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Psychological and Physiological Trauma Research
Seize Your Journeys
_______________________ Traumatic stress is found in many competent, healthy, strong, good people. No one can completely protect themselves from traumatic experiences. Many people have long-lasting problems following exposure to trauma. Up to 8% of persons will have PTSD at some time in their lives. People who react to traumas are not going crazy. What is happening to them is part of a set of common symptoms and problems that are connected with being in a traumatic situation, and thus, is a normal reaction to abnormal events and experiences. Having symptoms after a traumatic event is NOT a sign of personal weakness. Given exposure to a trauma that is bad enough, probably all people would develop PTSD. By understanding trauma symptoms better, a person can become less fearful of them and better able to manage them. By recognizing the effects of trauma and knowing more about symptoms, a person will be better able to decide about getting treatment. _______________________
Eating Disorders “The Eating Disorders are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior. This section includes two specific diagnoses, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight. Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise. A disturbance in perception of body shape and weight is an essential feature of both Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. An Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified category is also provided for coding behaviors that do not meet criteria for a specific Eating Disorder. Simple obesity is include in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) as a general medical condition but does not appear in DSM-IV because it has not been established that it is consistently associated with a psychological or behavioral syndrome. However, when there is evidence that psychological factors are of importance in the etiology or course of a particular case of obesity, this can be indicated by noting the presence of Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition. Disorders of Feeding and Eating that are usually first diagnosed in infancy or early childhood (i.e., Pica, Rumination Disorder, and Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood) are included in the section “Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood. Anorexia Nervosa Diagnostic Features The essential features of Anorexia Nervosa are that the individual refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight, is intensely afraid of gaining weight, and exhibits a significant disturbance in the perception of the shape or size of his or her body. In addition, postmenarcheal females with this disorder are amenorrheic. (The term anorexia is a misnomer because loss of appetite is rare.) The individual maintains a body weight that is below a minimally normal level for age and height (Criterion A). When Anorexia Nervosa develops in an individual during childhood or early adolescence, there may be failure to make expected weight gains (i.e., while growing in height) instead of weight loss. Criterion A provides a guideline for determining when the individual meets the threshold for being underweight. It suggests that the individual weigh less than 85% of that weight that is considered normal for that person’s age and height (usually computed using one of several published versions of the Metropolitan Life Insurance tables or pediatric growth charts.). An alternative and somewhat stricter guideline (used in the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for research) requires that the individual have a body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms/height in meters2) equal to or below 17.5kg/m2. These cutoffs are provided only as suggested guidelines for eh clinician, since it is unreasonable to specify a single standard for minimally normal weight that applies to all individuals of a given age and height. In determining a minimally normal weight, the clinician should consider not only such guidelines but also the individual’s body build and weight history. Usually weight loss is accomplished primarily through reduction in total food intake. Although individuals may begin by excluding from their diet what they perceive to be highly caloric foods, most eventually end up with a very restricted diet that is sometimes limited to only a few foods. Additional methods of weight loss include purging (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxative or diuretics) and increased or excessive exercise.) Individuals with this disorder intensely fear gaining weight or becoming fat (Criterion B). This intense fear of becoming fat is usually not alleviated by the weight loss. In fact, concern about weight gain often increases even as actual weight continues to decrease. The experience and significance of body weight and shape are distorted in these individuals (Criterion C). Some individuals feel globally overweight. Others realize that they are thin but are still concerned that certain parts of their bodies, particularly the abdomen, buttocks, and thighs are “to fat.” They may employ a wide variety of techniques to estimate their body size and weight, including excessive weighing, obsessive measuring of body parts, and persistently using a mirror to check for perceived areas of “fat.” The self-esteem of individuals with Anorexia Nervosa is highly dependent on their body shape and weight. Weight loss is viewed as an impressive achievement and a sign of extraordinary self-discipline, whereas weight gain is perceived as an unacceptable failure of self-control. Though some individuals with this disorder may acknowledge being thin, they typically deny the serious medical implications of their malnourished state. In postmenarcheal females, amenorrhea (due to abnormally low levels of estrogen secretion that are due in turn to diminished pituitary secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone [PSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]) is an indicator of physiological dysfunction in Anorexia Nervosa (Criterion D.) Amenorrhea is usually a consequence of the weight loss but, in a minority of individuals, may actually precede it. In prepubertal females, menarche may be delayed by the illness. The individual is often brought to professional attention by family members after marked weight loss (or failure to make expected weight gains) has occurred. If individuals seek help on their own, it is usually because of their subjective distress over the somatic and psychological sequelae of starvation. It is rare for an individual with Anorexia Nervosa to complain of weight loss per se. Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa frequently lack insight into, or have considerable denial of, the problem and may be unreliable historians. It is therefore often necessary to obtain information form parents or other outside sources to evaluate the degree of weight loss and other features of the illness.” p. 583-584. Bulimia Nervosa “Diagnostic Features The essential features of Bulimia Nervosa are binge eating and inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain. In addition, the self-evaluation of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa is excessively influenced by body shape and weight. To qualify for the diagnosis, the binge eating and the inappropriate compensatory behaviors must occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months (Criterion C.) A binge is defined as eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food that is definitely larger than most individuals would eat under similar circumstances (Criterion A1.). The clinician should consider the context in which the eating occurred—what would be regarded as excessive consumption at a typical meal might be considered normal during a celebration or holiday meal. A “discrete period of time” refers to a limited period, usually less than 2 hours. A single episode of binge eating need not be restricted to one setting. For example, an individual may begin a binge in a restaurant and then continue it on returning home. Continual snacking on small amounts of food throughout the day would not be considered a binge. Although the type of food consumed during the binge varies, it typically includes sweet, high-calorie foods such as ice cream or cake. However, binge eating appears to be characterized more by an abnormality in the amount of food consumed than by a craving for a specific nutrient, such as carbohydrate. Although individuals with Bulimia Nervosa consume more calories during an episode of binge eating than persons without Bulimia Nervosa consume during a meal, the fractions of calories derived from protein, fat, and carbohydrate are similar. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa are typically ashamed of their eating problems and attempt to conceal their symptoms. Binge eating usually occurs in secrecy, or as inconspicuously as possible. An episode may or may not be planned in advance and is usually (but not always) characterized by rapid consumption. The binge eating often continues until the individual is uncomfortably, or even painfully, full. Binge eating is typically triggered by dysphoric mood states, interpersonal stressors intense hunger following dietary restraint, or feelings related to body weight, body shape, and food. Binge eating may transiently reduce dysphoria, but disparaging self-criticism and depressed mood often follow. An episode of binge eating is also accompanied by a sense of lack of control (Criterion A2). An individual may be in a frenzied state while binge eating, especially early in the course of the disorder. Some individuals describe a dissociative quality during, or following, the binge episodes. After Bulimia Nervosa has persisted for some time, individuals may report that their binge-eating episodes are no longer characterized by an acute feeling of loss of control, but rather by behavioral indicators of impaired control, such as difficulty resisting binge eating or difficulty stopping a binge once it has begun. The impairment in control associated with binge eating in bulimia Nervosa is not absolute; for example, an individual may continue binge eating while the telephone is ringing, but will cease if a roommate or spouse unexpectedly enters the room. Another essential feature of Bulimia Nervosa is the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (Criterion B). Many individuals with Bulimia Nervosa employ several methods in their attempt to compensate for binge eating. The most common compensatory technique is the induction of vomiting after an episode of binge eating. This method of purging is employed by 80%-90% of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa who present for treatment of eating disorders clinics. The immediate effects of vomiting include relief from physical discomfort and reduction of fear of gaining weight. In some cases, vomiting becomes a goal in itself, and the person will binge in order to vomit or will vomit after eating a small amount of food. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa may use a variety of methods to induce vomiting, including the use of fingers or instruments to stimulate the gag reflex. Individuals generally become adept at inducing vomiting and are eventually able to vomit at will. Rarely, individuals consume syrup of ipecac to induce vomiting. Other purging behaviors include the issue of laxatives and diuretics. Approximately one-third of those with Bulimia Nervosa misuse laxatives after binge eating. Rarely, individuals with the disorder will misuse enemas following episodes of binge eating, but this is seldom the sole compensatory method employed. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa may fast for a day or more or exercise excessively in an attempt to compensate for binge eating. Exercise may be considered to be excessive when it significantly interferes with important activities, when it occurs at inappropriate times or in inappropriate settings, or when the individual continues to exercise despite injury or other medical complications. Rarely, individuals with this disorder may take thyroid hormone in an attempt to avoid weight gain. Individuals with diabetes mellitus and Bulimia Nervosa may omit or reduce insulin doses in order to reduce the metabolism of food consumed during eating binges. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa place an excessive emphasis on body shape and weight in their self-evaluation, and these factors are typically the most important ones in determining self-esteem (Criterion D). Individuals with this disorder may closely resemble those with Anorexia Nervosa in their fear of gaining weight, in their desire to lose weight, and in the level of dissatisfaction with their bodies. However, a diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa should not be given when the disturbance occurs only during episodes of Anorexia Nervosa (Criterion E).” p. 589-591
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
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LifeSpan Developmental Trauma
InUtero Infancy Toddler Latency PreAdolescence Adolescence PostAdolescence Young Adulthood Adulthood Middle-Age Seniors Geriatric-Age Old-Age
LifeSpan Developmental Trauma
Title: Handbook of therapeutic imagery techniques. Author(s)/Editor(s): Sheikh, Anees A. Source/Citation: Amityville, NY, US: Baywood Publishing Co, Inc; 2002, (vii, 414) Imagery and human development series. Abstract/Review/Citation: This handbook consists primarily of descriptions of a multitude of imagery techniques. These approaches have been loosely grouped into four major categories that include hypnobehavioral, cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic/humanistic, and humanistic/transpersonal. These imagery techniques are presented so that therapists of varied persuasions can easily incorporate them into their practice. Notes/Comments: Historical introduction Imagination in disease and healing processes: A historical perspective Carol E. McMahon and Anees A. Sheikh Hypnobehavioral approaches Relaxing images in hypnobehavioral therapy W. S. Kroger and W. D. Fezler Visualization techniques and altered states of consciousness Errol R. Korn Imagery in autogenic training Anees A. Sheikh and Karen Jacobsen Imagery-related techniques in neuro-linguistic programming Melissa J. Klein, Adreana A. Scimeca, Amardeep S. Kaleka and Anees A. Sheikh Cognitive-behavioral approaches Imagery techniques in cognitive behavior treatments of anxiety and trauma Robert J. Lueger Imagery rescripting therapy for trauma survivors with PTSD Mervin R. Smucker, Jo Weis and Brad Grunert Imagery scripts for changing lifestyle patterns Jeanne Achterberg, Barbara Dossey and Leslie Kolkmeier Imagery exercises for health Gerald Epstein Imagery techniques in the work of Maxwell Maltz M. Michael Ishii Psychodynamic/humanistic approaches The oneirotherapies Nancy C. Much and Anees A. Sheikh Eidetic psychotherapy techniques Anees A. Sheikh Techniques in psycho-imagination therapy Joseph E. Shorr Imagery techniques in the work of Mike and Nancy Samuels John S. Kruck Gendlin's focusing techniques Julie H. Tynion Imagery techniques in emotive reconstructive therapy James K. Morrison Imagery in the work of Ira Progoff LaRee D. Naviaux Animal imagery, the chakra system, and psychotherapy Eligio Stephen Gallegos Tsubo imagery psychotherapy Seiichi Tajima and Gosaku Naruse Conception imagery exercise: Journey to beginning Beverly Carol Stokes and Louis Stokes Humanistic/transpersonal approaches Images and depth psychology: The legacy of Carl Jung Dorothy Sawyer Imagery techniques in psychosynthesis L. Martin Moleski, M. Michael Ishii and Anees A. Sheikh Imagery techniques in the work of Jean Houston Shirley Bankier Transformational fantasy John T. Shaffer Good health imaging Anees A. Sheikh and Katharina S. Sheikh Guided meditation Ram Dass and Stephen Levine Imagery-related meditations Pir Vilayat Inayat Khan Miscellaneous approaches Imagery and the conquest of time: Selected therapeutic techniques from various sources Sundar Ramaswami Imagery enhancement Techniques to enhance imaging ability Anees A. Sheikh, Katharina S. Sheikh and L. Martin Moleski Index therapeutic imagery techniques; hypnobehavioral; cognitive behavioral; psychodynamic humanistic; humanistic transpersonal ========================================
Title: Imagery techniques in cognitive behavior treatments of anxiety and trauma. Author(s)/Editor(s): Lueger, Robert J. Source/Citation: Handbook of therapeutic imagery techniques., Amityville, NY, US: Baywood Publishing Co, Inc; 2002, (vii, 414), 75-84 Imagery and human development series. Source editor(s): Sheikh, Anees A. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy emerged from two separate theoretical traditions, but have evolved to share many common features. Cognitive therapy originated in what might be called a "top down" approach in which thoughts influence feelings and behaviors. Cognitive behavior therapy emanated from behavior therapy, and might be considered a "bottom up" approach in which situational stimuli, responses (included thoughts), and consequences are at issue. One of the common features is the incorporation of imagery techniques in the treatment of affective disorders. In the past decade, significant advances have been made from these two perspectives in treatments of anxiety and trauma problems. The purpose of this chapter is to review the development of cognitive behavior treatments that have used imagery techniques. ========================================
Title: Imagery rescripting therapy for trauma survivors with PTSD. Author(s)/Editor(s): Smucker, Mervin R.; Weis, Jo; Grunert, Brad Source/Citation: Handbook of therapeutic imagery techniques., Amityville, NY, US: Baywood Publishing Co, Inc; 2002, (vii, 414), 85-97 Imagery and human development series. Source editor(s): Sheikh, Anees A. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: The use of imagery as a therapeutic strategy in treating trauma victims has been advocated by clinicians from a variety of theoretical orientations. Imagery Rescripting Therapy (IRT) is a multifaceted, imagery-focused treatment designed to alleviate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology, alter traumatic beliefs and schemas, and enhance a trauma survivor's ability to self-calm and self-nurture. This chapter reviews IRT and the essential components of IRT treatment. ========================================
Title: Living with childhood cancer: A practical guide to help families cope. Author(s)/Editor(s): Woznick, Leigh A.; Goodheart, Carol D. Source/Citation: Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2002, (xiv, 359) Abstract/Review/Citation: This book provides a coping guide and resource for cancer families and their support teams. The authors intent is to build on hope, to present hard-won personal and professional expertise about how to live better with and after childhood cancer. Tips and suggestions are provided for the readers. These tips include "tricks of the trade" and strategies for relieving anxiety and boosting coping. The topics are illustrated by giving examples from families suffering from childhood cancer. Notes/Comments: Acknowledgments Introduction: The big picture Navigating the emotional terrain Creating and working with the team: Doctors, nurses, health insurers, teachers, and others Coping successfully Understanding the impact on your family and friends Handling emotions and communicating well Reducing stress Alleviating trauma Recognizing special risks for stress and trauma Relieving pain and side effects Encouraging child development Building self-esteem in your child Dying and grieving Surviving and carrying the torch Bibliography Resources Author index Subject index About the authors coping; childhood cancer; families ========================================
Title: Caring for staff in UNHCR. Author(s)/Editor(s): Jessen-Petersen, Soren Source/Citation: Sharing the front line and the back hills: International protectors and providers: Peacekeepers, humanitarian aid workers and the media in the midst of crisis., Amityville, NY, US: Baywood Publishing Co, Inc; 2002, (xiv, 429), 53-60 Source editor(s): Danieli, Yael (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Raising awareness about the impact of stress and normalizing it within the work context seems to have contributed a great deal toward laying the foundation for the development of a stress management strategy. In an effort to improve staff support strategies, UNHCR is currently exploring various possibilities of cooperating with external partners such as universities and professional volunteers. On the whole, consideration is being given in UNHCR to the prevention of cumulative and traumatic stress, and burnout. Strategies and protocols contain the elements UNCHR needs in order to deal with traumatic situations. This chapter outlines such strategies and protocols. ========================================
Title: Psychosocial care for humanitarian aid workers: The Medecins Sans Frontieres Holland experience. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gelder, Piet van; Berkhof, Reinoud van den Source/Citation: Sharing the front line and the back hills: International protectors and providers: Peacekeepers, humanitarian aid workers and the media in the midst of crisis., Amityville, NY, US: Baywood Publishing Co, Inc; 2002, (xiv, 429), 179-185 Source editor(s): Danieli, Yael (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Psychosocial care is used to support emergency workers who have been exposed to cumulative and critical accident stress while working in the field during both short- and long-term missions. The work involves ongoing and cumulative stress, often compounded by critical accident stress. Ideally, therefore, psychosocial care should be integrated into a humanitarian aid organization as a standard service for employees who work in the field. There are strong arguments for the integration of such services. The goal of psychosocial care is to protect and support aid workers, and to minimize the development of abnormal stress response syndromes that may cause lost time and a drop in effectiveness of work. It is seriously recommended that every international humanitarian aid organization develop this kind of essential support for their field workers. It is also recommended that psychologists in this specific area of their profession try to work together to develop it on every level. ========================================
Title: Memory and suggestibility in the forensic interview. Author(s)/Editor(s): Eisen, Mitchell L; Quas, Jodi A.; Goodman, Gail S. Source/Citation: Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers; 2002, (xiii, 481) Personality and clinical psychology series. Abstract/Review/Citation: Memories are the ultimate foundation of testimony in legal settings ranging from criminal trials to divorce mediations and custody hearings. Yet the last decade has seen mounting evidence of various ways in which the accuracy of memories can be distorted on the one hand and enhanced on the other. This book offers a long-awaited comprehensive and balanced overview of what we now understand about children's and adults' eyewitness capabilities--and of the practical and theoretical implications of this new understanding. The authors, leading clinicians and behavioral scientists with diverse training experiences and points of view, provide insight into the social, cognitive, developmental, and legal factors that affect the accuracy and quality of information obtained in forensic interviews. This book is a crucial resource for anyone involved in elucidating, interpreting, and reporting the memories of others. Notes/Comments: Preface I. General principles and basic processes Processes affecting accuracy and distortion in memory: An overview Henry L. Roediger III and David A. Gallo The development of memory: Toward an understanding of children's testimony Peter A. Ornstein and Catherine A. Haden False childhood memories and eyewitness memory errors Ira E. Hyman Jr. and Elizabeth F. Loftus Coming to grips with children's suggestibility Karen J. Saywitz and Thomas D. Lyon Face identification: Basic processes and developmental changes John C. Brigham II. Stress, trauma, and individual differences Stress, trauma, and memory Elisabeth Engelberg and Sven-Ake Christianson Memory for traumatic events in children and adults Kathy Pezdek and Jennifer Taylor Sources for fantastic elements in allegations of abuse by adults and children Constance J. Dalenberg, Karen Z. Hyland and Carlos A. Cuevas Individual differences in adults' suggestibility and memory performance Mitchell L. Eisen, Eugene Winograd and Jianjian Qin What children bring to the interview context: Individual differences in children's event reports Margaret-Ellen Pipe and Karen Salmon III. Adults in the forensic interview context The cognitive interview method to enhance eyewitness recall Ronald P. Fisher, Kendra H. Brennan and Michelle R. McCauley Hypnosis and memory: Implications for the courtroom and psychotherapy Steven Jay Lynn, Jeffrey Neuschatz and Rachael Fite Interrogative suggestibility and "memory work" Katharine Krause Shobe and John F. Kihlstrom IV. Children in the forensic interview context Questions and answers: The credibility of child witnesses in the context of specific questioning techniques Robyn Fivush, Carole Peterson and April Schwarzmueller Children's suggestibility in the forensic context Debra Ann Poole and D. Stephen Lindsay The utility of anatomical dolls and drawings in child forensic interviews Mark D. Everson and Barbara W. Boat Using a structure interview protocol to improve the quality of investigative interviews Kathleen J. Sternberg, Michael E. Lamb, Phillip W. Esplin, Yael Orbach and Irit Hershkowitz The effects of social support on the accuracy of children's reports: Implications for the forensic interview Suzanne L. Davis and Bette L. Bottoms Author index Subject index ========================================
