Attachment

Attachment and Human Development

Title:   Attachment versus disengagement: A life-span conceptualization.       

Author(s):  Kalish, Richard A., Graduate Theological Union,

Berkeley, CA;

Knudtson, Frances W.

Source:   Human Development, Vol 19(3), 1976. pp. 171-181.

Publisher:   Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:   Examines the potential usefulness of the concept of

attachment in providing a conceptual schema for understanding relationships and involvements of older persons. Emphasis is placed on attachments of the elderly dependent on self-initiated social feedback.

It is suggested that the concept of disengagement be eliminated and that geronotologists as well as life-span developmental psychologists, focus instead on attachments of the elderly in order to gain a new understanding for the continuities and discontinuities in attachments across the life span, particularly in old age. (19 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Life-span attachment: Complexities, questions, considerations.  

Author(s):   Knudtson, Frances W., San Francisco State U

Source:  Human Development, Vol 19(3), 1976. pp. 182-196.

Publisher:  Switzerland: Karger  

Abstract:   Argues that the complexities entailed in an analysis of

life-span attachment require consideration of so many interacting variables that a systems approach of some kind is needed for a beginning integration. It is suggested that multilevel structural analyses will provide higher level descriptions and thus will serve a useful discovery function. It seems unnecessary to abandon a personalogic orientation but rather to attempt careful, longitudinal, structural descriptions of intra-individual attachment behaviors as they relate to personality variables, cognitive and state changes, and alterations in the structure of the personal-social and object environments. The construction of process models which reflect these complexities seems essential. (27 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Caring.

Author(s):   Gaylin, Willard, Columbia U Medical School

Source:   Oxford, England: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976. 199 pp.

Abstract:  Argues that the impulse for caring is biologically

programmed in human beings. Evidence is presented to support the view that the need for attachment is so instinctive and so crucial in the development of an independent human being that the individual "self" is formed in large part by the means used to secure this attachment or some semblance of it. (12 p ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Gender differences in mental function: A clue to the origin of

language.     

Author(s):  Jonas, Doris F.; Jonas, A. David

Source:  Current Anthropology, Vol 16(4), Dec 1975. pp. 626-630.

Publisher:   US: Univ of Chicago Press

Abstract:  Examines theories of language development and

circumstances promoting the use of proto-language. It is purported that the first context in which proto-language proved adaptive was in the attachment behavior between the hominid mother and her infant and that human powers of speech and of languages developed from this matrix. (38 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Psychiatric aspects of learning disabilities. 

Author(s):  Schechter, Marshall D., State U New York, Upstate

Medical Ctr, Syracuse

Source:   Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 5(2), Win 1974. pp.

67-77.

Publisher:   Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:   Discusses the necessity of the differential diagnostic

and treatment processes required for working with learning-disabled children. Special consideration is given to the psychiatric implications of symptoms which accompany minimal cerebral dysfunction. Anxiety, depression, disturbance in primary attachment to adults, and negative self-image are considered.

  _____ 

Title:   Developmental lines of achievement.        

Author(s):  Smith, Richard H., Children's Psychiatric Ctr,

Eatontown, NJ; Lau, Mayin

Source:  Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 5(2), Win 1974. pp.

117-125.

Publisher:   Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:   Describes a technique for identifying prerequisite

skills for achieving new skills. Ss were 50 psychotic children (2 females and 48 males) 4-15 yrs old, with mental ages below 5 yrs, who were evaluated on 100 items. The occurrence of a specific behavior only if associated with another specific behavior was found in 10 pairs of items. Findings are viewed as supporting the concept that the sequence of ego integration can be identified. Special attention is given to developing the ability to count; the motivation for this skill is described as the reduction of anxiety about controlling attachment.

  _____ 

Title:   A defense of the concept of attachment.  

Author(s):    Lamb, Michael E., Yale U

Source:  Human Development, Vol 17(5), 1974. pp. 376-385.

