001">Non-schizophrenic psychoses: Common and distinguishing features.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 22 Title: Psychosis in body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Address: Phillips, Katharine A., Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI, US, katharine_phillips@brown.edu Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol 38(1), Jan 2004. pp. 63-72. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/241/descrip tion#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.com ISSN: 0022-3956 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00098-0 Language: English Keywords: body dysmorphic disorder; nonpsychotic variants; psychotic varients; delusional disorder; somatoform disorder; psychosis; classification Abstract: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has both psychotic and nonpsychotic variants, which are classified as separate disorders in DSM-IV (delusional disorder and a somatoform disorder). Despite their separate classification, available evidence indicates that HDD's delusional and nondelusional forms have many similarities (although the delusional variant appears more severe), suggesting that they may actually be the same disorder, characterized by a spectrum of insight. And contrary to what might be expected, BDD's delusional form, although classified as a psychotic disorder, appears to respond to serotonin-reuptake inhibitors alone. These and other data suggest that a dimensional view of psychosis (in particular, delusions) in these disorders may be more accurate than DSM's current categorical view. A dimensional model might also facilitate more consistent and accurate classification of other disorders that are likely characterized by a spectrum of insight, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, hypochondriasis, and anorexia nervosa. Further research is needed to better understand these classification issues, which likely have treatment implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Subjects: *Body Dysmorphic Disorder; *Delusions; *Psychosis; *Somatoform Disorders; Differential Diagnosis Classification: Psychological & Physical Disorders (3200) Population: Human (10) Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print Format(s) Available: Electronic; Print Document Type: Original Journal Article Release Date: 20040705 Accession Number: 2004-15512-007 Number of Citations in Source: 52 Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-15512-007 Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=2004-155 12-007">Psychosis in body dysmorphic disorder.</A> Database: PsycINFO _____ Record: 23 Title: Treatment of non-schizophrenic disorders: Focus on atypical antipsychotics. Author(s): Jeste, Dilip V., University of California, San Diego V A Medical Centre, San Diego, CA, US, djeste@ucsd.edu Dolder, Christian R., University of California, San Diego V A Medical Centre, San Diego, CA, US Address: Jeste, Dilip V., University of California, San Diego V A Medical Centre, 116A-1, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, US, djeste@ucsd.edu Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol 38(1), Jan 2004. pp. 73-103. Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/241/descrip tion#description Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher URL: http://elsevier.com ISSN: 0022-3956 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00094-3 Language: English Keywords: atypical antipsychotics; non-schizophrenic disorders; pharmacologic treatment; psychotic depression; obsessive-compulsive disorder; body dysmorphic disorder; bipolar disorder; dementia Abstract: This article reviews the literature on the pharmacologic treatment of specific types of non-schizophrenic disorders: those associated with psychotic depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, bipolar disorder, and dementia. It focuses on the evidence for using antipsychotics in these conditions, placing emphasis on atypical antipsychotics. Medline/HealthStar and PsycInfo databases were used to identify published trials and reports of antipsychotics used specifically for non-schizophrenic disorders. Numerous studies were found supporting the use of atypical antipsychotics for non-schizophrenic disorders; however, with the exception of dementia, few randomized, double-blind controlled trials have been published examining the efficacy and safety of these agents in non-schizophrenic disorders. The literature reviewed was primarily comprised of small open-label trials, thus making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Despite the limitations of the trials reviewed, atypical antipsychotics represent a promising treatment mo |