Title: Sex matters for women: A complete guide to taking care of your sexual self. Author(s)/Editor(s): Foley, Sallie; Kope, Sally A.; Sugrue, Dennis P. Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press; 2002, (viii, 376) Abstract/Review/Citation: This book argues that, when it comes to sex, modern women are trapped in a reality gap--portrayed by the media as confident and fulfilled, yet struggling in everyday life with sexual myths, self-doubt, and "embarrassing" questions. In this book, women can find the answers they need to take charge of their sexuality both in and outside of the bedroom. This book presents solid, science-based information on the topics that everyone is talking about, from how to have more satisfying sex, to questions about hormones, anatomy, STDs, body image, relationships, sexual orientation, and more. For readers of all ages, this reference provides up-to-date advice on the many ways that sex matters in women's lives. In this book the authors attempt to make sexual advice relevant to women by offering 3 major steps. First, women must know their sexual story (e.g., sexual development, sexual history, and cultural messages received about sexuality). Second, women must understand their bodies--their own anatomy and sexuality. Third, women must make peace with their bodies, in spite of cultural messages about the importance of being youthful, shapely, thin or light-skinned. Notes/Comments: Introduction Part I. Knowing your sexual story Every story has a beginning Adult sexuality: A lifelong story Part II. Understanding your body Your body Sexual response Reproduction and beyond Part III. Making peace with your body Body image Illness and disability When sex causes pain Sexually transmitted diseases Trauma Part IV. Creating a better sexual relationship Male sexuality Taking care of your sexual relationship Part V. Overcoming sexual difficulties What to do when sexual problems arise Overcoming low sexual desire Overcoming low sexual arousal Overcoming orgasm difficulties Sex therapy Appendix. Exercises for sexual growth: Ways to know your sexual story Appendix. Exercises for sexual growth: Ways to understand your body Appendix. Exercises for sexual growth: Ways to make peace with your body Appendix. Exercises for sexual growth: Ways to create a better sexual relationship Suggested resources References Index About the authors sex; sexuality; women; sexual arousal & response; orgasm; sex drive ========================================
Title: Traumatic brain injury: A hidden consequence for battered women. Author(s)/Editor(s): Jackson, Helene; Philp, Elizabeth; Nuttall, Ronald L.; Diller, Leonard Source/Citation: Professional Psychology: Research & Practice; Vol 33(1) Feb 2002, US: American Psychological Assn; 2002, 39-45 Abstract/Review/Citation: The inability of substantial numbers of battered women to terminate or extricate themselves from violent relationships is of grave concern to clinical practitioners. Despite professional intervention, many victims of domestic violence return to the batterer and to repetitive battering, demonstrating that, for these women, traditional psychosocial interventions are ineffective. In a sample of 53 battered women, 92% reported having received blows to the head in the course of their battering; 40% reported loss of consciousness. Correlations between frequency of being hit in the head and severity of cognitive symptoms were significant, strongly suggesting that battered women should be routinely screened for traumatic brain injury and postconcussive syndrome. Development of treatment strategies to address the potentially damaging sequelae of head trauma in this population is essential. ========================================
Title: Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors. Author(s)/Editor(s): Salmon, Karen; Bryant, Richard A. Source/Citation: Clinical Psychology Review; Vol 22(2) Mar 2002, US: Elsevier Science/Pergamon; 2002, 163-188 Abstract/Review/Citation: Despite the prevalence of childhood trauma, there are currently no developmentally oriented cognitive theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This paper outlines the definitional issues of PTSD in children, reviews the incidence of PTSD in children, and compares PTSD profiles in children and adults. We propose that a cognitive theory of childhood PTSD needs to accommodate developmental factors, including knowledge, language development, memory, emotion regulation, and social cognition, in addition to contextual factors such as family interactions. Implications of these developmental factors for assessment and treatment of traumatized children are discussed. ========================================
Title: Georg Groddeck's influence on Sandor Ferenczi's clinical practice as reflected in their correspondence 1921-1933. Author(s)/Editor(s): Fortune, Christopher Source/Citation: Psychoanalysis & History; Vol 4(1) Win 2002, England: Artesian Books; 2002, 85-94 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses G. Groddeck's influence on S. Ferenczi's clinical practice. The author asserts that this influence was critically important to the development of psychoanalysis, and includes influencing Ferenczi's recognition of the significance of the mother which led to the development of object relations theory, his championing the experience of the child and the importance of early trauma, and his recognition of the importance of the mind-body relationship. Excerpts of their correspondence extensively illustrate Groddeck's influence on Ferenczi's ideas during their critical period of the mid-1920s to 1932. This paper postulates that, without Groeddeck, Ferenczi may never have had the courage to challenge Freud, and thereby expand the frontiers of psychoanalysis. ========================================
Title: Heroes in the nursery: Three case studies in resilience. Author(s)/Editor(s): Rak, Carl F. Source/Citation: Journal of Clinical Psychology: Special Issue: A second generation of resilience research.; Vol 58(3) Mar 2002, US: John Wiley & Sons; 2002, 247-26 Abstract/Review/Citation: This article examines the therapeutic work in three cases ( an 11 yr old boy, a 17 yr old girl, and an adult male) to study the impact of a supportive and nurturing parent early in life upon the development of resilience. The close analysis of the clinical material of each client's personal narrative is the primary source. The metaphor of "heroes in the nursery" is posited as a vehicle for enhancing understandings of the development of resilience and a continuum from defense through adaptation to resilience. Each case provides additive meaning to recent studies that elevate the importance of the memories of parents to the development of resilient responses of children later in life. Each case reveals specific dimensions of the impact of heroes in the nursery which extend our understandings of resiliency in children and adolescents as a proactive response to stress, trauma, and loss. ========================================
Title: Treating traumatized children: Clinical implications of the psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s)/Editor(s): Cohen, Judith A.; Perel, James M.; DeBellis, Michael D.; Friedman, Matthew J.; Putnam, Frank W. Author Affiliation: U Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, US U Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, US National Ctr for PTSD, US U Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, US Source/Citation: Trauma Violence & Abuse; Vol 3(2) Apr 2002, US: Sage Publications; 2002, 91-108 Abstract/Review/Citation: There is growing evidence that child maltreatment and posttraumatic stress disorder result in numerous neurobiological alterations in children and adolescents, including abnormalities in brain structure and functioning. This article reviews several psychobiological systems with regard to their functioning under normal stress and in the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder, with a focus on recent research findings in children and adolescents, and the implications these findings have on clinical intervention for traumatized children. The importance of early identification and treatment of traumatized children and the need to empirically evaluate psychopharmacological interventions for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder are discussed in detail. Research and policy priorities are also addressed. ========================================
Title: The effects of client violence on child-protection networks. Author(s)/Editor(s): Littlechild, Brian Source/Citation: Trauma Violence & Abuse; Vol 3(2) Apr 2002, US: Sage Publications; 2002, 144-158 Abstract/Review/Citation: This article examines the literature and research evidence concerning the impact of threatened and actual violence on social workers' well-being, assessments, and interventions in child-protection work. It is proposed that client violence can have serious effects on the child-protection worker themselves, as well as having specific effects on child-protection assessments and the management of interventions. It is argued that client violence toward child-protection staff and others in the violent client's networks needs to be taken into account in a systematic manner, which may affect the protection of children involved. The potential for increased recognition of such elements within risk assessment, case planning and policy development and review is addressed. The article draws mainly on sources of evidence in England, North America, and Australia, but the findings are applicable to child-protection work in different countries. ========================================
Title: Childhood trauma in obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania, and controls. Author(s)/Editor(s): Lochner, Christine; du Toit, Pieter L.; Zungu-Dirwayi, Nompumelelo; Marais, Adele; van Kradenburg, Jeanine; Seedat, Soraya; Niehaus, Dana J. H.; Stein, Dan J. Author Affiliation: U Stellenbosch, MRC Unit of Stress & Anxiety Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa U Stellenbosch, MRC Unit of Stress & Anxiety Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa U Stellenbosch, MRC Unit of Stress & Anxiety Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa U Stellenbosch, MRC Unit of Stress & Anxiety Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa U Stellenbosch, MRC Unit of Stress & Anxiety Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa U Stellenbosch, MRC Unit of Stress & Anxiety Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa U Stellenbosch, MRC Unit of Stress & Anxiety Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa Source/Citation: Depression & Anxiety; Vol 15(2) 2002, US: John Wiley & Sons; 2002, 66-68 Abstract/Review/Citation: There is relatively little data on the link between childhood trauma and obsessive-compulsive/putative obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. The revised Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), which assesses physical, emotional, and sexual abuse as well as physical and emotional neglect, was administered to 74 patients (mean age 36.1 yrs) with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 36 Ss (mean age 31.8 yrs) with trichotillomania (TTM), and a group of 31 normal controls (mean age 21.5 yrs). All of the Ss were females between the ages of 12-71 yrs. The findings showed a significantly greater severity of childhood trauma in general, and emotional neglect specifically, in the patient groups compared to the controls. Although various factors may play a role in the etiology of both OCD and TTM, this study is consistent with some evidence from previous studies suggesting that childhood trauma may play a role in the development of these disorders. ========================================
Title: A clinical investigation and analysis of psychic trauma in patients with depressive neurosis. Author(s)/Editor(s): Liu, Suzhen Source/Citation: Psychological Science (China); Vol 25(1) Jan 2002, China: Editorial Board of Psychological Science; 2002, 34-36 Abstract/Review/Citation: Analyzed the psychic trauma of patients with depressive neurosis (DN) according to the patients' age, gender, and education levels. 69 patients with DN (aged 16-83 yrs) (19 males and 50 females) in China were investigated for psychic trauma through the reporting of their life events. The life events in the categories of personal development, family members' failings, disappointment in love affair, disease, family conflict, loss of loved one, personal relationships, and childhood trauma were studied in 3 age groups (< 35 yrs, 35-55 yrs, and > 55 yrs) by gender and education levels (under or above college). The results found that sensitive life events occurred in Ss at different ages, of either sex, and with different levels of education; that some life events relating to personal development, diseases, loss of loved one, especially family conflicts could cause psychic traumas; that uncontrollable life events could be the main cause of psychic trauma of patients with DN. The results indicate that there is a close connection between DN and psychic trauma; and that Ss at different ages, of either sex, and with different levels of education have different levels of experiences of life events and psychic traumas. ========================================
Title: Children and violence: Findings and implications from a rural community. Author(s)/Editor(s): Slovak, Karen; Singer, Mark I. Author Affiliation: Case Western Reserve U, Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, OH, US Source/Citation: Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal; Vol 19(1) Feb 2002, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2002, 35-56 Abstract/Review/Citation: The present study addresses gaps in the youth violence literature by exploring the types and levels of children's violence exposure in a rural setting and examining psychological trauma associated with violence exposure. The study is a secondary data analysis using a rural sample of 549 Ss from a larger study. The larger study employed a 45-minute questionnaire given to students in grades 3 to 8 (aged 8-15 yrs). The questionnaire was designed to assess children's present and past violence exposure as a victim and witness across the home, school, and neighborhood. In addition, this questionnaire assessed children's psychological trauma symptoms. This study found that children in the rural sample were exposed to high amounts of violence as both victims and witnesses within, and prior to, the past year. Violence exposure variables explained a significant amount of variance in total trauma symptoms after controlling for demographic variables. This finding is consistent with the literature examining the association of trauma and violence exposure. ========================================
Title: Characteristics of traffic crashes in Maryland (1996-1998): Differences among the youngest drivers. Author(s)/Editor(s): Ballesteros, Michael F.; Dischinger, Patricia C. Author Affiliation: U Maryland, Charles McC. Mathias National Study Ctr for Trauma & EMS, Baltimore, MD, US Source/Citation: Accident Analysis & Prevention; Vol 34(3) May 2002, United Kingdom: Elsevier Science/Pergamon; 2002, 279-284 Abstract/Review/Citation: Notes that motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of death among teenagers in the US. The present study examined how crash rates and crash characteristics differed among drivers aged 16-21 yrs in the state of Maryland from 1996 to 1998. The results show that, based on police reports, the youngest drivers have the highest rate of MVCs per licensed driver and per annual miles driven. Furthermore, crash characteristics suggest that inexperience rather than risky driving may account for the differing rates. Drivers closer to the age of 16 yrs had their crashes under the safest conditions: during the day in clear weather while drinking less. ========================================
Title: The aetiology of postpsychotic posttraumatic stress disorder following a psychotic episode. Author(s)/Editor(s): Shaw, Katharine; McFarlane, Alexander C.; Bookless, Clara; Air, Tracy Author Affiliation: U Adelaide, Queen Elizabeth Hosp, Dept of Psychiatry, Woodville South, SA, Australia U Adelaide, Queen Elizabeth Hosp, Dept of Psychiatry, Woodville South, SA, Australia U Adelaide, Queen Elizabeth Hosp, Dept of Psychiatry, Woodville South, SA, Australia Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 15(1) Feb 2002, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2002, 39-47 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examines the aetiology of postpsychotic posttraumatic stress disorder (PP/PTSD) symptoms in 42 people (aged 16-65 yrs) hospitalized for a psychotic illness were interviewed during recovery to investigate whether a psychotic episode was associated with PTSD symptomatology. Measures included the Composite International Diagnostic Instrument, a modified Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire, and the Impact of Event Scale. All participants found psychosis and hospitalization highly distressing. PP/PTSD symptoms were not associated with demographic factors, previous trauma, treatment, or insight. The PP/PTSD group reported more distress and intrusive memories associated with illness and treatment experiences and had higher scores for anxiety and dissociative symptoms. The development of PP/PTSD phenomenology was associated with the psychological distress of the experience. ========================================
Title: The prevalence of potentially traumatic events in childhood and adolescence. Author(s)/Editor(s): Costello, E. Jane; Erkanli, Alaattin; Fairbank, John A.; Angold, Adrian Author Affiliation: Duke U Medical Ctr, Dept of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Durham, NC, US Duke U Medical Ctr, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Developmental Epidemiology Ctr, Durham, NC, US Duke U Medical Ctr, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Developmental Epidemiology Ctr, Durham, NC, US Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 15(2) Apr 2002, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2002, 99-112 Abstract/Review/Citation: This paper examines exposure to potentially traumatic events from middle childhood through adolescence, and vulnerability to such exposure. Analyses are based on the first 4 annual waves of data from a longitudinal general population study of youth in western North Carolina, involving 4,965 interviews with 1,420 children and adolescents (aged 9, 11, and 13 yrs at intake) and their parents or guardians. Participants reported on DSM extreme stressors ("high magnitude events"), other potentially traumatic events ("low magnitude events"), and background vulnerability factors. In this general population sample, one-quarter experienced at least one high magnitude event by age 16, 6% within the past 3 months. One third experienced a low magnitude event in the past 3 months. The likelihood of such exposure increased with the number of vulnerability factors. ========================================
Title: Difficulties in assessing traumatic reactions in children. Author(s)/Editor(s): Ronen, Tammie Source/Citation: Journal of Loss & Trauma; Vol 7(2) Apr-Jun 2002, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis/Brunner Routledge; 2002, 87-106 Abstract/Review/Citation: Children's traumatic responses are of major interest to social workers, who are involved in assuring children's well-being, protecting children from harmful environmental influences, and preventing future injury (T. Ronen, 1998a). The present article aims at highlighting some of the difficulties related to the assessment of children's responses to traumatic experiences. Difficulties in assessing reactions to trauma are emphasized in light of contradictory research trends relating to the possibility that children develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Assessment difficulties are discussed in terms of family and developmental issues, type of trauma, and assessment procedure variables. Guidelines are presented for assessing the severity of children's responses to traumatic events based on PTSD criteria, the context of normal childhood behavior problems, and developmental considerations. ========================================
Title: Attachment quality and post-treatment functioning following sexual trauma in young adolescents: A case series presentation. Author(s)/Editor(s): Stubenbort, Karen; Greeno, Catherine; Mannarino, Anthony P.; Cohen, Judith A. Author Affiliation: U Pittsburgh, School of Social Work, Pittsburgh, PA, US MCP Hahnemann U, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US MCP Hahnemann U, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, US Source/Citation: Clinical Social Work Journal; Vol 30(1) Spr 2002, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2002, 23-39 Abstract/Review/Citation: Children and adolescents who suffer sexual abuse evidence symptoms that may persist into adulthood. Attachment theory may lend some insight into the psychological sequelae following sexual trauma. A clinical case series presents four sexually abused young adolescents (aged 12 and 13 yrs) from the first author's clinical caseload. Each case is rated regarding the quality of attachment, the severity of trauma, and the child's functioning at the time of follow-up. Ratings are made by the first author and qualified by a second clinician who is familiar with each case. Findings suggest that those youngsters who had the benefit of a strong and secure attachment evidence more positive outcome at follow-up. ========================================
Title: Becoming verbal: Autism, trauma and playfulness. Author(s)/Editor(s): Barrows, Paul Source/Citation: Journal of Child Psychotherapy; Vol 28(1) Apr 2002, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis/Routledge; 2002, 53-72 Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes work in progress with a boy who was 3.4 yrs old at the time of referral. At this time he had no speech and there were a number of marked autistic features in his presentation, although no formal diagnosis had been made. He had suffered the trauma of a life-threatening illness requiring major medical interventions at the age of 5 mo and again at 18 mo, which may have been the precipitating factor for his disturbance. He is from an intact family with an older sister and a younger brother and no apparent significant family pathology. During the course of his treatment--which has now been on-going for nearly 3 yrs--he has acquired a capacity for play and has become very talkative. Using extensive clinical material, the paper explores the factors which may have contributed to his improvement, especially the modifications in technique introduced by the therapist in order to make contact with this boy. Special attention is given to the role of playfulness, as introduced by the therapist, with particular reference to the way in which this may facilitate the emergence and expression of aggressive feelings and fantasies. The links with the development of the capacity for speech is also explored. ========================================
Title: A psychoanalytic approach to language delay: When autistic isn't necessarily autism. Author(s)/Editor(s): Urwin, Cathy Source/Citation: Journal of Child Psychotherapy; Vol 28(1) Apr 2002, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis/Routledge; 2002, 73-93 Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes family work with 4 children (aged 3-4 yrs) from different ethnic backgrounds presenting with autistic features in the context of delayed or deviant language development and in 1 case, elective mutism. This paper begins by describing how psychoanalytic approaches to language development have tended to see the process as underpinned by symbol formation as a compensation for loss of the object. This is contrasted with an approach which emphasizes language development as an aspect of a broad process concerned with enabling emotional experience to become thought. The significance of the survival and development of the self in achieving separation is emphasized. In case studies, the degree of trauma in the parents' backgrounds, which had impeded them from containing their children's developmental anxieties is highlighted. The parents' telling their stories was both valuable to them and enabled them to become more emotionally available to their children. In all cases the work promoted language development and autistic features disappeared or waned considerably after relatively brief intervention. The conclusions discuss the relevance of these findings to the autistic child population and the value of child psychotherapy to differential diagnosis within the autistic spectrum. ========================================
Title: Failure of the capacity for self-soothing in women who have a history of abuse and self-harm. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gallop, Ruth Source/Citation: Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association; Vol 8(1) Feb 2002, US: Mosby Year Book /Times Mirror; 2002, 20-26 Abstract/Review/Citation: For many women, a history of childhood abuse leaves them vulnerable to intense, overwhelming, and painful emotions. The internal capacity to comfort themselves, or self-soothe, when confronted by these feelings is often lacking. Unfortunately, many women use self-harm behaviors as a form of external self-soothing behavior to provide temporary relief from the pain. This article links the developmental failure of the capacity to self-soothe and the neurobiologic disruptions that can lead from trauma to self-harm. The article considers how nurses can use this knowledge to understand the turbulent and apparently impulsive nature of self-harm behavior and begin to help women who self-harm develop the internal capacities to self-soothe. ========================================