Publisher:   Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:   Argues that recent references to attachment in the

literature display a misunderstanding of this concept. Since most of the misunderstanding, and consequent criticism of the notion, derive from a confusion of the concepts of attachment qua affective bond, and and attachment behaviors, these concepts are defined and a distinction is drawn between the two. It is suggested that on both theoretical and experimental grounds, this distinction is justifiable and invaluable. (50 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Assessment of attachment: A working paper.      

Author(s):   Moreno, Peggy, U. Florida, Inst. for Development of

Human Resources

Source:   Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, Vol. 3, Fal 1973.

pp. 121.

  _____ 

Translated Title:    Attachment: A new theory of the origin of affect.

Author(s):  Zazzo, Rene, U. Paris-Nanterre, France

Source:   Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle, Apr 1972. pp. 101-128.

Publisher:   France: Institut National d'Etude du Travail et

d'Orientation Professionnelle INETOP

Abstract:  Considers that the imprinting phenomenon in birds and

the distress reaction after isolation of neonate rhesus monkeys and human infants are manifestations of a primary drive: attachment.

Contrary to Freudian theory deriving affective states from libidinal dynamics and behavioristic efforts to link the development of affection to secondary reinforcement, the concept of a primary social drive is seen as a new basis for developmental psychology and neighboring disciplines. Recent trends in ethology, psychoanalysis, and psychology which lead to the new theory are described.

  _____ 

Title:   Current issues in research on early development. 

Author(s):  Siegel, Alberta E., Stanford U

Source:   Human Development, 12(2), 1969. pp. 86-92.

Publisher:  Switzerland: Karger 

Abstract:  Discusses the influence of ethology, evolutionary

biology, genetics, physiology, physiological psychology, comparative psychology, and EEG studies on developmental psychology. The major links between the biological sciences and developmental psychology are: (1) studies of attachment, (2) "naturalistic field studies of non-human primates," (3) efficient methods of karyotyping, and (4) "studies of individual differences in neonates."

  _____ 

Title:   ON THE METAMORPHOSIS FROM ADOLESCENCE INTO ADULTHOOD.       

Author(s):  ADATTO, C. P.

Source:  Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 14(3), 1966.

pp. 485-509.

Publisher:  US: Analytic Press

Abstract:   IN 3 SS, THE METAMORPHOSIS FROM ADOLESCENCE INTO EARLY

ADULTHOOD WAS SIGNALED BY A FORMATION OF A HETEROSEXUAL ATTACHMENT, MARKED DECREASE IN ANXIETY AND SYMPTOMATOLOGY, AND LACK OF MOTIVATION TO CONTINUE THE ANALYSIS, ENDING WITH THE ADULT REGAINING FREEDOM TO ANALYZE HIS INFANTILE NEUROSIS. TRANSFERENCE HAD DEVELOPED IN DEPTH DURING THE LATE ADOLESCENT PHASE. DISCUSSION FOCUSED ON PROBLEMS OF SELF AND IDENTITY, OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS, FLEXIBILITY, AND RESTRUCTURING OF THE PSYCHIC APPARATUS.

  _____ 

Title:   Cheiron's cave: the school of the future.  

Author(s):  Revel, D.

Source:  Oxford, England: Heinemann Ltd., 1928. ix, 222 pp.  

Abstract:  All human beings are, following Jung, classed as

extrovert or introvert and are said to live upon four "planes": (1) sensational, (2) emotional, (3) intuitional and (4) intellectual. Thus there are eight human types. An account is given of recent educational movements whose aim is freedom with a minimum of external control. The recapitulatory theory of education is accepted and a brief chapter follows on the notion of libido. The necessity of education to enable a child "to extrovert and introvert on all planes" is next argued, and the danger of parents' attachments emphasized. A series of six chapters then describes in detail the methods adopted in the most modern "free" school in order to attain the assigned end of education at the various age-stages of human development.

  _____ 

Title:   Cross-study conclusions and implications. 

Series Title:  American University studies, Series 8: Psychology; Vol. 14.

Author(s): Pottharst, Karl, California School of Professional

Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, US

Source:   Research explorations in adult attachment. Pottharst, Karl (Ed);

pp. 317-335. New York, NY, US: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 1990. x, 353 pp.