Title: A diathesis-stress model of chronic pain and disability following traumatic injury. Author(s)/Editor(s): Turk, Dennis C. Source/Citation: Pain Research & Management; Vol 7(1) Spr 2002, Canada: Pulsus Group; 2002, 9-20 Abstract/Review/Citation: Notes that a range of cognitive, affective, and behavioral factors are related to the perception of pain, maintenance of pain and disability, exacerbation of pain, and response to treatment. Moreover, there is some evidence that individual differences and prior learning history also have a significant influence on the experience of pain and related disability. This paper provides a brief overview of a set of predisposing factors, cognitive processes, and behavioral principles that appear to be particularly important in the maintenance of disability following trauma. Anxiety sensitivity, anticipation and avoidance of fear or harm, catastrophizing ideation, causal attributions for symptoms, self-efficacy, and operant conditioning are discussed. Each of these factors is integrated in a diathesis-stress model that emphasizes the interaction of predisposing factors with a trauma, setting in motion a cascade of interpretive cognitive processes and reinforcement contingencies that maintain disability following the trauma. This model proposes a sequential process to explain the variation observed among people following a relatively minor trauma. The model is intended to be heuristic, and it may be useful to guiding prevention efforts and the development of treatment interventions. ========================================
Title: Attachment theory, loss and trauma: A case study. Author(s)/Editor(s): Zelenko, Marina A.; Benham, Anne Author Affiliation: Stanford U School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA, US Source/Citation: Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry; Vol 7(2) Apr 2002, England: Sage Publications; 2002, 199-209 Abstract/Review/Citation: This article discusses applications of attachment theory and theories of bereavement to the treatment of trauma with loss of the mother in young children. The article suggests guidelines that may be useful in clinical work with these difficult cases. Clinical application of the guidelines is illustrated by discussion of the therapeutic work with a 3-yr-old boy who at the age of 2.5 yrs survived an automobile accident in which his mother died. ========================================
Title: Development and validation of a modified version of the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire. Author(s)/Editor(s): Marshall, Grant N.; Orlando, Maria; Jaycox, Lisa H.; Foy, David W.; Belzberg, Howard Author Affiliation: RAND Criminal Justice Program, Santa Monica, CA, US RAND Criminal Justice Program, Arlington, VA, US Pepperdine U, Graduate School of Education & Psychology, US U Southern California School of Medicine, Dept of Surgery, CA, US Source/Citation: Psychological Assessment; Vol 14(2) Jun 2002, US: American Psychological Assn; 2002, 123-134 Abstract/Review/Citation: This article reports results from 3 studies conducted to develop and validate a modified version of the self-administered form of the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (PDEQ; C. R. Marmar, D. S. Weiss, & T. J. Metzler, 1997). The objective was to develop an instrument suitable for use with persons from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. In Study 1, the original PDEQ was administered to a small sample (N=15) recruited from among men admitted to the hospital for physical injuries stemming from exposure to community violence. Results led to modifications aimed at improving the utility of the instrument. In Study 2, the modified PDEQ was subjected to structural equation modeling and item response theory analyses to assess its psychometric properties in a larger, primarily male, sample of community violence survivors (N=294). In Study 3, the reliability and validity of the modified instrument were further assessed in a sample of female survivors of sexual assault (N=90). Results attest to the psychometric properties as well as the reliability and validity of the modified 8-item PDEQ. ========================================
Title: The role of early adverse experience and adulthood stress in the prediction of neuroendocrine stress reactivity in women: A multiple regression analysis. Author(s)/Editor(s): Heim, Christine; Newport, D. Jeffrey; Wagner, Dieter; Wilcox, Molly M.; Miller, Andrew H.; Nemeroff, Charles B. Author Affiliation: Emory U School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, US U Trier, Ctr for Psychobiological & Psychosomatic Research, Trier, Germany Emory U School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, US Emory U School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, US Emory U School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, US Source/Citation: Depression & Anxiety; Vol 15(3) 2002, US: John Wiley & Sons; 2002, 117-125 Abstract/Review/Citation: Sought to evaluate the relative role of early adverse experience vs. stress experiences in adulthood in the prediction of neuroendocrine stress reactivity in women. A total of 49 women (aged 18-45 yrs; normal volunteers, depressed patients, and women with a history of early abuse) underwent a battery of interviews and completed dimensional rating scales on stress experiences and psychopathology, and were subsequently exposed to a standardized psychosocial laboratory stressor. Outcome measures were plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol responses to the stress test. Peak ACTH responses to psychosocial stress were predicted by a history of childhood abuse, the number of separate abuse events, the number of adulthood traumas, and the severity of depression. Similar predictors were identified for peak cortisol responses. Although abused women reported more severe negative life events in adulthood than controls, life events did not affect neuroendocrine reactivity. The interaction of childhood abuse and adulthood trauma was the most powerful predictor of ACTH responsiveness. Findings suggest that a history of childhood abuse is related to increased neuroendocrine stress reactivity, which is further enhanced when additional trauma is experienced in adulthood. ========================================
Title: Family backgrounds of teenage female sex workers in Istanbul metropolitan area. Author(s)/Editor(s): Kuntay, Esin Source/Citation: Journal of Comparative Family Studies: Special Issue: Theoretical and methodological issues in cross-cultural families.; Vol 33(3) Sum 2002, Canada: Univ of Calgary; 2002, 345-358 Abstract/Review/Citation: Based on data accumulated in a study undertaken in 1998, this paper explores the lives of teenage female sex workers in the Istanbul metropolitan area. A backplan of the Turkish traditional-rural culture with its norms and values in its transplanted form in an urban setting is presented. A grounded theory approach and qualitative research were adapted as the method of research and evaluation of the data gathered through in-depth interviews with 30 females aged 14-18 yrs. Findings indicate that the Ss have been exposed to multiple risks of street life and sexual exploitation. The work conditions of these commercial sex workers meet the criteria of forced labor. The data reveal the psychosocial effects related to the emotional, physical, and the sexual abuse of the Ss. The consequences of this abuse are very low assessment of self-identity, fear of the future based on the belief that there is no way out, helplessness, frustration, and posttrauma stress. Findings indicate the need to recognize this group of young girls as children in need of care and protection, to start a first aid refuge center, to gather reliable statistics on the number of minors involved in child prostitution, and to make sure they receive psychotherapeutic treatment on substance abuse and trauma. ========================================
Title: Psychosocial interventions and children's rights: Beyond clinical discourse. Author(s)/Editor(s): Veale, Angela; Dona, Giorgia Author Affiliation: U East London, Dept of Anthropology & Sociology, London, United Kingdom Source/Citation: Peace & Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology; Vol 8(1) Mar 2002, US: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002, 47-61 Abstract/Review/Citation: There has been a significant increase in psychosocial interventions in the aftermath of ethno-political violence. This paper critically examines the contribution of psychosocial interventions to the broader development agenda of reconstruction and rehabilitation. Using Rwanda as an example, the authors undertake a brief psychologically informed analysis of the factors that contributed to genocide, as a means of outlining the political and cultural context in which psychosocial interventions operate. During the violence, ethnicity was politically mobilized, communities polarized, and social networks fragmented. An analysis of psychosocial interventions for children demonstrates that the implications of social power and status are seldom examined before reintegration and community-based psychosocial interventions are implemented. The authors explore the potential impact of a narrow focus on victims and survivors on societal rehabilitation, and reflect on the implications of how 'trauma'--a dominant discourse--may be appropriated and politicized as a symbol of genocide and political legitimacy. The paper concludes with an analysis of what a human rights framework can contribute to linking psychosocial work more centrally to broader political and development analysis. ========================================
Title: Parental communication of Holocaust experiences and interpersonal patterns in offspring of Holocaust survivors. Author(s)/Editor(s): Wiseman, Hadas; Barber, Jacques P.; Raz, Alon; Yam, Idit; Foltz, Carol; Livne-Snir, Sharon Author Affiliation: U Pennsylvania, Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, US U Haifa, Haifa, Israel U Haifa, Haifa, Israel U Haifa, Haifa, Israel U Haifa, Haifa, Israel Source/Citation: International Journal of Behavioral Development; Vol 26(4) Jul 2002, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis/Psychology Press; 2002, 371-381 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the interpersonal problems and central relationship patterns of Holocaust survivors' offspring (HSO) who were characterized by different patterns of parental communication of their parents' Holocaust trauma. 56 adults born to mothers who were survivors of Nazi concentration camps and 54 adults born to parents who immigrated to Israel before 1939 with their own parents (non-HSO) were recruited randomly from an Israeli sample. Ss (aged 30-49 yrs) completed the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex, the Central Relationship Questionnaire, the Mental Health Index, and the Parental Communication of Holocaust Experiences Questionnaire. While the groups did not differ in their current mental health, HSO who reported nonverbal communication with little information about their mother's trauma endorsed more interpersonal distress than HSO who experienced informative verbal communication and less affiliation than either HSO who experienced informative verbal communication or non-HSO. They also differed in their central relationship patterns with their parents and spouses. Findings are discussed in the context of the unique dynamics of growing up with the silent presence of the mother's trauma. ========================================
Title: Post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology among american indian vietnam veterans: Mediators and moderators of the stress-illness relationship. Author(s)/Editor(s): Dempsey, Catherine Lisle Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 62(7-B) Feb 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 3153 Abstract/Review/Citation: Results from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVSRS) reported high rates of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among Vietnam Theater veterans compared to rates in the Vietnam Era and others of the veterans' generation. Prevalence rates were even higher among minority groups, specifically Blacks and Hispanics. Results from the American Indian Vietnam Veterans Project (AIVVP) suggested that American Indian Vietnam veterans were also at increased risk for PTSD. However, not all American Indian veterans with high levels of trauma exposure developed PTSD, which suggests that other contributing factors specific to American Indian populations may also affect their vulnerability to PTSD outcomes. The objective of this study was to identify potential predictors of PTSD symptomatology across three military timeframes and to examine the relationships among personal resources, trauma, and PTSD symptomatology in American Indian Vietnam veterans. It was hypothesized that high levels of social support and ethnic identity may enhance one's psychosocial resilience to stress, resulting in positive health outcomes. This study was based on AIVVP data collected by the National Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research (NCAIANMHR) at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Interviews with 621 American Indian Vietnam veterans living on or near their reservations assessed predisposing factors, characteristics of military service, military and nonmilitary trauma, personal resources, and PTSD symptomatology. The results of hierarchical linear regression analyses showed a strong relationship between social support and PTSD symptomatology across all time flames. Although results did not support the stress-buffering hypothesis, combat trauma and social support during the military interacted significantly. In addition, post-military social support appeared to mediate the relationship between trauma and PTSD symptomatology. Identifying a relationship between social support and PTSD has implications for the development of interventions used to treat PTSD in ethnic minorities. The impact of personal resources on PTSD symptomatology may be important for traumatic survivors and long-term strategies for victims of PTSD. ========================================
Title: Plasticity of the oculomotor system. Author(s)/Editor(s): Graf, Erich William Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 62(7-B) Feb 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 3414 Abstract/Review/Citation: The binocular coordination of eye movements is essential for ensuring a clear, single, binocular perception of the visual world. To this end, the oculomotor system has evolved in such a way as to maintain a certain amount of plasticity in event of some perturbation of the normal relationship of stimulus to motor response due to development, trauma or disease. For example, the normal growth of the cranium and orbit increases the interpupillary distance (IPD) from approximately 3 cm in infants to about 6 cm in adults. This affects the oculomotor system because the eyes need to rotate through a greater angle to fixate a target at a given depth with a larger IPD. The oculomotor system utilizes a long-term adaptive feedback mechanism to compensate for these changes, making the system more efficient and reliable over time. The present studies further investigate the characteristics of the plasticity of oculomotor adaptation. In one set of experiments, the decay of vertical phoria adaptation to nonconcomitant and concomitant disparity was measured open-loop for a period of eight hours, with the intent of quantifying the time-course of decay for the two conditions. It was found that one hour of concomitant adaptation decays more quickly than one hour of nonconcomitant adaptation, showing that eye-position dependent adaptation aftereffects dissipate slower than adaptation requiring an overall phoria change across the visual field. In another set of experiments, the cross-coupling of cyclovergence with horizontal vergence and vertical version was manipulated, with subjects undergoing two hours of adaptation to stimuli that exaggerated or reversed the normal relationship between the motor systems, known as Listing's extended law. It was found that subjects were able to change the normal relationship, changing their cyclovergence to that demanded by the stimulus. In addition to the adaptation experiments, the tonic component of vergence was examined with a prolonged monocular occlusion paradigm that showed that the resting bias of open-loop cyclovergence is a relative excyclophoria compared to pre-occlusion states. All together the experiments show the efficacy of oculomotor plasticity and indicate that efforts to predict behavior should account for the remarkable plasticity of the oculomotor system. ========================================
Title: The role of empathy in vicarious traumatization. Author(s)/Editor(s): Friedman, Tatiana Ryk Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 62(8-B) Mar 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 3799 Abstract/Review/Citation: In recent years, the secondary effects of treating traumatized people on helping professionals have been established in the literature. However, the psychological processes involved in vicarious traumatization have remained poorly understood. The present study was designed to examine the role of empathic processes in empathic distress, a less extreme form of vicarious traumatization, within the context of a simulated psychotherapy situation. The present study used a 2 (type of trauma exposed to: high or low) x 2 (type of empathizer: high or low) factorial design. Participants' physiological, affective, and cognitive responses to a target-patient's traumatic situation were assessed using various measures, as a function of individual differences in empathy and exposure to traumatic material. Eighty-eight female participants were preselected for this study in terms of their dispositional empathic abilities and were randomly assigned to observe a target-patient discussing a high or low trauma situation. In addition, participants reported on their use of problem- and emotion-focused coping as ways to manage stressful situations. Overall, participants who were exposed to highly traumatic material were indeed more likely to experience affective distress, as well as increased physiological reactivity. High empathizers exhibited greater empathically based physiological reactivity as a result of exposure to trauma, while they did not generally self-report more affective distress. Instead, evidence was found for an alternative trend in that low empathizers self-reported more affective distress, but not physiological reactivity, as a result of experimental exposure. In addition, cognitive processes, such as the adoption of a self- or other-focused orientation and the transmission of traumatic material, were related to individual differences in empathy and exposure to trauma. Moreover, two different forms of problem-focused coping, planful problem-solving and confrontive coping, were influenced by both individual differences in empathy and exposure to trauma; whereas, emotion-focused coping was affected only by individual differences in empathy. Results from this research have suggested possible implications about empathy's contribution to the development of vicarious traumatization within the therapeutic context. ========================================
Title: Evaluating the effectiveness of a group treatment program: Integrating neurobiology, post-traumatic stress disorder, and childhood trauma literature. Author(s)/Editor(s): Fujimoto, Kevin Lee Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 62(8-B) Mar 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 3799 Abstract/Review/Citation: Research has demonstrated that childhood abuse may negatively alter cognition, affect, and behavior throughout the lifespan (Briere, 1992; van der Kolk, 1988). PTSD related to childhood abuse has been increasingly associated with impaired memory functioning and neurobiological alterations (Briggs & Joyce, 1997; van der Kolk & Fisler, 1995). A review of the trauma and child abuse literature incorporates recent research from various theoretical perspectives. In addition, the effectiveness of a treatment program is evaluated based on the literature review. Specifically, an inpatient program that utilized cathartic interventions within a supportive psycho-educational group context was examined. Catharsis was considered a critical treatment component because it is hypothesized to provide access to the implicit memory system (subcortical neural-networks) and allow traumatic experiences to reemerge (Levitt & Pinnell, 1995). Additional higher-order processing and subsequent development of explicit memory may increase impulse control, diminish PTSD symptoms, and decrease depression (Squire, 1992; Zola-Morgan & Squire, 1990). The group modality was utilized to address common issues faced by abuse victims and provide interpersonal support and validation during the expression of powerful affect. Archival data collected from treatment seeking individuals suffering from the effects of negative childhood experiences including abuse and neglect was analyzed. An experimental group (N = 68) that completed the treatment program was compared to a non-treatment group (N = 15) to determine treatment effectiveness. Specified symptoms, PTSD symptomatology (Los Angeles Symptom Checklist), anxiety (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Scale 7 and A Scale), and depression (MMPI Scale 2 and the Beck Depression Inventory) were assessed. It was hypothesized that treatment subjects would report decreased levels of symptoms when contrasted with the comparison group following treatment. A MANOVA revealed no significant differences between groups for PTSD symptoms, anxiety, or depression. A clinical significance analysis also revealed that experimental subjects and no-treatment comparison subjects improved over time on all variables at the nine-month follow-up period. Possible reasons for the lack of statistical findings are given and suggestions for future research are presented. ========================================
Title: Childhood resilience: A developmental model to promote positive outcomes despite adversity. Author(s)/Editor(s): Haynes, Adele Beardsley Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 62(9-B) Apr 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 4218 Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation is intended as an educational tool for anyone interested in learning about childhood resilience. The main objective is twofold: to clarify current conceptualizations of resilience, and to offer a theoretical platform for the development of future prevention programs. To begin, this paper addresses the discrepancies throughout the literature on psychological resilience to highlight the evolution of thought and unifying definitional themes. Several bodies of literature were helpful in this regard, including those related to coping, risk, stress, competence, and recovery from trauma. All of these topics were reviewed individually in an effort to illuminate which factors contribute to a child's positive developmental outcome despite adversity. The idea of protective processes is introduced to reflect the dynamic nature of psychological resilience. Personal, familial, and community factors are explored to clarify the complex interplay of variables that provide a protective effect, thereby contributing to positive outcomes for children. Protective processes contributing to childhood resilience are clarified to offer a strong theoretical foundation on which to base the development of preventive interventions. Prevention efforts, in order to be successful, must meet the needs of the specific people they seek to help. For the purposes of this paper, well-substantiated theories of the cognitive, social, and emotional development of preschool children are reviewed to provide a foundation for future prevention efforts targeting this young and impressionable population. The relevant works of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson are reviewed for this purpose. Once the developmental context has been established, suggestions are then offered for how to create successful programs to help preschool children avoid negative psychosocial outcomes. Aspects of failed programs are reviewed briefly to avoid repeating past mistakes and a list of suggested questions are offered as an aide for program developers. The theories summarized within this dissertation clarify conceptualizations of childhood resilience and offer a unifying platform on which to develop successful prevention programs for preschool children. ========================================
Title: Defense mechanisms as moderators of trauma symptomatology in maltreated adolescents. Author(s)/Editor(s): Warren, Michelle Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 62(9-B) Apr 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 4241 Abstract/Review/Citation: Three defense styles, as measured by the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSO-R; Andrews, Pollock, & Stewart, 1989), were investigated as possible moderators of the relationship between maltreatment experiences and psychological symptomatology in an adolescent clinical population ( N = 75). Participants indicated the degree to which they experienced maltreatment, including child sexual abuse, child physical abuse, child exposure to family violence, and child emotional abuse, on the Record of Maltreatment Experiences (ROME; Wolfe & McGee, 1994). Psychological symptomatology was indicated by participants' self-reports of externalizing and internalizing behaviour problems on the Youth Self-Report (YSR; Achenbach, 1991) and data from the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale - Child and Adolescent Version (CAPS-CA; Nader, 1996), pertaining to DSM-IV Criteria B, C, and D PTSD symptomatology. Results suggested that specific defense styles moderate the effects of specific types of maltreatment. An immature defense style was found to moderate the relationship between child sexual abuse and externalizing behaviour problems. A mature defense style was found to moderate the relationship between child emotional abuse and internalizing behaviour problems. A neurotic defense style was found to moderate the effects of child physical abuse and child exposure to family violence, on the development of PTSD symptomatology. In addition, the defense styles were found to operate in different fashions. An immature defense style protected against the effects of increasing levels of maltreatment, whereas neurotic and mature defense styles exacerbated the effects of increasing maltreatment. Limitations of these findings and implications for future research are discussed. ========================================
Title: Clinical impressions employing Erikson's epigenetic principle when treating adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (Erik Erikson). Author(s)/Editor(s): Kocienda, Thomas Stanley Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 62(9-B) Apr 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 4223 Abstract/Review/Citation: The current theoretical investigation is intended to assist treatment providers in conceptualizing adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) utilizing Erikson's psychosocial development theory (particularly his Epigenetic Principle). The text focuses on adult survivors of childhood or adulthood trauma. It is suggested that the developmental stage in which the adult survivor was in at the time his/her traumatic event occurred is of critical importance when treating these individuals. Developmental considerations must be incorporated in therapy for complete therapeutic resolution of PTSD. A thorough literature review on the development of PTSD and the current theoretical and treatment perspectives is presented. Limitations and suggested areas of future research are also discussed. ========================================
Title: Community as a context of healing. Author(s)/Editor(s): Farwell, Nancy; Cole, Jamie B. Author Affiliation: International Rescure Committee, Seattle, WA, US Source/Citation: International Journal of Mental Health; Vol 30(4) Win 2001-2002, US: ME Sharpe; 2001-2002, 19-41 Abstract/Review/Citation: In this paper the authors advocate for a conceptual approach to research and intervention with children exposed to war and political violence that is inclusive of community as a nexus for healing. The clinical concept of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as the sole organizing framework for research, assessment, and intervention is too narrow for this purpose. Contemporary conflicts target community; thus, the sociopolitical context is a key element in both trauma and recovery. With this in mind, we here discuss the nature of trauma and conceptual approaches for incorporating "community" as context and outcome in healing. Finally, essential elements of community mobilization and two examples of interventions exemplifying recovery and reintegration within the context of community are presented. ========================================
Title: Trauma and personality correlates in long term pediatric cancer survivors. Author(s)/Editor(s): Erickson, Sarah J.; Steiner, Hans Source/Citation: Child Psychiatry & Human Development; Vol 31(3) Spr 2001, US: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001, 195-213 Abstract/Review/Citation: To explore the relationship between PTSD and trauma-spectrum symptoms, including personality and functional correlates, in 40 long term pediatric cancer survivors (aged 12-35 yrs), the authors assessed these constructs with a structured interview for PTSD, a clinical interview, and self-report questionnaires. 35 out of 40 participants (88%) currently met at least one trauma symptom at a functionally significant level. These survivors demonstrate high levels of restraint and low levels of distress, representative of a repressive adaptive style. After more than 5 years since treatment completion, the relatively high levels of current trauma-spectrum symptoms may reflect the long-term deleterious impact of childhood cancer. ========================================
Title: Parental bereavement: The crisis of meaning. Author(s)/Editor(s): Wheeler, Inese Source/Citation: Death Studies; Vol 25(1) Jan-Feb 2001, US: Taylor & Francis; 2001, 51-66 Abstract/Review/Citation: This descriptive study used qualitative methods to look at two aspects of the search for meaning in parental bereavement--the search for cognitive mastery and the search for renewed purpose. 176 bereaved parents (aged 22-83 yrs) answered open-ended questions about the experience of their child's death and the meaning of their life since the death. For most parents, the child's death precipitated a severe crisis of meaning and initiated a search for meaning that involved both cognitive mastery and renewed purpose. Those parents who were able to find meaning in the death cited connections with people, the memory of the child, and positive gains resulting from the trauma. The great majority of parents believed that their lives since the death of the child had meaning. Meaning came from connections with people, activities, beliefs and values, personal growth, and connections with the lost child. Implications for grief counseling are discussed. ========================================
Title: Empathy and emotion regulation: Reprocessing memories of childhood abuse. Author(s)/Editor(s): Paivio, Sandra C.; Laurent, Christine Source/Citation: Journal of Clinical Psychology: Special Issue: Treating emotion regulation problems in psychotherapy.; Vol 57(2) Feb 2001, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2001, 213-226 Abstract/Review/Citation: This article argues that therapist empathy is both an essential context and an active intervention for addressing the emotion regulation problems common among adult survivors of child abuse. The authors define healthy emotion regulation, the role of parental empathy in the development of these capacities, and the results of abuse and neglect as empathic failures. They then define therapeutic empathy and outline how it functions both to modulate arousal and to increase client awareness of emotional experience, thus facilitating emotional processing of trauma memories. ========================================
Title: Treating neuroleptic malignant syndrome as catatonia. Author(s)/Editor(s): Fink, Max Source/Citation: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology; Vol 21(1) Feb 2001, US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001, 121-122 Abstract/Review/Citation: Comments on the S. N. Caroff et al article that gives the description of a residual catatonic state after multiple treatments for neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and highlights the effects of different views of NMS and catatonia on prescribed treatments. The 5 cases of NMS reported by Caroff et al did not respond rapidly to the treatment protocols recommended for NMS--in 4, the syndrome lysed over 49-190 days, leaving serious residua, and 1 patient died after 42 days. Although more than half the patients with catatonia show prompt and sustained relief with a sedative agent, many require ECT as the definitive treatment. ========================================
Title: Disentangling the link between disrupted families and delinquency. Author(s)/Editor(s): Juby, Heather; Farrington, David P. Source/Citation: British Journal of Criminology: Special Issue: Vol 41(1) Win 2001, England: Oxford Univ Press; 2001, 22-40 Abstract/Review/Citation: The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development is a prospective longitudinal survey of 411 South London males from 8 to 46 yrs old. Delinquency rates were higher among boys who were living in permanently disrupted families on their 15th birthday compared to boys living in intact families. Results were very similar whether juvenile convictions, juvenile self-reported delinquency or adult convictions were studied. Delinquency rates were similar in disrupted families and in intact high conflict families. Boys who lost their mothers were more likely to be delinquent than boys who lost their fathers, and disruptions caused by parental disharmony were more damaging than disruptions caused by parental death. Boys from disrupted families who continued living with their mothers had similar delinquency rates to boys from intact harmonious families. These results are more concordant with life course theories than with trauma or selection theories of the effects of family disruption. ========================================
Title: Timeholes: A useful metaphor when explaining unusual or bizarre behaviour in children who have moved families. Author(s)/Editor(s): Hobday, Angela Source/Citation: Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry; Vol 6(1) Jan 2001, England: Sage Publications Ltd; 2001, 41-47 Abstract/Review/Citation: Many psychological problems are present when children have moved families. The majority of such children have experienced trauma and loss. They can show sudden mood changes with extreme behavioural difficulties. The mood changes resemble affect flashbacks. Using metaphor to describe these episodes as 'timehole', and giving guidance as to how to reduce them, has proved clinically useful. The description of a timehole and its link to other psychological reactions and appropriate interventions are discussed. ========================================
Title: Impact of childhood rape and aggravated assault on adult mental health. Author(s)/Editor(s): Hanson, Rochelle F.; Saunders, Benjamin; Kilpatrick, Dean; Resnick, Heidi; Crouch, Julie A.; Duncan, Renae Source/Citation: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry; Vol 71(1) Jan 2001, US: American Orthopsychiatric Assn; 2001, 108-119 Abstract/Review/Citation: Associations among childhood assault (rape, aggravated assault, or both) and indices of adult mental health (posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive episode) were examined in a national probability sample of 4,008 women (18-34 yrs old). Relationships among assault characteristics and these adult mental health indices were also investigated. Victimization screening assessed lifetime prevalence of traumatic events, including serious physical assault, sexual assault, natural disasters, and other aversive life events. Results suggested particularly deleterious effects for childhood aggravated assault and rapes that caused additional physical injury. The findings highlight the importance of assessing multiple types of trauma, as well as screening for such incident characteristics as life threat and physical injury. ========================================
Title: "Why would they listen to me?" Reflections on learner leadership activities. Author(s)/Editor(s): Horsman, Jenny Source/Citation: Participatory practices in adult education., Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers; 2001, (x, 318), 77-102 Source editor(s): Campbell, Pat (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: This chapter explores insights that research offers for rethinking the problems of learner leadership and the complex conflicts that arise during attempts, in the literacy movement in Canada, to support learners taking substantial power and control. Silences in the literacy movement, and in society broadly, about violence generally and connections between violence and learning in particular may lead to the belief that learner leadership and trauma issues are separate. Yet research on the impacts of trauma suggests not only profound implications of trauma for all learning, but also that central areas in learner leadership are particularly fraught and complex terrain for trauma survivors. Learner leadership activities usually fail to fulfill the promise of power sharing they offer. New angles from which to examine this practice are urgently needed. ========================================
Title: Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s)/Editor(s): Yule, William; Perrin, Sean; Smith, Patrick Source/Citation: Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Research, assessment and intervention., New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press; 2001, (xv, 402), 212-234 Cambridge child and adolescent psychiatry. Source editor(s): Silverman, Wendy K. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Examines the role of traumatic events in the development of anxiety disorders in children, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), differentiating between single acute events and chronic and/or repeated ones. The relationships is placed between traumatic event and stress reaction within a developmental psychopathological context by looking at risk and protective factors in the etiology and maintenance of stress reactions. ========================================
Title: Stress and trauma. Author(s)/Editor(s): Resick, Patricia A. Source/Citation: Philadelphia, PA, US: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis; 2001, (ix, 205) Clinical psychology, a modular course. Abstract/Review/Citation: Provides an overview of traumatic stress studies, specifically examining clinical disorders that may result from extreme stress, with particular emphasis on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research is reviewed on the prevalence of trauma and the prevalence of relevant disorders following trauma. Psychological theories of stress and trauma are explored, along with the biology of stress and trauma reactions, and the factors prior to, during, and after traumatic events that place people at particular risk for the development of psychological problems. Treatment of trauma-related psychological problems are discussed, along with the use of medication and a range of psychological treatments. Different types of therapy are described and research findings on these approaches are reviewed. The book is intended for advanced undergraduates, early post-graduates in training, and mental health professionals seeking an update of recent developments. ========================================
Title: Promoting child protection, welfare and healing: The case for developing best practice. Author(s)/Editor(s): Ferguson, Harry Source/Citation: Child & Family Social Work: Special Issue: Vol 6(1) Feb 2001, England: Blackwell Science Ltd; 2001, 1-12 Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents a 'best practice perspective' on child and family work. It is suggested that this involves moving beyond the 'deficit perspective' which dominates how the literature examines practice negatively in terms of what is not being done well to one which sets out best practice positively as a model for learning and developing systems and practice competencies. This paper focuses specifically on the meanings and development of best practice in family support in the context of child protection work. The author argues that this involves work that is not only sensitive to achieving child protection and empowering practice in the context of power differences, but which meets the challenges of engaging therapeutically with and ultimately helping (often resistant) service users. It is based around 1 case study of substantiated emotional abuse and neglect in relation to 4 children. This paper suggests that issues of trauma and healing, and self-actualization more broadly, need to move to the center of how family support and child protection are theorized and done. It is concluded that the aim should be to promote child protection, welfare and healing through the development of egalitarian relationships in what A. Giddens calls the 'democratic family'. ========================================
Title: The effects of early relational trauma on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Author(s)/Editor(s): Schore, Allan N. Source/Citation: Infant Mental Health Journal: Special Issue: Contributions from the decade of the brain to infant mental health. Vol 22(1-2) Jan-Apr 2001, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2001, 201-269 Abstract/Review/Citation: A primary interest of the field of infant mental health is in the early conditions that place infants at risk for less than optimal development. The fundamental problem of what constitutes normal and abnormal development is now a focus of developmental psychology, infant psychiatry, and developmental neuroscience. In the 2nd part of this sequential work (see record 2001-16734-001 for the 1st part), the author presents interdisciplinary data to more deeply forge the theoretical links between severe attachment failures, impairments of the early development of the right brain's stress coping systems, and maladaptive infant mental health. He comments on topics such as the negative impact of traumatic attachments on brain development and infant mental health, the neurobiology of infant trauma, the neuropsychology of a disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern associated with abuse and neglect, the etiology of dissociation and body-mind psychopathology, the effects of early relational trauma on enduring right hemispheric function, and some implications for models of early intervention. These findings suggest direct connections between traumatic attachment, inefficient right brain regulatory functions, and both maladaptive infant and adult mental health. ========================================
Title: Wounded adolescence: School-based group psychotherapy for adolescents who sustained or witnessed violent injury. Author(s)/Editor(s): Layne, Christopher M.; Pynoos, Robert S.; Cardenas, Jose Source/Citation: School violence: Assessment, management, prevention., Washington, DC, US: American Psychiatric Press, Inc; 2001, (xix, 322), 163-186 Source editor(s): Shafii, Mohammad (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Designed, implemented, and qualitatively evaluated a school-based pilot psychotherapy program for adolescents who directly sustained violent injury or who witnessed the violent injury or death of a close friend or family member. The pilot program had 2 primary goals: (1) to develop a battery of instruments that could be used in a high school health clinic setting to screen students for exposure, distress, and developmental impact, to provide more in-depth evaluation of identified students, and to monitor course of recovery; and (2) to develop and pilot a structured, yet flexible, time-limited school-based group psychotherapy intervention for adolescent victims of violence that focuses on trauma and grief. Each treatment session (6 in all) was designed to address 5 therapeutic foci (traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress reactions, trauma and loss reminders, traumatic loss and complicated bereavement, secondary stresses and adversities, and developmental impact). Ss were 6 urban high school students referred for mental health services at a school-based clinic. Data from postgroup evaluative essays, self-report measures, and a 13-mo follow-up interview indicate that significant progress was made by Ss in achieving the therapeutic goals. ========================================
Title: Posttraumatic growth: The positive lessons of loss. Author(s)/Editor(s): Calhoun, Laurence G.; Tedeschi, Richard G. Source/Citation: Meaning reconstruction & the experience of loss., Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2001, (xiii, 359), 157-172 Source editor(s): Neimeyer, Robert A. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents a wide-ranging review of the substantial empirical literature that provides evidence of personal growth resulting from a struggle with loss, for at least a stable minority of those who suffer it. Processes addressed include factors such as individual differences, the magnitude of the trauma and the growth processes facilitating a changed sense of self, changed relationships, existential and spiritual growth. The authors go on to develop not only a research agenda for future investigations, but also some preliminary guidelines for practicing clinicians engaged with their clients in an effort after meaning. ========================================
Title: Priapism associated with polypharmacy. Author(s)/Editor(s): Seger, Anca; Lamberti, J. Steven Source/Citation: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry: Special Issue: Vol 62(2) Feb 2001, US: Physicians Postgraduate Press Inc; 2001, 128 Abstract/Review/Citation: Reports the case of a 37-yr-old male with a 19-yr history of schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who developed priapism during concomitant administration of risperidone, olanzapine, and fluvoxamine. Priapism is sustained and painful erection. The S experienced several episodes of priapism, beginning after 3 mo on the drug combination, all of which required emergency treatment. The most likely etiology for the S's priapism is pharmacologic, given the absence of medical findings or trauma. The fact that the S had been previously treated with each of the medications without developing priapsim suggests that an additive effect probably occurred. Drug-refractory patients are sometime treated with 2 antipsychotic drugs. Fluvoxamine is often added to antipsychotic drugs for treatment of patients with psychosis and OCD. Although combined treatment may be effective for some patients, it can increase the risk of potentially serious side effects. ========================================
Title: Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the family, and child maltreatment. Author(s)/Editor(s): Mulsow, Miriam H.; O'Neal, Keri K.; Murry, Velma McBride Source/Citation: Trauma Violence & Abuse: Special Issue: Vol 2(1) Jan 2001, US: SAGE Publications; 2001, 36-50 Abstract/Review/Citation: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in children (3%-7% of the population) and adults (1%-5%). When one member of a family has ADHD, it will usually be present in other members. Thus, many adults with ADHD are parents of ADHD children. ADHD in families is associated with increased stress, fewer resources, limited coping methods, and more negative perceptions. ADHD has been shown to contribute to substance abuse, depression, impulsivity, isolation, unemployment, low educational attainment, unintended pregnancy, and relationship disruption. Each of these factors has been linked to child maltreatment. Although the presence of ADHD in families is only one risk factor and does not by itself mean that a family will experience violence, it is a risk factor for which screening measures are available. In addition, most people with ADHD are responsive to treatment, and parent-training methods specifically tailored to parents of ADHD children are widely available. ========================================
Title: Integrative psychotherapy: Combining ego-state therapy, clinical hypnosis, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in a psychosocial developmental context. Author(s)/Editor(s): Wade, Terence C.; Wade, Darlene K. Source/Citation: American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis; Vol 43(3-4) Jan-Apr 2001, US: American Society of Clinical Hypnosis; 2001, 233-245 Abstract/Review/Citation: Illustrates the combination of ego-state therapy, clinical hypnosis, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). The principles of this conceptual framework are outlined: (1) personality organization is dissociative as well as associative, consisting of ego states, and progresses through stages of psychosocial development; (2) inappropriately activated ego states cause dysfunction, which is habitual or due to the intense affect of disrupted development or unresolved grief or trauma; (3) completely overcoming dysfunction requires therapy with both individual ego states and the personality system; (4) clinical hypnosis provides techniques to enhance accessing ego states; and (5) EMDR combines ego-state therapy with eye movements (EMs) to produce a powerful psychotherapy method. During assessment, ego states responsible for dysfunctional emotional reactions and behavior are identified together with those that could be appropriate instead. Included in the treatment protocol, EMs, and clinical hypnosis promote: (1) corrective developmental experiences; (2) resolution of grief and trauma; (3) acquisition of skills and abilities; (4) co-consciousness; and (5) negotiation among ego states. ========================================
Title: Psychosocial assistance during ethnopolitical warfare in the former Yugoslavia. Author(s)/Editor(s): Agger, Inger Source/Citation: Ethnopolitical warfare: Causes, consequences, and possible solutions., Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2001, (xvii, 379), 305-318 Source editor(s): Chirot, Daniel (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the psychosocial projects and humanitarian aid given after the war in the former Yugoslavia. Main topics discussed in this chapter are: (1) the trauma of ethnopolitical warfare; (2) psychosocial projects; (3) why psychosocial projects work in the former Yugoslavia? (4) the issue of war rapes; and an investigation of psychosocial projects. The author concludes that traumatized people need mostly to relive their traumatic experiences in order to resolve their conflicts and integrate them into their lives. ========================================
Title: Chronic late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis. Author(s)/Editor(s): Hamilton, James W. Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychiatry; Vol 158(3) Mar 2001, US: American Psychiatric Assn; 2001, 502 Abstract/Review/Citation: Comments on the article by D. V. Jeste et al (see record 2000-15140-017) that presents the case of a man with late-onset paranoid psychosis with later remission. It was noted that the patient had lost his mother when he was a child. The current author contends that nothing is said about the immediate effect of her death on him or its subsequent influence on his life. It is suggested that it would be surprising if this sever psychological trauma were not a significant factor in the later development of psychosis. ========================================