Abstract:   (from the chapter) discuss findings that cut across

studies [in this volume], that are based on comparisons of studies, and

that therefore have special theoretical and clinical implications

the material in this chapter is grouped under the following headings:

relationships between developmental pathways and working models of self

and other; accumulating evidence for pathogenic effects of threatened

and actual separations, losses, and other attachment disruptions;

outcomes of actual and threatened separations in combination with

violence witnessed in parental quarrels or experienced in physical

punishments; and outcomes of separations and threats of separation in

combination with forced early sexual experiences including rape

  _____ 

Title:   Sex education, families and public policy.  

Author(s):  Whitfield, Richard, Cheltenham & Gloucester Coll of

Higher Education, Cheltenham, England

Source:   Sexual & Marital Therapy, Vol 5(1), 1990. pp. 5-24.

Publisher:  United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis

Abstract:  Societies that do not safeguard and support the

relations between men and women for procreation and childrearing

undermine the need for secure attachment. Without attachment, well-being

is displaced by destructiveness and despair. This results in the

development of a debilitating cultural history. Emotional education is

thus linked to human survival. Contemporary sex education is flawed

because it is rarely set within a model of human nature. Sex education

is subject to ambivalent social policies and confused values because it

is governed by fear of transient, disposable relationships. A more

constructive scenario is described, based on the ethical and educational

implications of knowledge about human nature and psychosocial and other

risks.

  _____ 

Title:   Unity and purpose in human lives: The emergence of identity as a

life story.      

Author(s):  McAdams, Dan P., Northwestern U, Professor of Education

& Psycholgoy, Evanston, IL, US

Source:  Studying persons and lives. Rabin, Albert I. (Ed); Zucker,

Robert A. (Ed); et al; pp. 148-200. New York, NY, US: Springer

Publishing Co, 1990. xv, 349 pp.

Abstract:  (from the chapter) what is the person from the

standpoint of the person / how does a person define him- or herself as a

person / it is from this subjective standpoint, I believe, that the

person can be said to be a history--a subjectively composed and

construed life story that integrates one's past, present, and future

the main thesis of my life story model of identity is that a person

defines him- or herself by construing an autobiographical story of the

self, complete with setting, scene, character, plot, and theme / the

story is the person's identity

"lives are organized in the same manner as other narratives, including

historical interpretations, and are understandable according to the same

socially shared definition of a sensible or followable presentation" /

it is this rather literal interpretation of Murray's statement that I

wish to pursue in this chapter, with the goal of outlining for the first

time a life-span perspective for the emergence of identity as a life

story / let us then explore how the person composes and, indeed, becomes

a history over the course of the human life cycle

narrative tone: the attachment bond in infancy / early childhood images

/ human intentions and the organization of motives / the emergence of a

narrative self / formal operations and the ideological setting / the

nature of the imago / the teleogical transformation of narrative

Conference Notes: This volume represents the contributions to the

latest Murray Lectures, held on the campus of Michigan State University

in the spring of 1988.   

  _____ 

Title:   Sibling research in historical perspective: The discovery of a

forgotten relationship.        

Author(s):  Bedford, Victoria H., Purdue U, West Lafayette, IN, US

Source:   American Behavioral Scientist, Vol 33(1), Sep-Oct 1989. pp.

6-18.

Publisher:   US: Sage Publications

Abstract:   Discusses theoretical and empirical studies of sibling

relationships from different disciplinary perspectives. Contributions of

siblings to human development include issues related to

attachment-individuation and kinship bonds. Birth order, family process,

and the intense feelings siblings generate influence personal

development. Sibling influence on social development and the lifelong

sibling tie are also explored.

  _____ 

Title:   Relationships between nursing patterns, supplementary food intake and breast-milk intake in a rural Thai population.   

Author(s):  Drewett, R. F., U Durham Science Labs, England; Woolridge, M. W.; Jackson, D. A.; Imong, S. M.; et al.