Title: Diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury. Author(s)/Editor(s): de Kruijk, J. R.; Twijnstra, A.; Leffers, P. Source/Citation: Brain Injury: Special Issue: ; Vol 15(2) Feb 2001, US: Taylor & Francis; 2001, 99-106 Abstract/Review/Citation: Brain injury is classified clinically as severe, moderate or mild brain injury characteristics, including admission Glasgow coma score, duration of unconsciousness and post-traumatic amnesia and any focal neurological findings. Most traumatic brain injuries are classified as mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Headache, nausea and dizziness are frequent symptoms after MTBI and may continue for weeks to months after the trauma. MTBI may also be complicated by intracranial injuries. Experimental animal models and post-mortem studies have shown axonal damage and dysfunction in MTBI. This damage is mostly localized in the frontal lobes. Serum S-100 and NSE have been reported to be markers for the severity of brain damage. In the literature, indications for radiodiagnostic evaluation following MTBI have been the subject of debate. Radiographs of the skull are used to exclude skull fractures, but are not useful for an evaluation of brain injury. Computed tomography of the brain seems to be the best way to exclude the development of relevant intracranial lesions. MTBI has a good clinical outcome, although a substantial group of patients develop post-concussional complaints (PCC). ========================================
Title: The new handbook of psychotherapy and counseling with men: A comprehensive guide to settings, problems, and treatment approaches, Vol. 1 & 2. Author(s)/Editor(s): Brooks, Gary R.; Good, Glenn E. Source/Citation: San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass Inc, Publishers; 2001, (xv, 888 Abstract/Review/Citation: To work effectively with male clients, mental health professionals must learn how to reach men and make the therapeutic process meaningful for clients who are, more often than not, stubbornly opposed to therapy. The New Handbook of Psychotherapy and Counseling with Men is a compilation of information on the most current theories, research, effective treatment programs, techniques, and strategies for working compassionately and successfully with the often resistant or mandated male client. This 2-volume resource is written by an exceptional group of mental health professionals who draw on their real-life experiences of working with men facing problems in a variety of settings and circumstances. It gives clinicians the practical solutions and proven techniques they need for addressing some of men's most common problems, including depression, drug and alcohol abuse and addiction, divorce, male aggression and violence, and sexual dysfunction. It also shows how to counsel boys and men in a wide variety of circumstances and includes techniques for working with school-aged clients, businessmen, court-ordered clients, college students, prisoners, and others. Notes/Comments: Volume one Acknowledgments Introduction Men's problems and effective treatments: Theory and empirical support Glenn E. Good and Nancy B. Sherrod Section one: Settings A male-friendly therapeutic process with school-age boys Mark S. Kiselica Counseling men in medical settings: The six-point HEALTH plan Will H. Courtenay Working with men in sports settings John M. Robertson and Fred B. Newton Consulting with men in business and industry Hope I. Hills, Aaron Carlstrom and Margaret Evanow Counseling men in college settings John M. Robertson Psychotherapy with men in prison Terry A. Kupers Issues of males with physical disabilities in rehabilitation settings Irmo D. Marini Counseling and psychotherapy for male military veterans Gary R. Brooks Section two: Problems Assessing and treating depression in men Sam V. Cochran Treating substance abuse in men Carl Isenhart Male survivors of trauma David Lisak Homicide, violence, and male aggression David Lisak Confusion of sex and violence: Counseling process and programming considerations for college men Mark A. Stevens Male gender role issues in the treatment of sexual dysfunction Cathryn G. Pridal Men and divorce Caren C. Cooper Section three: Normative issues of the male life cycle The crises of boyhood Ronald F. Levant Addressing the implications of male socialization for career counseling Mary J. Heppner and P. Paul Heppner Contemporary marriage: Challenges for clients and therapists Lucia Albino Gilbert and Sarah J. Walker Therapeutic interventions with fathers Jerrold Lee Shapiro Desperately seeking language: Understanding, assessing, and treating normative male alexithymia Ronald F. Levant Psychotherapy with men navigating midlife terrain Sam V. Cochran Psychotherapy with the young older man Jack Sternbach Name index Subject index The authors Volume two Acknowledgments Section four: formats and modalities "Masked men": new psychoanalytically oriented treatment models for adult and young adult men William S. Pollack Cognitive therapy for men James R. Mahalik Interpersonal psychotherapy for men James R. Mahalik Integrative therapy for men Glenn E. Good and Laurie B. Mintz Group therapy for men Fredric E. Rabinowitz Family therapy for men Carol L. Philpot Section five: Special skills Promoting men's growth and development: Teaching the new psychology of men using psychoeducational philosophy and interventions James M. O'Neil Mythopoetic and weekend retreats to facilitate men's growth Michael Andronico A feminist perspective on men in emotional pain Leonore E. A. Walker Women helping men: Strengths of and barriers to women therapists working with men clients Norine G. Johnson Male therapist, male client: Reflections on critical dynamics Murray Scher Section six: Cultural diversity and variations African-centered therapeutic and counseling interventions for African American males Leon D. Caldwell and Joseph L. White Machismo revisited in a time of crisis: Implications for understanding and counseling Hispanic men J. Manuel Casas, Joseph A. Turner and Christopher A. Ruiz de Esparza Asian American masculinity and therapy: The concept of masculinity in Asian American males David Sue Psychotherapy with gay and bisexual men Douglas C. Haldeman Counseling men with religious affiliations Michael R. Maples and John M. Robertson A final word Gary R. Brooks and Glenn E. Good Name index Subject index ========================================
Title: Mental flexibility as resiliency factor among children exposed to political violence. Author(s)/Editor(s): Qouta, Samir; El-Sarraj, Eyad; Punamaeki, Raija-Leena Source/Citation: International Journal of Psychology; Vol 36(1) Feb 2001, United Kingdom: Psychology Press; 2001, 1-7 Abstract/Review/Citation: The research focused on mental flexibility versus rigidity in explaining psychological adjustment in the violent conditions of Intifada, and in more peaceful times 3 years later, among 86 Palestinian children (aged 10-12 yrs). A picture test based on E. Brunswik (1949) was applied to measure flexible-rigid cognitive style, and neuroticism, self-esteem, emotional disorders, and PTSD were used as outcome variables. Results revealed a moderating role of mental flexibility by showing that children were protected from negative long-term consequences of traumatic events if their perception indicated mental flexibility. However, in the midst of violence mental flexibility was not associated with good psychological adjustment. Mental flexibility was, in turn, determined by environmental and cognitive factors: The more intelligent and the less exposed to traumatic events children were, the higher mental flexibility they showed. ========================================
Title: Children experiencing disasters: Prevention and intervention. Author(s)/Editor(s): La Greca, Annette M. Source/Citation: Handbook of psychological services for children and adolescents., New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 2001, (x, 485), 195-222 Source editor(s): Hughes, Jan N. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: In the wake of devastating natural disasters, human-made disasters, as well as recent school shootings, bombings, and terrorist activities, tremendous concern has developed regarding the impact of disasters on children and adolescents. Media coverage of such activities has alerted us to the significant trauma that children can and do experience. In fact, it has become apparent that children's exposure to such traumatic events can lead to reactions that may interfere substantially with their day-to-day functioning and cause them and their families significant distress. Specifically, exposure to natural and man-made disasters represent traumatic events that can result in the emergence of a specific set of symptom patterns--those of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter describes the symptoms and prevalence of PTSD in children and adolescents, as well as other reactions that may result from exposure to disasters. The chapter also outlines factors that contribute to the development and course of posttraumatic stress and discusses the implications of these findings for prevention and intervention with children and adolescents. ========================================
Title: Managing juvenile diabetes: Developmental considerations and clinical implications. Author(s)/Editor(s): Walker, Todd F.; Dudley, Stan T. Source/Citation: Innovations in clinical practice: A source book, Vol. 19., Sarasota, FL, US: Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange, Inc; 2001, (x, 467), 185-193 Source editor(s): VandeCreek, Leon (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Uses psychoanalytic theory of the self to explicate how diabetes threatens child and adolescent development. The authors contend that empathy must be used to attempt to walk in the shoes of the diabetic patient in order to understand the insidious nature of the disease. It is argued that this perspective facilitates the recognition of the interplay between diabetes, the patients' psychological stability, and ways in which significant others understand and respond to the child's developmental and diabetic needs. The impact of the disease on self-development is examined from the initial crisis of diagnosis, through the psychological vicissitudes of fluctuating blood sugar levels and the trauma of hypoglycemic attacks and "diabetic blackouts," to the ongoing struggle of preventing medical complications while ambitiously pursuing a fulfilling life. Potential narcissistic injuries to the self of both parent and physician as each confronts to limitations of their respective roles as rescuer and healer are addressed. Vignettes are provided to demonstrate how a child's emotional milieu may either compromise or promote the development of a health, cohesive, and vigorous self. ========================================
Title: Chronic illness: Trauma, language, and writing: Breaking the Silence. Author(s)/Editor(s): Penn, Peggy Source/Citation: Family Process: Special Issue: ; Vol 40(1) Spr 2001, US: Family Process Inc; 2001, 33-52 Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes the role of trauma, language, and writing in work with families that struggle with a chronic illness. This work has relied on 3 ideas (1) regarding illness as a relationally traumatizing experience, not just for the person with the illness, but for her members of the family as well, a "relational trauma" because of its effects on members of a wider system who also show signs of physical stress, isolation, and helplessness; (2) expanding the conversation that leads to new stories through the development of voice and the use of writing, with special attention to the social prevalence of negative metaphors, or outside voices that surround and engulf the ill person and her family, that join with the inner voices of the ill person and result in a silence that disconnects people at a time when connection must be relied on and above question; and (3) using writing as the means to create new voices, metaphors, and multiple descriptions that can reinvigorate the conversations silenced by the illness. Once the family's voices are reconstituted through writing, the emotions that have been displaced by the illness are restored to their conversation. ========================================
Title: Creating a comprehensive trauma center: Choices and challenges. Author(s)/Editor(s): Williams, Mary Beth; Nurmi, Lasse A. Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2001, (xxii, 443) The Plenum series on stress and coping. Abstract/Review/Citation: Examines the creation of a comprehensive trauma center (CTC). The book describes 66 trauma centers that exist throughout the world and how they work. It gives persons who want to create trauma centers suggestions on how to lead those organizations. The author maintains that the goal of a CTC is to provide a variety of services to victims/survivors with duplicating or undermining existing community programs or practices by complementing the existing community/regional service delivery system and coordinating services with other programs. Notes/Comments: Preface The comprehensive trauma center as an organization: Basic concepts from organizational theory The need for comprehensive trauma centers: The state of trauma in the world today Privately developed trauma centers in the United States Centers with affiliation and centers in progress Private and not-for-profit centers around the world Nonresidential affiliated centers throughout the world Centers specializing in trauma and the work place Hospital-based trauma centers Centers for Holocaust survivors and their families Centers designed to work with refugees Trauma centers for children Government funded trauma centers The experts' view of what trauma is and how to treat it Trauma center directors describe the ideal trauma center Constructing the ideal trauma center: Reflections, recommendations, and realities The Hamburg experience: Providing service in war-torn environments References Appendix 1: Terms and abbreviations Appendix 2: Trauma centers and their addresses Appendix 3: The research protocol Index creation & goals of comprehensive trauma center ========================================
Title: The mental health consequences of torture. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gerrity, Ellen; Keane, Terence M.; Tuma, Farris Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2001, (xxiii, 375) Plenum series on stress and coping. Abstract/Review/Citation: Addresses the status of scientific knowledge on the mental health consequences of torture and related violence and trauma. The experience of torture results in the development of a wide range of psychological, behavioral, medical, and economic problems, including severe physical injuries and disabilities; psychiatric disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders; and a variety of serious psychological and emotional symptoms. Systematic reviews of closely related traumatic stress research areas, such as studies of war veterans, Holocaust survivors, rape and domestic violence survivors, former prisoners of war, refugees, and assault survivors are provided. Research recommendations with implications for treatment, services, and policy development for survivors of torture are included. Notes/Comments: Part I. The impact of torture Introduction Ellen Gerrity, Terence M. Keane and Farris Tuma The survivors' perspective: Voices from the center Sister Dianna Ortiz Torture and mental health: A research overview Metin Basoglu, James M. Jaranson, Richard Mollica and Marianne Kastrup Part II. Conceptual models for understanding torture Psychosocial models John A. Fairbank, Matthew J. Friedman and Metin Basoglu Neurobiological models of posttraumatic stress disorder Steven Southwick and Matthew J. Friedman Economic models Agnes Rupp and Eliot Sorel Part III. Torture and the trauma of war Refugees and asylum-seekers J. David Kinzie and James M. Jaranson Veterans of armed conflicts John A. Fairbank, Matthew J. Friedman and Steven Southwick Former prisoners of war: Highlights of empirical research Brian Engdahl and John A. Fairbank Holocaust trauma and sequelae Boaz Kahana and Eva Kahana Survivors of war trauma, mass violence, and civilian terror Derrick Silove and J. David Kinzie Part IV. Torture and the impact of social violence Rape and sexual assault Mary P. Koss and Dean G. Kilpatrick Homicide and physical assault Dean G. Kilpatrick and Mary P. Koss Children, adolescents, and families exposed to torture and related trauma Robert S. Pynoos, J. David Kinzie and Malcolm Gordon Domestic violence in families exposed to torture and related violence and trauma Malcolm Gordon Part V. Clinical issues for survivors or torture Assessment, diagnosis, and intervention James M. Jaranson, J. David Kinzie, Merle Friedman, Sister Dianna Ortiz, Matthew J. Friedman, Steven Southwick, Marianne Kastrup and Richard Mollica Measurement issues Anthony J. Marsella Mental health services research: Implications for survivors of torture Kathryn M. Magruder, Richard Mollica and Merle Friedman Professional caregiver and observer issues J. David Kinzie and Brian Engdahl Torture and human rights violations: Public policy and the law Dean G. Kilpatrick and Margaret E. Ross Part VI. Discussion Future directions Ellen Gerrity, Terence M. Keane, Farris Tuma and Sister Dianna Ortiz Index Contributors: Biographical information mental health consequences of torture & related violence & trauma ========================================
Title: Children, adolescents, and families exposed to torture and related trauma. Author(s)/Editor(s): Pynoos, Robert S.; Kinzie, J. David; Gordon, Malcolm Source/Citation: The mental health consequences of torture., New York, NY, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2001, (xxiii, 375), 211-225 Plenum series on stress and coping. Source editor(s): Gerrity, Ellen (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Examines the prevalence of trauma exposure in children and adolescents, as well as the nature and course of psychological, physical, social, and developmental consequences of the phenomenon. Effective methods of prevention and intervention are presented, and important factors that influence vulnerability, adjustment, and recovery are noted. It is concluded that the degree of posttraumatic distress in children and adolescents exposed to extreme forms of violence appears to be mediated by a number of individual and family factors that may help guide interventions. ========================================
Title: Mental health services research: Implications for survivors of torture. Author(s)/Editor(s): Magruder, Kathryn M.; Mollica, Richard; Friedman, Merle Source/Citation: The mental health consequences of torture., New York, NY, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2001, (xxiii, 375), 291-307 Plenum series on stress and coping. Source editor(s): Gerrity, Ellen (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes mental health services delivery models that are potentially useful for the development of treatment programs for survivors of torture. Complications in delivering appropriate and effective mental health care are noted. The current structures of health care systems are described. It is concluded that many changes in current health systems need to be made before they can be responsive to the needs of those who have survived the experiences of torture and trauma. ========================================
Title: Shame and non-disclosure: A study of the emotional isolation of people referred for psychotherapy. Author(s)/Editor(s): Macdonald, James; Morley, Ian Source/Citation: British Journal of Medical Psychology: Special Issue: Vol 74(Pt1) Mar 2001, England: British Psychological Society; 2001, 1-21 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the impact of shame on the non-disclosure of specific negative emotional experiences. 34 people (mean age 37.2 yrs) referred to an NHS psychotherapy department were given a modified form of K. Oatley and E. Duncan's (1992) emotion diary which included questions about whether each recorded emotion had been subsequently disclosed to anyone (for example a partner, friend or professional). One week later the diaries were collected and Ss interviewed. Interviews focused on reasons for non-disclosure of recorded emotional experiences and the relationship between shame and non-disclosure. The results indicate that a majority of the emotional incidents recorded in the diaries were not disclosed (68%). This result contrasts with studies on non-clinical samples in which only approximately 10% of everyday emotions are kept secret. Qualitative analysis of the interview data revealed that Ss appeared to be habitual non-disclosers of emotional and personal experiences and that non-disclosure was related to the anticipation of negative interpersonal responses to disclosure (in particular labelling and judging responses) in addition to more self-critical factors including shame. ========================================
Title: General introduction to the psychotherapy of Pierre Janet. Author(s)/Editor(s): Buehler, Karl-Ernst; Heim, Gerhard Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychotherapy: Special Issue: Vol 55(1) 2001, US: Assn for the Advancement of Psychotherapy; 2001, 74-91 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses Pierre Janet's concept of "Psychological Analysis" (analyse psychologique). The article brings out Janet's criticism of Sigmund Freud's ideas, and delineates the difference between psychological analysis (Janet) and psychoanalysis (Freud). Further, it points out that Janet's theories on the pathogenesis of neurotic disorders rely on the concept of psychic trauma and associated fixed ideas. Mental force and mental tension are described, and are maintained to be essential for the pathogenesis of mental disorders. According to Janet, a significant characteristic of the neurotically disturbed person is a feature that Von Gebsattel calls "Werdenshemmung" ("inhibition of becoming"), a state which impairs the life development of the ill person. ========================================
Title: Violence exposure, psychological trauma, and suicide risk in a community sample of dangerously violent adolescents. Author(s)/Editor(s): Flannery, Daniel J.; Singer, Mark I.; Wester, Kelly Source/Citation: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry: Special Issue: Vol 40(4) Apr 2001, US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Co; 2001, 435-442 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined violence exposure, violent behaviors, psychological trauma, and suicide risk in a community sample of dangerously violent adolescents compared with a matched community sample of nonviolent adolescents. Anonymous self-report questionnaires were administered to students in grades 9 through 12, in 6 public high schools (N = 3,735). From this sample, 484 adolescents (349 males, 135 females) who reported attacking someone with a knife or shooting at someone within the past year (i.e., dangerously violent adolescents) were drawn. 484 controls were also selected and matched on gender, age in years, ethnicity, area of residence, and family structure. Dangerously violent adolescents reported higher levels of exposure to violence and victimization than did matched controls. Dangerously violent females were more likely to score in the clinical range of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, anger, and dissociation than were control females and violent males; they also had significantly higher levels of suicide potential. It is concluded that students who have been known to commit violent acts should be adequately assessed for violence exposure and symptoms of psychological trauma, with special attention given to the suicide potential of violent females. ========================================
Title: The development of a brief screening measure of emotional distress in children. Author(s)/Editor(s): Parker, Gordon; Yiming, Cai; Tan, Shawn; Rutter, Michael Source/Citation: Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines: Special Issue: Vol 42(2) Feb 2001, US: Cambridge Univ Press; 2001, 221-225 Abstract/Review/Citation: Reports several studies developing a parent-rated measure of emotional distress for children in Singapore, with the key objectives being to derive a very brief valid measure of global distress. The refined item set comprised behaviourally expressed broad manifestations of emotional distress. Three developmental studies were undertaken, with the first two involving parental ratings on the measure for validation against clinician-rated distress levels, while also testing two rating options for the measure. The authors established clear comparative advantages to the rating anchors used in the Revised Rutter Scales. High inter-rater agreement was established across parental ratings, with the latter finding supporting objectives for the measure. Paternal scores correlated more strongly than maternal scores with clinician-generated distress scores. Additional properties of the measure were tested in a large community sample of nearly 2,000 Singapore schoolchildren in their last 2 years of primary school, allowing prevalence estimates and mean scores to be derived for each item. Here, girls and boys received identical total scores, scores were also independent of the number of children in the family and of ordinal position, and mothers returned higher scores than fathers. ========================================
Title: Risk and preventive factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Alcohol consumption and intoxication prior to a traumatic event diminishes the relative risk to develop PTSD in response to that trauma. Author(s)/Editor(s): Maes, Michael; Delmeire, Laure; Mylle, Jacques; Altamura, Carlo Source/Citation: Journal of Affective Disorders; Vol 63(1-3) Mar 2001, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers BV; 2001, 113-121 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the effects of selected pre-, peri- and post exposure risk factors and preventive factors, such as alcohol consumption, on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An epidemiological cohort study was carried out on 127 victims trapped in a ballroom fire. Data were collected, 7-9 months after the traumatic event, by means of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and structured interviews, aimed to assess the above pre-, peri- and post-exposure factors. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association of PTSD with the etiologic factors and to delineate those risk factors which contribute most to the development of PTSD. Female gender, the number of previous trauma, a past history of simple phobia, threatened death, trauma exposure, hospitalization for trauma-induced injuries and the presence of burns increased the odds of PTSD, whereas a sense of control during the trauma, and alcohol consumption and intoxication decreased the odds of PTSD. ========================================
Title: Interviewing abused and traumatized children. Author(s)/Editor(s): Mordock, John B. Source/Citation: Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry; Vol 6(2) Apr 2001, England: Sage Publications Ltd; 2001, 271-291 Abstract/Review/Citation: Interviewing young traumatized children, particularly those traumatized by physical and sexual abuse, is difficult, not only because of children's recall deficiencies but more often because standard interviewing formats can be ineffective with economically disadvantaged and culturally different children. Economically disadvantaged children's exposure to different family interaction patterns and control-dominated childrearing styles can affect their ability to respond to both verbal and non-verbal interviewing techniques. In addition, normal children' familiarity with the material to be remembered, their motivation to remember their cognitive style and their communication skill all influence interview outcomes. Suggestions are included for improving non-leading interview method with young children using both verbal and non-verbal techniques. ========================================
Title: Brain injuries in early foetal life: Consequences for brain development. Author(s)/Editor(s): Mancini, J.; Lethel, V.; Hugonenq, C.; Chabrol, B. Source/Citation: Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology; Vol 43(1) Jan 2001, US: Cambridge Univ Press; 2001, 52-60 Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents the case studies of 2 children with schizencephaly and 1 with unilateral cerebellar agenesis, all with known fetal insults. In Case 1, the mother experienced a trauma at 16 wks of pregnancy and schizencephaly was discovered in the male infant associated with a left hemiplegia; outcome was good at 12-yr follow-up. In Case 2, amniocentesis performed at 16 wks into pregnancy may have been responsible for the same cortical anomaly in a female; at 13-yr follow-up the S exhibited a moderate right-side hemiplegia. In Case 3, sequential fetal echographies clearly demonstrated that an apparent unilateral cerebellar agenesis was related to a hemorrhagic event secondary to cerebellar trauma that occurred at 19 wks of pregnancy; S exhibited only a slight tremor at 3-yr follow-up. Findings suggest that these brain malformations were related to an ischemic mechanism or a traumatic event in fetal life causing anomalies that mimic congenital brain malformations. ========================================
Title: Life, death and the power of powerlessness. Author(s)/Editor(s): Garwood, Alfred Source/Citation: Group Analysis: Special Issue: The social unconscious. Vol 34(1) Mar 2001, England: Sage Publications Ltd; 2001, 153-167 Abstract/Review/Citation: In this article the author endeavours to explore and clarify how the simple starting point of the biological given, the instinct for self-preservation, in part explains man's response to life, death and powerlessness, and how sensitization to primal psychic agony has shaped the development of man's psyche and civilization. General practice exposes the clinician to major events of life from birth to death. Training now addresses the social and psychological aspects of the patient's "management'. The broad mixture of disciplines and experiences struggled with in primary care has shaped and informed this article. In addition, the hypotheses and arguments are derived from my researches into Holocaust trauma in which annihilation threat, powerlessness, loss and the self-preservative instinct are central. ========================================
Title: Clinical assessment of child and adolescent behavior. Author(s)/Editor(s): Vance, H. Booney; Pumariega, Andres Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2001, (xvi, 557) Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents a description of the assessment process and intervention/treatment approaches for disorders found in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Each chapter provides detailed, procedural guidelines for the assessment of these disorders, current descriptions of assessment instruments used in the identification process, detailed case studies, and an integrated treatment approach, including the use of psychopharmacology agents in the management of these challenging behaviors. Section I addresses the assessment of children and adolescents, including processes and techniques. Special attention is given to behavior assessment, functional behavior analysis, forensic assessment, and assessment of motor defects following pediatric brain injury. Section II covers specific disorders of behavior, emotions, and communications. Section III covers special intervention for children and youth with challenging behaviors such as medication management, cultural competencies in treatment, and systems of intervention for severely emotionally disturbed children and youth. Notes/Comments: Preface Contributor list Section I: Processes and techniques The assessment process: An introduction H. Booney Vance and Andres J. Pumariega Clinical assessment of children and adolescents: A place to begin K. Ramsey McGowen Functional analysis and behavioral assessment of children and adolescents Freddy A. Paniagua The mental status exam in child and adolescent evaluation Charles D. Casat and Deborah A. Pearson Issues in the forensic evaluation of children and youth Thomas E. Schacht The assessment of motor deficits following pediatric brain injury R. Eric Roth Section II: Disorders of behaviors, emotions, and communications Learning disorders: Real children, real problems H. Booney Vance and Ramsey McGowen Communicative disorders Nancy J. Scherer Pervasive developmental disorders David A. Sabatino, H. Booney Vance and Gerald Fuller Disruptive behavior disorders: Assessment and intervention John E. Lochman, Heather E. Dane, Thomas N. Magee, Mesha Ellis, Dustin A. Pardini and Nancy R. Clanton Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Charles D. Casat, Deborah A. Pearson and Jeanette Pierret Casat Eating disorders: Bulimia and anorexia nervosa Merry N. Miller and Andres J. Pumariega Child abuse and psychic trauma in children Steven P. Cuffe and Margaret Shugart Disorders of infancy and early childhood Tami V. Leonhardt and Harry Wright Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents Eugenio M. Rothe and Daniel Castellanos Childhood mood disorders: History, characteristics, diagnosis and treatment David A. Sabatino, Bonnie G. Webster and H. Booney Vance Socially and emotionally maladjusted youth Kenneth M. Rogers and Jasjeet K. Miglani Section III: Special interventions with children and adolescents Psychopharmacological interventions for children with challenging behaviors Amor S. Del Mundo, Andres J. Pumariega, Booney Vance and Curtis Kauffman Cultural competence in treatment interventions Andres J. Pumariega Systems of care for children and adolescents with serious emotional disturbance Nancy C. Winters and Andres J. Pumariega Author index Subject index ========================================
Title: An ecological perspective on the effects of violence on children. Author(s)/Editor(s): Garbarino, James Source/Citation: Journal of Community Psychology: Special Issue: The impact of violence on children at home, community, and national levels. Vol 29(3) May 2001, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2001, 361-378 Abstract/Review/Citation: Focuses on the processes and conditions that transform the "developmental challenge" of violence into developmental harm in some children. The author discusses in an ecological framework for understanding child and youth development the following themes: (1) an accumulation of risk model for understanding how and when children suffer the most adverse consequences of exposure to community violence and exceed the limits of resilience; (2) the concept of "social maps" as the product of childhood experience; and (3) the concept of trauma as a philosophical wound. ========================================
Title: Redefining critical incidents: A preliminary report. Author(s)/Editor(s): Burns, Carolyn; Rosenberg, Lisa Source/Citation: International Journal of Emergency Mental Health: Special Issue: Vol 3(1) Win 2001, US: Chevron Publishing Corp; 2001, 17-24 Abstract/Review/Citation: Described how some traumatic events become "critical incidents' and generated a new understanding of the term critical incident. The qualitative research design utilized content analysis of structured interviews of 6 emergency nurses. Ss were interviewed regarding the ways they think about certain patient care events, the reasons that specific events are remembered, and the changes that occurred following the experience of an event they considered to be critical. The definitions of a critical incident, as an event, as a professional's reaction, and as a professional's performance, are included in the Ss' comments. None of them, however, are concluded to offer a comprehensive way of describing a critical incident. The results of this pilot study suggest 1, 2 or all 3 elements may be present when a traumatic event is experienced. The interaction of these elements helps to produce a 4th "critical' component, the meaning a nurse gives to an event, which can trigger cognitive, affective, and/or behavioral changes. This study acknowledges the importance of the definitions of a critical incident and proposes a more comprehensive definition that results from the interaction among the other components and the generation of personal meaning and change. ========================================
Title: The development and implementation of a crisis response team in a school setting. Author(s)/Editor(s): Eaves, Cindy Source/Citation: International Journal of Emergency Mental Health: Special Issue: Vol 3(1) Win 2001, US: Chevron Publishing Corp; 2001, 35-46 Abstract/Review/Citation: Reviews the need for and development of a school-based crisis intervention system. The author states that traumatic events and subsequent crises within the school setting can have a devastating effect on students, faculty, staff, and parents. Crises serve to comprise the most important mission of the school (learning). It is proposed that school crisis response plans should be a mandatory aspect of effective educational planning and administration. The effects of trauma on learning, potential crises faced by schools, school liability in crisis prevention and intervention, and advantages of a crisis response plan are explored. Also, obstacles to the implementation of a crisis response plan, theoretical guidelines and models for designing school crisis response, steps for determining goals/conducting needs assessment, and helpful hints in operating a response plan are presented. ========================================
Title: Schizophrenia-like psychosis following traumatic brain injury: A chart-based descriptive and case-control study. Author(s)/Editor(s): Sachdev, Perminder; Smith, J. S.; Cathcart, S. Source/Citation: Psychological Medicine: Special Issue: Vol 31(2) Feb 2001, US: Cambridge Univ Press; 2001, 231-239 Abstract/Review/Citation: Head injury (HI) has been reported to increase the likelihood of the development of schizophrenia-like psychosis (SLP), but its features and risk factors have been insufficiently investigated. The authors examined 45 referred patients (aged 18-63 yrs) with SLP following brain trauma. These Ss were matched with 45 HI Ss without SLP on age (current and at injury) and gender, and their case records were reviewed systematically. The groups were compared and logistic regression analyses performed. The psychoses had a mean age of onset of 26.3 yrs, a mean latency of 54.7 mo after HI, usually a gradual onset and a subacute or chronic course. Prodromal symptoms were common and depression was often present at onset. Paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations were the predominant features. The SLP group had more widespread brain damage on neuroimaging, and were more impaired cognitively. On regression analysis, a positive family history of psychosis and duration of loss of consciousness were the best predictors of SLP. Findings suggest that HI-related psychosis is usually paranoid-hallucinatory and subacute or chronic in its presentation. A genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and severity of injury with significant brain damage and cognitive impairment may be vulnerability factors. ========================================
Title: Obsessional disorders: A developmental systems perspective. Author(s)/Editor(s): Brandchaft, Bernard Source/Citation: Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Special Issue: Vol 21(2) 2001, US: Analytic Press; 2001, 253-288 Abstract/Review/Citation: Resumes the discussion of obsessional disorders in view of developments that have followed the 1965 Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association when the last systematic analytic discussion of the Obsessional Neuroses took place. The paper reexamines principal contributions to that congress in an attempt to understand the failure of psychoanalysis to favorably influence the course of these disorders. It notes the subsequent findings of a burgeoning field of child observation that have called attention to the larger infant-caregiver constitutive system within which the intrapsychic phenomenology of the obsessional neuroses is produced and maintained. It draws attention to the impact of the analyst and his causal theories, insufficiently recognized at the time, in the co-determination of the course and outcome of analytic treatment and proposes a contextual systems approach to the reconfigured understanding of normal and pathological development. The paper discusses the special role of cumulative trauma in the infant-caregiver system on the formation of enduring obsessional and compulsive patterns. It suggests that in the traumatic developmental system, endangerment to the self, and unbearable pain are ever present threats to the child and protective strategies. ========================================
Title: The development of the Comprehensive Child Maltreatment Scale. Author(s)/Editor(s): Higgins, Daryl J.; McCabe, Marita P. Source/Citation: Journal of Family Studies: Special Issue: Vol 7(1) Apr 2001, Australia: Australian Journal of Marriage & Family; 2001, 7-28 Abstract/Review/Citation: Data are presented from 4 studies that describe and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Comprehensive Child Maltreatment Scale (CCMS). This is a new measure that assesses separate types of maltreatment experienced during childhood (sexual abuse, physical abuse, psychological maltreatment, neglect, and witnessing family violence) and the existence of multi-type maltreatment. This scale is the only paper-and-pencil research scale available that assesses all five types of child maltreatment separately. In Studies 1 and 2, the CCMS for Adults was used to assess retrospective reports of 313 adults' own childhood experiences. The parallel version of the CCMS for Parents was used in Studies 3 and 4 to assess 100 parent reports of the experiences of children from 5-12 yrs of age. Adequate test-retest reliability and internal consistency were found for each of the scales of the CCMS for Adults and the CCMS for Parents. A criterion validity check on the CCMS for Adults revealed high correlations with appropriate subscales from the Child Abuse Trauma Scale. These preliminary data on the CCMS for Adults and Parents show that they are psychometrically sound and useful research tools in the study of multiple forms of child abuse and neglect. The CCMS is appended. ========================================
Title: Using trauma theory to design service systems. Author(s)/Editor(s): Harris, Maxine; Fallot, Roger D. Source/Citation: San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass Inc, Publishers; 2001, (103) New directions for mental health services. Abstract/Review/Citation: Mental health practitioners are becoming increasingly aware that they are encountering a large number of men and women who are survivors of sexual and physical abuse. An understanding of trauma, its sequelae, and the impact that it has in shaping a consumer's response to subsequent experience is essential for providers working in the human services field, regardless of whether they are asked to deliver specific services intended to address the effects of abuse. This book identifies the essential elements necessary for a system to begin to integrate an understanding about trauma into its core service programs. The basic philosophy of trauma-informed practice is examined across several specific service components: assessment and screening, inpatient treatment, residential services, addictions programming, and case management. The modifications necessary to transform a current system into a trauma-informed system and the approaches that may become contraindicated are identified. The changing roles of consumers and providers in a trauma-informed system are also discussed. Notes/Comments: Editors' notes [by] Maxine Harris and Roger D. Fallot Envisioning a trauma-informed service system: A vital paradigm shift Maxine Harris and Roger D. Fallot A trauma-informed approach to screening and assessment Roger D. Fallot and Maxine Harris Trauma-informed inpatient services Maxine Harris and Roger D. Fallot Trauma-informed approaches to housing Richard R. Bebout Designing trauma-informed addictions services Maxine Harris and Roger D. Fallot Trauma-informed services and case management David W. Freeman Defining the role of consumer-survivors in trauma-informed systems Laura Prescott Care of the clinician Ellen Arledge and Rebecca Wolfson Index sexual abuse; physical abuse; survivors; trauma; trauma-informed system; mental health services; treatment program development ========================================
Title: Envisioning a trauma-informed service system: A vital paradigm shift. Author(s)/Editor(s): Harris, Maxine; Fallot, Roger D. Source/Citation: Using trauma theory to design service systems., San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass Inc, Publishers; 2001, (103), 3-22 New directions for mental health services. Source editor(s): Harris, Maxine (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Notes that all components of the service system need to be reconsidered and evaluated in light of a basic understanding of the role that violence plays in the lives of people seeking mental health and addictions services. The authors discuss the process of making Community Connections, a not for profit mental health and substance abuse treatment agency in Washington, DC, trauma informed. At first, thinking about trauma from past physical and sexual abuse and its impact seemed like one more thing to be added to the clinician's assessment of every consumer. Slowly, however, in part because consumers responded so positively to appreciation of the role that violence and victimization had played in their lives, the focus on trauma seemed more integrative and less additive. Once trauma moved to the center of understanding, the authors developed approaches that would avoid retraumatizing and revictimizing consumers. Without consciously intending to do so, they evolved the philosophy and principles of a trauma-informed system. ========================================
Title: A trauma-informed approach to screening and assessment. Author(s)/Editor(s): Fallot, Roger D.; Harris, Maxine Source/Citation: Using trauma theory to design service systems., San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass Inc, Publishers; 2001, (103), 23-31 New directions for mental health services. Source editor(s): Harris, Maxine (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: The widespread underreporting and underrecognition of sexual and physical abuse pose special challenges for designing trauma-informed screening and assessment procedures, but these procedures are necessary to developing collaborative relationships with trauma survivors and offering appropriate services. Universal screening helps to identify consumers who may benefit from trauma-specific services and makes it clear that clinical programs take seriously the importance of traumatic events. Trauma-informed assessments are opportunities not only for essential information gathering but for beginning the development of safe, trusting, and collaborative relationships between trauma survivors and clinicians. ========================================
Title: Trauma-informed services and case management. Author(s)/Editor(s): Freeman, David W. Source/Citation: Using trauma theory to design service systems., San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass Inc, Publishers; 2001, (103), 75-82 New directions for mental health services. Source editor(s): Harris, Maxine (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: The development of trauma-informed services challenges providers to think about the values and practice of case management in a new way. The label case management becomes an outmoded concept, as the language of "case" and "management" can be insensitive. To be trauma-informed is to be aware of power, control, and interpersonal boundary issues in the clinical relationship. Trauma-informed service providers seek to be aware of the dynamics of abuse and to prevent those dynamics from being recreated in an otherwise helpful relationship. Four clusters of values can differentiate traditional case management from trauma-informed services in an effective way: power and control, authority, goals, and language. The chapter compares a traditional case management approach to one that operates from a strengths-based, consumer-focused orientation. ========================================
Title: Defining the role of consumer-survivors in trauma-informed systems. Author(s)/Editor(s): Prescott, Laura Source/Citation: Using trauma theory to design service systems., San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass Inc, Publishers; 2001, (103), 83-89 New directions for mental health services. Source editor(s): Harris, Maxine (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Notes that the consumer-survivor's active participation in all phases of service development and delivery is a vital component of a trauma-informed approach to service delivery. The authors provide recommendations for creating partnerships with recipients of services who have traditionally been the most silent stakeholders in mental health system design and service delivery. ========================================
Title: PTSD in children and adolescents. Author(s)/Editor(s): Eth, Spencer Source/Citation: Washington, DC, US: American Psychiatric Association; 2001, (xxv, 173) Review of psychiatry, vol. 20, no. 1. Abstract/Review/Citation: Reviews the evidence from animal and human studies of the aberrations, both psychological and biological, that can persist throughout adulthood as a result of trauma experienced during childhood. Chapters review the evaluation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents; the reliability of traumatic memories in children; the role of medication in clinical practice; and the relationship between early trauma, biological substrates, and the subsequent development of PTSD in adulthood. Notes/Comments: Contributors Introduction to the Review of Psychiatry Series [by] John M. Oldham and Michelle B. Riba Introduction: Childhood trauma in perspective [by] Spencer Eth Evaluation and assessment of PTSD in children and adolescents Evan B. Drake, Sherry F. Bush and Wilfred G. van Gorp Forensic aspects of PTSD in children and adolescents James E. Rosenberg PTSD in children and adolescents in the juvenile justice system William Arroyo Biological treatment of PTSD in children and adolescents Soraya Seedat and Dan J. Stein Relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and PTSD in adults Rachel Yehuda, Ilyse L. Spertus and Julia A. Golier Index ========================================
Title: Relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and PTSD in adults. Author(s)/Editor(s): Yehuda, Rachel; Spertus, Ilyse L.; Golier, Julia A. Source/Citation: PTSD in children and adolescents., Washington, DC, US: American Psychiatric Association; 2001, (xxv, 173), 117-158 Review of psychiatry, vol. 20, no. 1. Source editor(s): Eth, Spencer (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: This chapter seeks primarily to review evidence for the association between early traumatic life events, particularly repeated physical or sexual abuse, and the subsequent development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. This relationship is considered in the context of theory and data on the impact of early stress on developing neurobiologic systems. One of the most pivotal observations in relation to the development of PTSD in adults traumatized as children has been the association between early trauma exposure and subsequent retraumatization. This chapter considers the possibility that changes in neurobiologic systems resulting from adverse childhood experiences can result in augmented responses to subsequent stressors experienced in adulthood. These augmented responses render survivors more vulnerable to the development of PTSD and related problems. To provide necessary perspectives about conclusion in the literature and highlight gaps in our knowledge, the authors also consider methodologic issues related to the study of the impact early events have on subsequent symptoms. ========================================