Source:   Early Human Development, Vol 20(1), Sep 1989. pp. 13-23.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:       Examined relationships between nursing patterns,

supplementary food intake (SFI) and breastmilk intake (BMI) in 52 Thai

babies (aged < 1 yr). Data were collected over 2 consecutive, 24-hr

periods. Total sucking time and SFI were significant predictors of BMI

after allowing for age of baby. Number of breastfeeds per day and their

mean duration was determined for each case, counting each episode of

attachment to the breast as a separate feed. Number of feeds was

linearly related to BMI and combined with age was as good a predictor of

BMI as total sucking time. A simple count of breastfeeds was found to be

as valuable as other measures of sucking duration in predicting BMI.

During the 1st yr, time spent sucking gradually decreased with the age

of the baby.   

  _____ 

Title:   The co-construction of representational activity during social interaction.   

Series Title:   Crosscurrents in contemporary psychology

Author(s):     Strayer, Floyd Francis, U Quebec, Dept of Psychology, Professor, Montreal, PQ, Canada; Moss, Ellen

Source:         Interaction in human development. Bornstein, Marc H. (Ed);

Bruner, Jerome S. (Ed); pp. 173-196. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 1989. xv, 306 pp.         

Abstract:       (from the chapter) the investigation of social

interaction during early childhood strongly supports predictions from a

biosocial model of early cognitive development that gives primacy to the

social construction of intellectual activity / both the quality and the

diversity of interpersonal relationships influenced the transfer of

information and shaped children's emerging representational activity

both the diversity and quality of social experience was associated with the more rapid emergence of complex problem-solving tactics

suggest that human infants may benefit from multiple parental resources,

especially when they are caught in a potentially adverse primary attachment bond

social relations as contexts for cognitive growth social construction of representational tactics

  _____ 

Title:   The "parent loss" of empathic failures and the model symbolic restitution of eating disorders.       

Author(s):     Krueger, David W., Baylor Coll of Medicine, Clinical

Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Houston, TX, US

Source:         Problem of loss and mourning: Psychoanalytic perspectives. Dietrich, David R. (Ed); Shabad, Peter C. (Ed); pp.

213-230. Madison, CT, US: International Universities Press, Inc, 1989. xxi, 499 pp.   

Abstract:       (from the chapter) thesis is that certain empathic

failures have results similar to actual loss of a parent / these

empathic failures--experienced as the loss of emotional connectedness

and bonding with a parent--are experienced as emotional loss just as

"real" as an actual physical loss of a parent by separation or death

present a summary of the empathic matrix and process in which body self

and psychological self are formed and integrated

to illustrate the developmental impact of empathic failure upon both

body and psychological self, I will focus consistently on patients with

eating disorders / those individuals who present with bulimia and

anorexia nervosa demonstrate in a most vivid and extreme manner the

crucial developmental arrests leading to pathological narcissism, as

well as the process and content of restitutive efforts to create what

was missing in their development and currently in their self functioning

clinical vignettes will illustrate issues along a developmental

continuum which result in the common denominator of eating disorders as

an attempted restitution for earliest failed empathy (self regulation) to later replacement of a missing object (loss of a parent as a distinct object)   

  _____ 

Title:   Temperament and development.    

Author(s):     Rothbart, Mary Klevjord, U Oregon, Dept of Psychology, Eugene, OR, US

Source:         Temperament in childhood. Kohnstamm, Geldolph A. (Ed); Bates,

John E. (Ed); et al; pp. 187-247. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1989. xvii, 641 pp.   

Abstract:       (from the chapter) begins with a discussion of some of

the meanings of developmental stability and instability, and continues

with a discussion of temperament during the newborn period, infancy, the

preschool, and childhood years, with a short section on temperament and

personality in adulthood

attempt is made to relate temperament to social development

newborn period / negative emotionality / activity level /

distractibility and attention span / approach-withdrawal / temperament

and caregiver-infant interaction / early infancy / positive emotionality

/ late infancy / inhibition of approach (behavioral inhibition) /

inhibition of approach: possible sex differences / sociability /

attention span and effort / ego-control and ego-resiliency

preschool years / verbal self-regulation and effortful control / effort

and social regulation / sociability and shyness

adulthood / negative and positive emotionality / activity level and

constraint / developmental influences upon temperament assessment

developmental changes in levels of control / temperament and social

control / initial regulation / reciprocal exchange / initiative /

focalization and attachment / self-assertion / self-regulation via

others: Horney's theory / mastery motivation, temperament, and

effectance

(from the preface) a long review of research on temperament during the

course of early development

  _____ 

Title:   Possessions and the extended self.

Author(s):     Belk, Russell W., U Utah, Graduate School of Business, Salt Lake City, US

Source:         Journal of Consumer Research, Vol 15(2), Sep 1988. pp. 139-168.

Publisher:      US: Univ of Chicago Press

Abstract:       Presents evidence suggesting that possessions are an

important part of the sense of self, focusing on studies of possessions

in self-perception research. Functions of the extended self are explored

by studying how the 3 basic states of existence (having, doing, and

being) affect self-perception. The functions of possessions in human

development are reviewed. Processes involved in self-extension are

discussed, including initial incorporation of objects into the extended

self, attachment of good and bad aspects of objects to the self

(contamination), and maintenance of multiple levels of the self. Areas

of consumer behavior that are affected by self-extension are considered.   

  _____ 

Title:   Loneliness: A life-span, family perspective.

Series Title:   New perspectives on family

Author(s):     Perlman, Daniel, U of British Columbia, School of Family & Nutritional Sciences, Director, Lecturer in Psychology, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Source:         Families and social networks. Milardo, Robert M. (Ed); pp. 190-220. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc, 1988. 237 pp.

Abstract:       (from the chapter) chart some of the fluctuations in

loneliness that occur in conjunction with human development and the

family life cycle

loneliness: definition, demographics, and causes

are there certain times in life or certain family life roles that are .

. . linked to loneliness

how do parent-child and marital relations contribute to loneliness

do family life transitions such as parenthood or becoming widowed alter

levels of loneliness

as we go through the life cycle, do the predictors of loneliness wax and

wane in importance

importance of intergenerational transmission and early attachment

factors contributing to adolescent loneliness

correlates of loneliness among the elderly

suggestions . . . on how loneliness can be avoided and alleviated 

  _____ 

Title:   Feminine development through the life cycle.       

Series Title:   Developments in clinical psychology

Author(s):     Conarton, Sharon;

Silverman, Linda Kreger

Source:         Feminist psychotherapies: Integration of therapeutic and

feminist systems. Dutton-Douglas, Mary Ann (Ed); Walker, Lenore E. A. (Ed); pp. 37-67. Westport, CT, US: Ablex Publishing, 1988. vi, 312 pp.

Abstract:       (from the chapter) we will emphasize the development of

the gifted woman, since her experience amplifies the phenomena we are

attempting to describe

developmental theories and feminist therapy / a critique of theories of

development / bonding / orientation to others / cultural adaptation /

awakening and separation / the development of the feminine / empowerment

/ spiritual development / integration

  _____ 

Title:   Effects of bereavement/loss and pre-event status on subsequent physical health in older adults.       

Author(s):     Murrell, Stanley A., U Louisville, KY, US;

Himmelfarb, Samuel; Phifer, James F.

Source:         International Journal of Aging & Human Development, Vol 27(2), 1988. pp. 89-107.

Publisher:      US: Baywood Publishing

Abstract:       Interviewed Ss aged 55+ yrs before and after 3 types of

bereavement/loss: attachment bereavement (child, spouse, parent),

nonattachment bereavement (sibling, grandchild, close friend), and other

losses (nonbereavements). Five measures of health were used. Before

pre-event health was accounted for on self-report measures of health

status and medical conditions, pre-event measures of environmental

factors and impact measures of bereavement/loss events had significant

but modest effects on post-event health. However, after pre-event health

was taken into account, the effects of bereavement and other losses were

not significant. Bereavement/loss events were not related to subsequent

deaths, health events, or the use of medical services.