Title: Children's testimony: A review of research on memory for past experiences. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gordon, Betty N.; Baker-Ward, Lynne; Ornstein, Peter A. Source/Citation: Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review: Special Issue: Vol 4(2) Jun 2001, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2001, 157-181 Abstract/Review/Citation: This review of children's testimony focuses on research related to memory for past experiences. The aspects of the memory system that are involved in testimony are discussed and the development of autobiographical memory is examined. Relevant research findings are summarized in the context of an information-processing model of memory and the implications of this work for clinical practice are outlined. The authors conclude that (1) under certain conditions, even very young children can remember and report past experiences with some accuracy over very long periods of time; (2) substantial and significant developmental differences have been demonstrated in children's abilities to provide eyewitness testimony; (3) children can be influenced in a variety of ways to provide complete and elaborated reports of events that never occurred; and (4) even experts cannot always tell the difference between true and false reports. ========================================
Title: Graffiti: Voices of Israeli youth following the assassination of the prime minister. Author(s)/Editor(s): Klingman, Avigdor; Shalev, Ronit Source/Citation: Youth & Society: Special Issue: Vol 32(4) Jun 2001, US: Sage Publications Inc; 2001, 403-420 Abstract/Review/Citation: A political opponent assassinated Ytizhak Rabin, the Prime Minister of Israel, in 1995. The event was a macro-level collective trauma during which youth had to confront and contend with the symptoms of trauma and grief and their interactions. One unique reaction of youth was to write graffiti on the walls of Tel Aviv's city hall. The texts and symbols of the graffiti were examined and studied 2 days after the assassination and 10 mo later. Overall, the graffiti was found to represent spontaneous and authentic feelings of loss and "spontaneous memorization." Beyond this, content analysis of the graffiti revealed that many youth were addressing the social, political, and cultural aspects of the tragedy. The uniqueness of the graffiti symbols is also discussed. ========================================
Title: Relationship among plasma cortisol, catecholamines, neuropeptide Y, and human performance during exposure to uncontrollable stress. Author(s)/Editor(s): Morgan, Charles A. III; Wang, Sheila; Rasmusson, Ann; Hazlett, Gary; Anderson, George; Charney , Dennis S. Source/Citation: Psychosomatic Medicine: Special Issue: Vol 63(3) May-Jun 2001, US: Williams & Wilkins Co; 2001, 412-422 Abstract/Review/Citation: Explored the idea that differences in the neurobiological responses of individuals that are exposed to threat are significantly related to psychological and behavioral indices. Individual differences in neurohormonal, psychological, and performance indices among 44 healthy, male Ss (mean age 27.8 yrs) enrolled in US Army survival school were investigated. Ss were examined before, during, and after exposure to uncontrollable stres. Stress-induced release of cortisol, neuropeptide Y, and norepinephrine were positively correlated; cortisol release during stress accounted for 42% of the variance in neuropeptide Y release during stress. Cortisol also accounted for 22% of the variance in psychological symptoms of dissociation and 31% of the variance in militar performance during stress. Data suggest that some biological differences may exist before index trauma exposure and before the development of stress-related illness. The data also imply a relationship among specific neurobiological factors and psychological dissociation. In addition, the data provide clues about the way in which individuals' psychobiological responses to threat differ from one another. ========================================
Title: Dangerous transitions and the traumatized adolescent. Author(s)/Editor(s): Giovacchini, Peter L. Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychoanalysis: Special Issue: Vol 60(1) May 2001, US: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001, 7-22 Abstract/Review/Citation: One of the developmental tasks for the adolescent is to construct a new transitional space that leads to internal changes and adapts to the external world. When a nurturing matrix is unavailable, adolescents experience the entrance into the adult world as a dangerous transition. The author bases his arguments on psychoanalytic theories, mostly Winnicott's, and illustrates these with clinical material. He suggests that, even though these traumatized adolescents experienced nonfunctional transitional spaces, it is proven that they could be treated psychoanalytically. Here, the main task of the analyst is to establish a holding environment as a type of transference, resulting in less emphasis on interpretation of inner conflicts. ========================================
Title: Early childhood traumatic development and its impact on gender identity. Author(s)/Editor(s): Cohen, Yecheskiel Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychoanalysis: Special Issue: Vol 60(1) May 2001, US: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001, 23-41 Abstract/Review/Citation: The author clarifies issues of gender identity typical to contemporary Western societies. Nowadays, we tend to emphasize self-autonomy as the main target of the individual's development. In adolescence this may cause many questions as to the adolescent's conception of his or her gender and sexual identity. These questions are the outcome of early development, and thus early traumas may impact the entire gender development. In this context, trauma includes not only major violations such as sexual abuse, terror attacks, and so forth, but also comprises events heretofore considered minor. Two clinical vignettes with females (aged 13 and 16 yrs) are discussed. ========================================
Title: Trauma and deferred action in the reality of adolescence. Author(s)/Editor(s): Novick, Jack; Novick, Kerry Kelly Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychoanalysis: Special Issue: Vol 60(1) May 2001, US: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001, 43-61 Abstract/Review/Citation: In the search for ever earlier determinants of adult pathology many ignore the transformative impact of adolescence. The authors suggest that the reality of adolescent development creates a vulnerability to being overwhelmed. Through deferred action childhood experiences may interact with adolescent realities and omnipotent beliefs to traumatize the adolescent. The authors suggest that trauma in adolescence can be independent both of the intensity of current external exposure or of earlier traumatic experiences. ========================================
Title: Psychological trauma in adolescence: Familial disillusionment and loss of personal identity. Author(s)/Editor(s): Mishne, Judith Marks Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychoanalysis: Special Issue: Vol 60(1) May 2001, US: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001, 63-83 Abstract/Review/Citation: This article presents trauma theory and characteristics of traumatized adolescents. A case vignette demonstrates the considerations regarding assessment and treatment strategies in clinical work with an adolescent girl who suffered profound trauma, loss of personal identity, and self-esteem due to familial disillusionment. In contrast, the author presents the case of a female Holocaust survivor, documenting catastrophic loss, also during adolescence. Irrespective of the nature and magnitude of trauma, the single most outstanding predictor of future positive adjustment and resilience was the nature of the parent-child tie. ========================================
Title: Trauma and extended separation from family among Latin American and African refugees in Montreal. Author(s)/Editor(s): Rousseau, Cecile; Mekki-Berrada, Abdelwaheed; Moreau, Sylvie Source/Citation: Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes: Special Issue: Vol 64(1) Spr 2001, US: Guilford Publications; 2001, 40-59 Abstract/Review/Citation: Surveyed 113 refugees from Latin America and Africa living in Canada to assess the impact of premigration trauma and prolonged separation resulting from migration on emotional distress, and the role of family as an anchor of emotion and identity. Semistructured interviews were conducted and life stories related by 20 Salvadoran and Congolese Ss were collected. The emotional profile of the Ss was measured using the Symptom Checklist. Trauma was assessed to create 3 weighted scores for personal, family, and global trauma. A content analysis was conducted of the interviews and life stories of Ss. Data reveal a similar pattern of family separation for both groups of refugees. The relationship between personal trauma and psychological distress is reversed when Ss are with all or part of their families. Severe trauma resulting from armed conflict, under certain circumstances, strengthened S's ability to face migration and associated losses. The data also suggest that family trauma is a much more important issue to African Ss. Data support the clinical literature indicating that cultural characteristics may modulate the development of various family strategies for coping with separation and trauma. ========================================
Title: Resiliency factors predicting psychological adjustment after political violence among Palestinian children. Author(s)/Editor(s): Punamaeki, Raija-Leena; Qouta, Samir; El-Sarraj, Eyad Source/Citation: International Journal of Behavioral Development: Special Issue: Vol 25(3) May 2001, United Kingdom: Psychology Press; 2001, 256-267 Abstract/Review/Citation: The effects of cognitive capacity, perceived parenting, traumatic events, and activity, which were first measured in the midst of the political violence of the Intifada in 1993, were examined on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), emotional disorders, school performance, and neuroticism 3 yrs later in more peaceful conditions among 86 Palestinian children (mean age 14.04 yrs). The results showed, first, that PTSD was high among the children who had been exposed to a high level of traumatic events and had responded passively (not actively) to Intifada violence. Discrepant perceived parenting was also decisive for adjustment: children who perceived their mothers as highly loving and caring but their fathers as not so showed a high level of PTSD. High intellectual but low creative performance was also characteristic of the children suffering from emotional disorders. Second, the hypothesis that cognitive capacity and activity serve a resiliency function if children feel loved and nonrejected at home was confirmed. Third, neuroticism decreased significantly over the 3 yrs, especially among the children who had been exposed to a high number of traumatic events. ========================================
Title: The crucial importance of empirical evidence in the development of bereavement theory: Reply to Archer (2001). Author(s)/Editor(s): Bonanno, George A. Source/Citation: Psychological Bulletin: Special Issue: Vol 127(4) Jul 2001, US: American Psychological Assn; 2001, 561-564 Abstract/Review/Citation: In his commentary, J. Archer (2001a) argued that G. A. Bonanno and S. Kaltman's (1999) review and integration of the bereavement literature failed to consider evolutionary theory or other approaches to the origins of grief. Archer also argued that Bonanno and Kaltman had merely replaced the traditional grief work perspective with cognitive restructuring, thereby ignoring the processes related to avoidance and distancing from the loss. In this reply, the author first explains that although it was compelling to do so, Bonanno and Kaltman did not emphasize an evolutionary approach to the origins of grief reactions because in their current form these theories lack empirical and theoretical clarity. Second, the author shows that, contrary to Archer's reading, Bonanno and Kaltman's article viewed cognitive restructuring as a mechanism used primarily by extremely grieved persons and only in some cognitive domains. Last, the author shows that Bonanno and Kaltman have championed rather than ignored avoidant or distancing processes. ========================================
Title: 'To walk the last bit on my own'--narcissistic independence or identification with good objects: Issues of loss for a 13-year-old who had an amputation. Author(s)/Editor(s): Judd, Dorothy Source/Citation: Journal of Child Psychotherapy: Special Issue: Vol 27(1) Apr 2001, England: Routledge Journals; 2001, 47-67 Abstract/Review/Citation: This paper describes 2 years of psychotherapy with Michael, a 13-year-old boy who had undergone a recent emergency amputation of his leg and hip for bone cancer. The work follows Michael's struggle with the enormity of the loss, in the face of his, as well as the system's, use of denial. The amputation as an 'attack' on his physical and emotional autonomy strikes at his early adolescent development. The therapeutic process is aided by his capacity 'to go back to the unhappiness.' The therapy develops from his initial shock, to despair and self-blame, as he struggles with a tendency, in the middle period of his therapy, to lose his mind as well as his leg in a retreat to withdrawal and mindlessness, or to mania. He struggles between an omnipotent, at times self-destructive, wish to 'go it alone' vs a capacity to feel sad and to value life. His capacity to think about the trauma and to find meaning emerges. The paper raises questions about whether some trauma can ever be fully assimilated, and whether, for Michael, the mourning process could lead to a reintegrated sense of self and of a 'psychic intactness,' dependent on the survival of his good 'internal couple.' Hospital and ward-based child psychotherapy and its limitations are explored. ========================================
Title: The juvenile-as-adult-criminal debate. Author(s)/Editor(s): Whaley, Arthur L.; Koenen, Karestan C. Source/Citation: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry: Special Issue: Vol 40(6) Jun 2001, US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Co; 2001, 619-620 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the growing movement in this country to try juveniles as adults in criminal court. It is suggested that a psychiatric perspective had not been considered in this issue. There is a body of research that implicates psychological trauma in the etiology of some juveniles' criminal behavior. The authors contend that laboratory research on biological models of anxiety may facilitate an understanding of the biobehavioral processes that connect posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to criminal violence. They argue that the violent acts committed by delinquent youths need to be understood within a developmental context that includes the impact of their trauma histories on their biological and psychological development. Mental health intervention may be a potential deterrent from the path to adult criminality for youthful offenders with a history of trauma. ========================================
Title: 'Myself in the teeth of the world': The poetics of self-writing in William Carlos Williams. Author(s)/Editor(s): Buck, Chansonette Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences; Vol 61(7-A) Feb 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 2710 Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation reads William Carlos Williams's poems, prose, and theories as autobiographical negotiations of culturally induced family pain. It details his childhood trauma, primarily centered in his relationship with his mother, Elena, a Puerto Rican immigrant whose transplantation to the U.S. during a time of extreme racialized anti-immigrant sentiment resulted in severe acculturative shock. It argues for historicized understanding of the psychosocial dynamics evident in the writing and develops a theoretical account of the ways In which the poetics may formalize these dynamics in the body of the poem. Chapter One focuses primarily on the male family relationships, identifying key psychodynamics affecting Williams's sense of poetic vocation and his oeuvre. Using an object-relations framework from Heinz Kohut and Alice Miller, it examines The Autobiography , letters, and lyrics addressed to his parents, juxtaposing them to Mariani's accounts of the same events to show how literary history has elided these aspects of his story. Chapter Two employs Stephen Mitchell's notion of the family as a dynamic 'relational matrix' and Jessica Benjamin's theory of the mother as a sovereign subject in the parent-child dyad. Using Mariani, selected lyrics and letters, and Yes, Mrs. Williams, it examines the Williams/Elena nexus, beginning with Elena's perspective. Her pain engendered her son's, who perpetuated those patterns in adulthood, to the detriment of both. As a corrective to Kerry Driscoll's, sanguine view of Elena's contribution to Williams's work, I show how Williams's tribute to Elena, Yes, Mrs. Williams is a failed attempt to textualize her subjectivity to free mother and son from their mutual relational snares, since the son's ambivalence ultimately constructs the mother in the text. Chapter Three applies the racial identity development theories of Robert T. Carter, and a variety of other recent theorists on race, culture, and ethnicity in psychoanalysis, to consider the psychological effects of Williams's racial/cultural status as the son of a Spanish-speaking Puerto Rican immigrant. I draw on Julio Marzan's The Spanish-American Roots of William Carlos Williams , and John Higham's classic study of the rise of American nativism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Strangers In the Land. I show how literary history has colluded with Williams's need to downplay his Hispanic roots. But where Marzan sees Williams as encoding those roots into the poetics to valorize Elena as source, I see Williams's ambivalence about his racial status as integral to and indivisible from his powerful ambivalence towards her. Chapter Four brings the central insights of the first three chapters to bear on Williams's poetics. It employs Stephen Cushman's view that Williams's prosody of line-sentence counterpointing was a prosody of the self, reads the poet's psychology in his poetic forms. It focuses on enjambment, juxtapositions, and triads, with close readings of poems related to Paterson, the poem that Mariani has called his 'true autobiography.' Paterson is the chapter's central focus, with Williams's conflicts over his origins as a central subject. ========================================
Title: Childhood maltreatment: How abuse, neglect, and multiple maltreatment affect the self-perceptions and esteem, interpersonal relationships, environmental perceptions, emotional functioning, and quality and efficiency of cognitive processing of child surv. Author(s)/Editor(s): Talbott, Jody Elizabeth Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 61(7-B) Feb 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 3863 Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this research was to examine how different types of childhood trauma (i.e., physical and/or emotional abuse, physical and/or emotional neglect, or multiple maltreatment) differentially affect various aspects of personality development-sense of body integrity, self-image/concern, social interest, interpersonal perceptions/behaviors, emotional awareness, emotional control, reality testing, and quality and efficiency of cognitive processing. Using Exner's Comprehensive Scoring Program (1986), this study empirically examined the Rorschach protocols of variously maltreated (26 abused, 26 neglected, and 26 multiply maltreated subjects), and non-maltreated (26 subjects), children to determine the differential effects of maltreatment, if any, on their self-perceptions and esteem, interpersonal relationships, environmental perceptions, emotional functioning and cognitive processing. All maltreated subjects sampled had parents with substance abuse histories and were removed, or to be removed, from the home as a consequence of abuse, neglect, or multiple maltreatment The character of subjects' childhood histories (abuse, neglect; multiple maltreatment, or non-maltreatment) was determined on the basis of four independent examinations by clinicians with Masters, or Doctoral, degrees in Clinical Psychology Both the majority of maltreated, and non-maltreated, subjects were of low socioeconomic status and were of low average, to average, overall intelligence. All subjects sampled were pre-administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Rorschach inkblot test. Multiply Maltreated and Singly Abused subjects were found to evidence comparable and significant impairment Non-Maltreated, subjects. All subjects sampled evidenced comparable and significant impairment in self-image/concern. Multiply Maltreated subjects evidenced significantly greater impairment in social interest when compared with Non-Maltreated subjects. All Maltreated subjects sampled evidenced significant and comparable impairments in interpersonal perceptions/behaviors when compared with Non-Maltreated subjects. Singly Neglected subjects evidenced significant impairments in emotional control or expression significantly more often than Singly Abused, Multiply Maltreated, or Non-Maltreated, subjects. ========================================
Title: Age of abuse onset and its relationship to autonomic arousal in Borderline Personality Disorder. Author(s)/Editor(s): Kozel, Jennifer Jane Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 61(7-B) Feb 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 3849 Abstract/Review/Citation: Childhood abuse is considered an important etiological factor in the development of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Compared with women who suffer from other personality disorders, women with BPD are more likely to have experienced a combination of verbal, physical, and sexual abuse and are more likely to have been abused by multiple individuals. In adult humans who have been diagnosed with BPD and who have a history of childhood trauma, irregular EEG patterns have been found. These patterns are suggestive of dysregulation of the limbic structures and a lower threshold for autonomic nervous system reactivity. It has also been shown that the severity of abuse and age of abuse onset predicts many of the problematic behaviors that are common to BPD. This study examined the differential impact of childhood trauma, including age of onset and severity of trauma, on individuals with (n = 28) or without (n = 31) Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD, as defined by the SCID-II). A combination of self-report measures and physiological measures were used to address several specific hypothesis regarding the proposed effects of childhood trauma. The findings showed an inverse relationship between age of abuse onset and electrodermographic reactivity to high and low intensity pictorial slides. The results also showed that those who were abused at either the earliest ages (0 to 6 years old) or at the later ages (13 to 18) rated their physiological responses to slides of varying levels of arousal/excitability more strongly than did those who reported abuse onset between 7 to 12 years old. Other findings showed that persons diagnosed with BPD produced physiological measures of skin conductance that were indicative of greater autonomic arousal than did nonclinical controls. These findings suggest that persons who have a diagnosis of BPD and histories of childhood traumatization have altered autonomic functioning and lowered thresholds for limbic system reactivity. ========================================
Title: The occurrence and impact of stressful life events in older adults. Author(s)/Editor(s): Volbrecht, Marie E. Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 61(7-B) Feb 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 3865 Abstract/Review/Citation: Previous research has demonstrated a connection between physical and mental health and stressful or traumatic life events. However, research into life events experienced by older adults has been plagued by a number of difficulties that limit the generalizability and usefulness of the information gathered. The purpose of the current study is to correct and control for some of the previous limitations. In this way, useful information about the later years in life will be gained and the initial steps toward the development of a more useful instrument completed. This study is part of a larger research project being pursued in the Disaster Mental Health Institute of the University of South Dakota. Four thousand randomly selected members of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) were mailed a packet that consisted of a cover letter from AARP encouraging participation, a cover letter from the researcher explaining the purpose and outlining basic instructions, the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI), and a modified version of the Life Experiences Survey (LES). The current study primarily concentrated on the LES. (The STPI is not utilized in the current study.) A total of 760 individuals chose to participate (a response rate of 19%) and 683 of these were judged to be valid and retained for analysis. Four age groups were defined for use in analysis: age 50-59 (n = 218), 60-69 (n = 238), 70-79 (n = 169), and 80+ (n = 58). All data were analyzed utilizing SPSS. There were differences found in frequency of events experienced by the different age groups. Some of these differences are similar to what previous research has found, but some finer grained detailed differences are also reported. In addition, differences in impact and frequency of different types of events were found between men and women and among the four age groups. In general, the findings suggest that there is a lower frequency of events overall that happens in later life. However, there are some categories of events that do not decrease significantly past the age of 60. It is suggested that future research continue to elucidate the differences in types of events occurring at different ages and the impacts these have. Eventually, this line of research will hopefully be connected to the area of research that is exploring coping techniques so that adjustment to these stressful events may be better aided. ========================================