  _____ 

Title:   A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development.

Author(s):     Bowlby, John, Tavistock Clinic, Honorary Staff Member, London, England

Source:         New York, NY, US: Basic Books, Inc, 1988. xii, 205 pp.   

Abstract:       (from the jacket) Thirty years ago the British

psychiatrist John Bowlby revolutionized our understanding of human

development by scientifically demonstrating that the nature of our early

bonds with our parents plays a crucial role throughout our lives. . . .

Now Bowlby elaborates these ideas and offers further evidence of the ways in which strong emotional ties promote mental health.

"A Secure Base" illuminates many other aspects of intimate

relationships, including fathers' unique roles, the origins of

depression in childhood experience, and the special communication between psychotherapists and their patients.

  _____ 

Title:   The attachment cycle: An object relations approach to the healing ministries.    

Author(s):     Garanzini, Michael J., U of San Francisco, Associate

Professor of Educational Psychology & Counseling, San Francisco, CA, US

Source:         Mahwah, NJ, US: Paulist Press, 1988. iv, 188 pp.

Abstract:       (from the cover) The cycle of attachment, separation,

loss and reattachment is the dynamic process by which we grow.

This book develops the cycle of attachment as a model for growth and

healing. It explores the development of the cycle by the Object

Relations school of psychology, focusing on the contributions of Freud,

Sullivan, Klein, Mahler, Winnicott and Fairbairn. Through the use of

case studies, Father Garanzini shows how an understanding of the

attachment cycle can assist pastoral counselors in facilitating the process of healing.   

  _____ 

Title:   Projective measures in the clinical evaluation of sexually abused children.      

Author(s):     Miller, Thomas W., U Kentucky Medical Ctr, Lexington, US; Veltkamp, Lane J.; Janson, Darcy

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 18(1), Fal 1987. pp. 47-57.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic

Abstract:       Discusses the use of human figure drawings (HFDs) as a

strategy for assessing clinically relevant experiences of sexually

abused children. It is suggested that HFDs can be used in evaluation,

treatment, and in court room testimony. Use of HFDs has assisted in the

examination process and yielded valuable data that have been beneficial

in defining issues related to psychological attachment; neglect;

physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. The use of projective

measures such as HFDs allows the expression features of personality that

it may be impossible to obtain in a self-report measure or clinical

interview. Case illustrations are provided.

  _____ 

Title:   Locomotor development and oral reflexes. 

Author(s):     Sugar, Max, Tulane U School of Medicine

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 17(3), Spr 1987. pp. 141-151.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       Hypothesizes that trauma to oral zone reflexes in the

newborn causes interference with the development of locomotion,

initiation efforts, affect, and attachment. It is maintained that the

newborn has a repertoire of oral zone reflexes that are intimately

involved with experiences and expressions related to distress and

pleasure. They help develop signaling, which leads to relief of

distress. The signaling involves bicycling of all limbs, with facial and

vocal accompaniments. It is concluded that the locomotor apparatus is

intimately related to the oral zone reflexes and that disturbances may

be seen in different degrees in various deprivation states (e.g.,

hospitalism, anaclitic depression, failure to thrive, congenital blindness and deafness).   

  _____ 

Title:   Jonah and Narcissus: Self-integration versus self-destruction in human development.

Author(s):     Kaplan, Kalman J., Northwestern U Medical School, Older Adult Program, Chicago, IL, US

Source:         Studies in Formative Spirituality, Vol 8(1), Feb 1987. Special

issue: Spiritual formation: Contemporary Jewish perspectives. pp. 33-54.

Publisher:      US: Institute of Formative Spirituality

Abstract:       Discusses the suicide-promoting aspects of the Greek

myth of Narcissus and the suicide-preventing aspects of the Hebrew story

of Jonah within the context of a multistage, multilevel developmental

model of human individuation and attachment. The suicidogenic element in

the Narcissus myth stems from his inability to integrate attachment and

individuation behaviors: Narcissus is first individuated at the expense

of attachment and then attached at the expense of individuation--a

conflict he resolves through self-murder. In the Jonah narrative, the

covenantal intervention of God provides a protective sanctuary that

allows Jonah to harmoniously reconcile his attachment-individuation

dilemma. Thus, Jonah's rejection of egoistic and altruistic resolutions need not lead to narcissistic oscillation or anomic suicide.

  _____ 

Title:   Relationship maturity: A conceptual and empirical approach.      

Author(s):     White, Kathleen M., Boston U, MA, US;

Speisman, Joseph C.; Costos, Daryl;Smith, Althea

Source:         Contributions to Human Development, Vol 18, 1987. pp. 81-101.

Publisher:      Switzerland: S Karger AG

Abstract:       Proposes the construct of relationship maturity, giving

emphasis to (1) attachment as a developmental process complementing

individuation and (2) transactional aspects of human development

occurring within its social contexts. Three levels (self-focused,

role-focused, individuated-connected) of relationship maturity have been

identified. Cultural expressions and transactional aspects of

relationship maturity are discussed. It is suggested that individuation

and attachment are separate but interdependent processes whose

development, over the course of the life span, has implications for the

individual's relationships with others; both are essential to mature relationships.

  _____ 

Title:   Interpersonal development across the life span: Communion and

its interaction with agency in psychosocial development.

Author(s):     Bar-Yam Hassan, Aureet, Boston U, MA, US;Bar-Yam, Miriam

Source:         Contributions to Human Development, Vol 18, 1987. pp. 102-128.

Publisher:      Switzerland: S Karger AG

Abstract:       Presents stages of communion development (interpersonal

connectedness) to correct for agentic bias in traditional theories. The

following stages are discussed in the context of E. Erickson's (1950,

1968) stages and interpersonal needs (as posited by R. Kegan [1982], J.

Loevinger [1976], and A. Maslow [1954]): incorporative bonding vs

withdrawal, secure attachment vs fear of abandonment, interactive

association vs egocentric disregard, social relatedness vs

self-insistence, affiliation vs exclusion, belonging vs alienation,

intimacy vs isolation, interdependence vs interpersonal constriction,

interpersonal acceptance vs relational distress.

  _____ 

Title:   Personality: Primate heritage and human distinctiveness. 

Series Title:   Michigan State University Henry A. Murray lectures in personality

Author(s):     Buss, Arnold H., U of Texas, Professor of Psychology, TX, US

Source:         Emergence of personality. Aronoff, Joel (Ed); Rabin, Albert I. (Ed); et al; pp. 13-48. New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing Co, 1987. xiv, 257 pp.

Abstract:       (from the chapter) distinguish personality traits that

are part of our primate heritage from personality traits that are distinctively human

primate personality / features / temperament / attachment / juvenile period

human personality / distinctive features / evolutionary perspective

  _____ 

Title:   Intimate partners: Patterns in love and marriage. 

Author(s):     Scarf, Maggie, Writer, New Haven, CT, US

Source:         New York, NY, US: Random House, 1987. xvi, 428 pp.  

Abstract:       (from the jacket) What goes on in our intimate

attachments: It is the subject which affects us more than any other, and

yet it is the one we know the least about. Why do we choose the mates we

choose? What affects the way a love relationship develops? What makes

some marriages endure while others splinter apart?

These and many other questions are explored in this remarkable book.

Scarf exposes what goes on beneath the surface of love as we meet a

couple in the very early phase of marriage, and then go on to meet

couples at varying stages of the life-cycle. She shows the ways in which

such issues as power and control, intimacy and autonomy exert strong

effects upon patterns of partnership. The role of sex, the impact of

children, the self-image of each of the spouses--these are among the

many topics about which Scarf makes original and surprising

observations. She analyzes the power of the past: the ways in which

unconscious expectations and patterns of relating brought by each

partner from his or her family of origin determine the nature of the

emotional system a couple creates. She reveals how problems of the past

are often the real source of conflict in the present. She explains how

emotional triangles, involving a child, an in-law, a lover or a boss,

are used by intimate partners to handle tensions within the marriage

itself. What can a couple do to understand the basic architecture of

their relationship--and to make changes and improvements, if they want

to? Scarf shows how to make a family genogram, a road map of each

partner's inherited emotional history. And in a fascinating section on

tasks, she explains simple exercises that couples can do to resolve

tension and conflict and to change the very nature of the world they share.   