Title: A model of trauma with spirituality and religiosity: The mediating and moderating effects of personal growth initiative and openness to experience. Author(s)/Editor(s): Caldwell, Jodi Kristen Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 61(7-B) Feb 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 3833 Abstract/Review/Citation: Spirituality and religiosity remain two diversity variables that are little studied in relation to mental health. Researchers and theorists in the area of trauma have proposed conflicting effects of trauma on spirituality and religiosity. Although some studies show that spirituality and/or religiosity increase following the experience of a traumatic event, other studies show a decrease. Therefore this study proposed that there are two intervening variables in these relationships: Personal Growth Initiative (PGI) and Openness to Experience (OTE). Personal Growth Initiative is the active seeking out of self-growth experiences. Openness to Experience refers to the individual's receptiveness and valuing of diversity of ideas and experiences. This study tested whether these intervening variables mediated or moderated the relationship between trauma and spirituality or trauma and religiosity. The following measures were used: The Traumatic Experience Questionnaire (Vrana & Lauterbach, 1994), The Spiritual Experience Index (Genia, 1997), Religious Commitment Inventory (McCullogh, Worthington, Maxey & Rechal, 1997), the Personal Growth Initiative Scale (Robitschek, 1998), and the Openness to Experience Scale of the NEO-PI (Costa & Mc Crae, 1992). Participants were 249 undergraduate students in psychology courses. Results indicated that only two models of moderation were partially supported. For men, when trauma was viewed as a dichotomous variable, the interaction between the presence of trauma and Openness to Experience did appear to explain significant additional variance in Spirituality. However, further examination revealed that this was likely an artifact of the low number of men who reported having experienced no traumatic events. For women, the interaction between Total Perceived Trauma and Openness to Experience did explain significant additional variance in Spirituality. A median split analysis suggested that the interaction is happening in such a way that in order to obtain a high score on Spirituality, both Openness to Experience and Total Perceived Trauma must also be high. Significant gender differences were found in the relationships between some of the variables. ========================================
Title: Social functioning of survivors of child sexual abuse: An analysis of childhood experiences and long-term effects. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gameros, Timothy Alan Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 61(7-B) Feb 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 3842 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: This study validated a measure of characteristics of child sexual abuse which may impair social development, and examined the relationship of these variables to adult functioning. Participants were 56 undergraduate psychology students reporting a history of child sexual abuse. The research measure was the Social Sequelae of Sexual Abuse (SSSA) scale (Gameros and Harter, 1996). Adult psychological functioning was evaluated using the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 (TSC-40), and social functioning was measured with the Social Adjustment Scale - Self-Report (SAS-SR). The SSSA demonstrated good reliability and validity, comparing favorably with similar measures developed by other researchers. It significantly predicted TSC-40 scores, accounting for 27% of score variance, but did not significantly predict social functioning. ========================================
Title: Exploring a feminist-relational model of the mental health effects of interpersonal violence among incarcerated women. Author(s)/Editor(s): Davino, Katrina Marie Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 61(7-B) Feb 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 3838 Abstract/Review/Citation: Interpersonal violence, defined as sexual or physical abuse in childhood or adulthood, is prevalent in the lives of women, especially those in clinical and incarcerated populations. A variety of negative mental health outcomes have been associated with interpersonal violence. Conceptual frameworks for understanding these symptoms have been developed including those focusing on PTSD intrusion and avoidance symptoms and broader frameworks that incorporate the self, relational, and mood difficulties often experienced by survivors of interpersonal violence. Empirical research has begun to explore factors that predict differential mental health outcomes following the experience of interpersonal violence. Primarily, these have included characteristics of the abuse event (e.g., age of onset, duration of abuse, degree of violence), but more recently environmental and relational variables have begun to be explored (e.g., social support at the time of disclosure). Despite these advances in the research on the negative mental health outcomes associated with the experience of interpersonal violence, few theoretically based models that account for the range of symptoms and predictors have been developed. This study proposed a 'feminist relational model' of interpersonal violence that integrated empirical research with a relational model of women's development. The model was empirically explored in a sample of 175 incarcerated, primarily African-American and poor, women. Data included self-reported surveys and clinician-rated interviews. Overall, the women reported very high rates of interpersonal violence, primarily of a severe nature and perpetrated by people important in their lives. They reported a high rate of symptoms in the area of connections to others, while they appeared surprisingly nonsymptomatic in the area of self-concept. A multidimensional model of symptoms was developed and explored; it provided support for previously proposed conceptual frameworks for the negative mental health outcomes that have been associated with experiences of interpersonal violence. Predictive models were developed based on the application of a feminist-relational theory of women's development to the experience of childhood interpersonal violence. These models provided support for the importance of subjective relational factors in predicting differential mental health outcomes following the experience of interpersonal violence. The women who participated in this study appeared to have a 'Relational PTSD' in which trauma experiences were generalized to hypervigilance in and avoidance of intimate relationships. ========================================
Title: Longer term effects of children's exposure to domestic violence. Author(s)/Editor(s): Rossman, B. B. Robbie Source/Citation: Domestic violence in the lives of children: The future of research, intervention, and social policy., Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2001, (xi, 332), 35-65 Source editor(s): Graham-Bermann, Sandra A. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Considers a number of ways or processes through which a child's development can be affected by domestic violence. The areas of learning, nurturing, and trauma processes are all considered as possible conduits of negative long-term effects. The author notes that as more studies track children exposed to interparental violence over time, the long-term course of violence exposure and possible consequences of violence exposure to the child should be documented in these interrelated domains. ========================================
Title: Simultaneous bilateral spontaneous pneumothoraces in a young woman with anorexia nervosa. Author(s)/Editor(s): Corless, John A.; Delaney, John C.; Page, Richard D. Source/Citation: International Journal of Eating Disorders: Special Issue: ; Vol 30(1) Jul 2001, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2001, 110-112 Abstract/Review/Citation: An 18-yr-old woman with anorexia nervosa was admitted to hospital with acute dyspnea. There was no history of trauma to the chest and the patient denied any vomiting. A chest radiograph was taken which showed bilateral pneumothoraces with complete collapse of both lungs. Results show that following insertion of bilateral chest drains the patient made a complete recovery, later having bilateral pleurectomies performed to prevent recurrence. The authors discuss the evidence suggesting that the state of malnutrition that results from anorexia nervosa may in fact predispose patients to the development of pneumothoraces. ========================================
Title: Psychoanalysis--A contextual psychology: Essay in memory of Merton M. Gill. Author(s)/Editor(s): Stolorow, Robert D.; Orange, Donna M.; Atwood, George E. Source/Citation: Psychoanalytic Review: Special Issue: ; Vol 88(1) Feb 2001, US: Guilford Publications; 2001, 15-28 Abstract/Review/Citation: The development of what we have termed the intersubjective perspective in psychoanalysis has had five movements, each punctuated by a book. In the first, having demonstrated through psychobiographical studies that psychoanalytic metapsychologies derive profoundly from the personal, subjective worlds of their creators, we concluded that what psychoanalysis needs is a theory of subjectivity itself. In the second, we introduced the concept of an intersubjective field--the system formed by differently organized, reciprocally interacting subjective worlds--as the fundamental theoretical construct for this framework. In the third, we applied the intersubjectivity principle to an array of important clinical issues, such as analysis of transference and resistance, therapeutic action, and treatment of borderline and psychotic states. In the fourth, we circled back to four foundational pillars of psychoanalytic theory--the unconscious, mind-body relations, trauma, and fantasy-and resituated them from an intersubjective perspective. A final book (1997) was devoted to a broad-based philosophy of psychoanalytic practice that we refer to as contextualism. Our hope in this present article is to convey the essential ingredients of a contextualist sensibility. ========================================
Title: Dangerous transitions and the traumatized adolescent. Author(s)/Editor(s): Giovacchini, Peter L. Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychoanalysis: Special Issue: The traumatized adolescent: Theoretical and clinical considerations. ; Vol 61(1) Mar 2001, US: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001, 7-22 Abstract/Review/Citation: One of the developmental tasks for the adolescent is to construct a new transitional space that leads to internal changes and adapts to the external world. When a nurturing matrix is unavailable, adolescents experience the entrance into the adult world as a dangerous transition. The author bases his arguments on psychoanalytic theories, mostly D. W. Winnicott's, and illustrates these with clinical material. He suggests that, even though these traumatized adolescents experienced nonfunctional transitional spaces, it is proven that they could be treated psychoanalytically. Here, the main task of the analyst is to establish a holding environment as a type of transference, resulting in less emphasis on interpretation of inner conflicts. ========================================
Title: Early childhood traumatic development and its impact on gender identity. Author(s)/Editor(s): Cohen, Yecheskiel Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychoanalysis: Special Issue: The traumatized adolescent: Theoretical and clinical considerations. Vol 61(1) Mar 2001, US: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001, 23-41 Abstract/Review/Citation: The author clarifies issues of gender identity typical to contemporary Western societies. Clinical vignettes of 4 clients (aged 13-23 yrs) are used for illustrative purposes. Nowadays, we tend to emphasize self-autonomy as the main target of the individual's development. In adolescence this may cause many questions as to the adolescent's conception of his or her gender and sexual identity. These questions are the outcome of early development, and thus early traumas may impact the entire gender development. In this context, trauma includes not only major violations such as sexual abuse, terror attacks, and so forth, but also comprises events heretofore considered minor. ========================================
Title: Trauma and deferred action in the reality of adolescence. Author(s)/Editor(s): Novick, Jack; Novick, Kerry Kelly Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychoanalysis: Special Issue: The traumatized adolescent: Theoretical and clinical considerations. ; Vol 61(1) Mar 2001, US: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001, 43-61 Abstract/Review/Citation: In the search for ever earlier determinants of adult pathology many ignore the transformative impact of adolescence. The authors suggest that the reality of adolescent development creates a vulnerability to being overwhelmed. Through deferred action childhood experiences may interact with adolescent realities and omnipotent beliefs to traumatize the adolescent. The authors suggest that trauma in adolescence can be independent both of the intensity of current external exposure or of earlier traumatic experiences. ========================================
Title: Psychological trauma in adolescence: Familial disillusionment and loss of personal identity. Author(s)/Editor(s): Mishne, Judith Marks Paper Number: 20010711 Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychoanalysis: Special Issue: The traumatized adolescent: Theoretical and clinical considerations. ; Vol 61(1) Mar 2001, US: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001, 63-83 Abstract/Review/Citation: This article presents trauma theory and characteristics of traumatized adolescents. A case vignette demonstrates the considerations regarding assessment and treatment strategies in clinical work with an adolescent girl (aged 12 yrs) who suffered profound trauma, loss of personal identity, and self-esteem due to familial disillusionment. In contrast, the author presents the case of a female Holocaust survivor (aged 63 yrs), documenting catastrophic loss, also during adolescence. Irrespective of the nature and magnitude of trauma, the single most outstanding predictor of future positive adjustment and resilience was the nature of the parent-child tie. ========================================
Title: A witness breaks his silence: The meaning of a therapist's response to an adolescent's self-destruction. Author(s)/Editor(s): Frankel, Jay Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychoanalysis: Special Issue: The traumatized adolescent: Theoretical and clinical considerations. Vol 61(1) Mar 2001, US: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001, 85-99 Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes the case of a self-mutilating adolescent girl (aged 15 yrs) and the author's dilemma, as her therapist, about telling her parents about her self-abuse. The author uses two complementary, mutually enhancing relational theories of trauma--S. Ferenczi's (1933) and J. M. Davies and M. G. Frawley's (1994)--to help understand the minefield he was in. Davies and Frawley describe certain relational configurations that are typical of trauma victims. The author believes that it is not only unavoidable but therapeutically vital for therapists to participate in these configurations so they can know the patient's experience in a personal way. It is also crucial that they be witnesses who provide recognition for the patient's pain and, in so doing, relieve the intolerable feeling of isolation that Ferenczi proposed was the most basic trauma. In addition, the author discusses the observation that some people who have not been previously traumatized in any gross way manifest characteristics of trauma. ========================================
Title: Daring to try again: The hope and pain of forming new attachments. . Author(s)/Editor(s): Lanyado, Monica Source/Citation: Therapeutic Communities: International Journal for Therapeutic & Supportive Organizations: Special Issue: Vol 22(1) Spr 2001, England: Assn of Therapeutic Communities; 2001, 5-18 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the difficulties and fears about forming new attachment relationships for children suffering from multiple traumatic losses. These children fear that the newly acquired roots of a secure emotional base will be damaged or uprooted altogether; these fears can be expressed within the organizational dynamics of the therapeutic community. The case of a male (aged 5 yrs) in therapy who entered foster care and then joined an adoptive family shows something of the traditional patterns of behavior exhibited by these children, and the difficulties they endure in maintaining caring adults in their lives for the purpose of supporting the grief process. ========================================
Title: Conceptual issues in understanding the relation between interparental conflict and child adjustment: Integrating developmental psychopathology and risk/resilience perspectives. Author(s)/Editor(s): Margolin, Gayla; Oliver, Pamella H.; Medina, Anna Marie Source/Citation: Interparental conflict and child development: Theory, research, and applications., New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press; 2001, (xiv, 477), 9-38 Source editor(s): Grych, John H. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: Despite widespread acceptance of the belief that exposure to interparental conflict is a serious stressor for children, much remains unknown about exactly why and how this stressor translates into different outcomes across children. The assumption that marital conflict is a stressor for children stems from several explanatory frameworks--family systems theory, social learning theory, the transmission of affect, consistencies in cognitive style, genetic transmission theories, and trauma theory. This chapter reviews these frameworks and illustrates how a developmental psychopathology perspective can inform research in this area. Specifically, the authors analyze the status of marital conflict as a risk factor, consider how research on vulnerability and protective factors can delineate processes that intensify or interrupt the trajectory from marital conflict to negative child outcomes, and recommend greater attention to the resilience of many children living in highly conflictual homes. This perspective underscores the complexity of the relationship between marital conflict and child outcomes and suggests why conflict does not affect children in predictable or consistent ways. ========================================
Title: Trauma, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, and associated problems among incarcerated veterans. Author(s)/Editor(s): Saxon, Andrew J.; Davis, Tania M.; Sloan, Kevin L.; McKnight, Katherine M.; McFall, Miles E.; Kivlahan, Daniel R. Source/Citation: Psychiatric Services: Special Issue: ; Vol 52(7) Jul 2001, US: American Psychiatric Assn; 2001, 959-964 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined exposure to trauma, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), functional status, and treatment history in a group of incarcerated veterans. A convenience sample of 129 jailed veterans who agreed to receive outreach contact completed the Life Event History Questionnaire, the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), and the Addiction Severity Index. Participants who had scores of 50 or above on the PCL-C, designated as screening positive for PTSD, were compared with those whose scores were below 50, designated as screening negative for PTSD. 112 veterans (87%) reported traumatic experiences. A total of 51 veterans (39%) screened positive for PTSD, and 78 veterans (60%) screened negative. Compared with veterans who screened negative for PTSD, those who screened positive reported a greater variety of traumas; more serious current legal problems; a higher lifetime use of alcohol, cocaine, and heroin; higher recent expenditures on drugs; more psychiatric symptoms; and worse general health despite more previous psychiatric and medical treatment as well as treatment for substance abuse. The findings encourage the development of an improved treatment model to keep jailed veterans with PTSD from repeated incarceration. ========================================
Title: Physical impairments as risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s)/Editor(s): Martz, Erin; Cook, Daniel W. Source/Citation: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin: Special Issue: Vol 44(4) Sum 2001, US: PRO-ED; 2001, 217-221 Abstract/Review/Citation: The case-control method, a retrospective design useful in studying the etiology of rare diseases, was utilized to examine the relative risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among individuals with six types of traumatic physical impairments: spinal disorders, extensive burns, amputation, heart failure, major chest trauma, and cardiac arrest. Odds ratios and associated confidence intervals were calculated for each impairment in a group of 45,320 veterans receiving medical services. Four of the six impairments were found to be risk factors for PTSD: extensive burns, spinal disorders, amputations, and heart failure. Implications for rehabilitation counseling and research are discussed. ========================================
Title: Parenting the traumatized child: Attending to the needs of nonoffending caregivers of traumatized children. . Author(s)/Editor(s): Banyard, Victoria L.; Rozelle, Deborah; Englund, Diane W. Source/Citation: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training: Special Issue: ; Vol 38(1) Spr 2001, US: Div of Psychotherapy APA; 2001, 74-87 Abstract/Review/Citation: While there is a growing literature on the impact of trauma on children, there has been relatively little attention to the needs of their caregivers, who are themselves at risk for elevated levels of stress. The current article draws from the broader literature on parenting under stress and the literature on interventions with parents of sexually abused children to outline the need for interventions for caregivers of multiply traumatized children. It reviews components of an intervention model derived from the literature on general parenting interventions as well as the growing literature on trauma treatment. ========================================
Title: Story-telling as a test of executive function. Author(s)/Editor(s): Phillips-Bui, Catharine M. Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 61(8-B) Mar 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 4423 Abstract/Review/Citation: A story-telling task was developed to assess the ability of mild to moderate closed head injured (CHI) male medical center outpatients to spontaneously generate propositional thought. The Story-telling task (STT), an unstructured interview protocol and 12-item clinician scoring procedure, was designed as a new verbal measure of executive function, and its psychometric properties and clinical utility were explored in this study. The task consisted of clinician ratings of audio taped stories to three selected Thematic Apperception Test cards. The forty male subjects in the study (20 CYR patients and 20 control subjects, volunteers with an absence of head trauma or injury, neurological disease, or psychiatric disorder) were randomly assigned to one of two samples: an initial STT development sample, and a cross validation sample. Analysis of data from the initial sample (10 (CHI) subjects and 10 controls) revealed that the two medical center neuropsychologists who assisted in the development of the STT could use the rating system with a high degree of reliability. Control and CHI subjects significantly differed in STT scores and in employment status (CHI subjects had lower scores and all were unemployed, whereas all controls had higher STT scores and were employed). Data from the cross validation sample (10 CHI subjects and 10 controls) revealed that two additional psychologists with neuropsychological expertise, individuals at a second medical center and not involved in the development of the measure, were able to use the STT rating system with modest, but an acceptable degree of reliability after four hours of training. Moreover, the cross validation sample displayed a pattern of significant STT score differences and contrasts in employment status quite similar to that obtained in the initial sample. Data from both samples were combined to assess the |