  _____ 

Title:   Sex and the superego: Psychic war in men and women (rev. ed.).        

Author(s):     Lewis, Helen Block, Yale U, New Haven, CT, US

Source:   Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 1987. xv, 328 pp.   

Abstract:       (from the preface) The new title of this updated volume

reflects my deepended appreciation of the extent to which a person's sex

determines his or her responses within the attachment system. Sex and

the Superego traces this sex difference in acculturation from its

childhood beginnings into the striking differences between adult men and

women in their typical forms of madness. It shows how often mental

illness illuminates by caricature the stereotypical roles of men and women in our exploitative society.

  _____ 

Title:   Attachment theory and clinical implications for at-risk children.       

Author(s):     Weitzman, Jack, San Jose Hosp, CA; Cook, Ruth E.

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 17(2), Win 1986. pp. 95-103.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       Cites recent research indicating that attachment

behavior is a resilient and complex biosocial, interactional phenomenon.

It is suggested that the attachment bond is more plastic than originally

conceived, and the role of the mothers is less critical than responsive,

stable caretaking. Five implications for clinical interventions with

at-risk children are offered, including the following: (1) Infants with

congenital disorders or difficult temperament of constitution will put

an added stress on the bonding process, including the possibility that

such infants are somehow biologically limited in their bonding ability.

(2) Insecurely attached infants and children with histories of traumatic

abuse can be aided by enriched environments and psychosocial

intervention. (3) Opportunities should be created for the development of stable peer relationships. (31 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Das Festhalten und die Problematik der Bindung im Autismus: Theoretische Betrachtungen.        

Translated Title:       Holding and attachment in autism: Theoretical considerations.        

Author(s):     Gruen, Arno;Prekop, Jirina

Source:         Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 35(7), Oct

1986. pp. 248-253.

Publisher:      Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

Abstract:       Proposes a theory of attachment formation or bonding in

which body contact and tactual stimulation between mother and child

constitute the underpinnings for human development. On the basis of this

theory, holding therapy for autistic children represents a strategy for

compensating for developmental deficits. The roles of parental

responsibility and power in holding therapy are discussed. (English abstract)   

  _____ 

Title:   The attachments cycle in human development: Contributions of

selected object relations theorists to a pastoral model of therapy.       

Author(s):     Garanzini, Michael J., Graduate Theological Union

Source:         Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol 47(1-B), Jul 1986. pp. 373.

Publisher:      US: Univ Microfilms International

  _____ 

Title:   Transitional object attachment in normal and in chronically disturbed adolescents.       

Author(s):     Free, Kathleen, Chestnut Lodge Reseach Inst, Rockville, MD; Goodrich, Wells

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 16(1), Fal 1985. pp. 30-44.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       Tested the hypotheses that (1) disturbed adolescents

have had a more prolonged attachment to a transitional object (TO) in

childhood than did normal adolescents and (2) disturbed adolescents are

more likely to have a current attachment to a TO than are normal

adolescents. Ss, aged 12-21 yrs, were 27 disturbed inpatients and 30

normal adolescents. All Ss and their parents completed questionnaires

about the Ss' childhood and adolescent TO attachment. Results show that

neither occurrence nor duration of attachment to a childhood TO had a

statistically significant bearing on psychopathology in adolescence.

Attachment to a TO in adolescence, particularly if it was the 1st time a

TO had been used, was significantly related to psychopathology and/or to

the treatment situation. Thus, findings support Hypothesis 1 but not Hypothesis 2. (33 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Cognitive and social development in infants and toddlers with a bipolar parent.         

Author(s):     Zahn-Waxler, Carolyn, NIMH Lab of Developmental Psychology, Bethesda, MD;

Chapman, Michael; Cummings, E. Mark

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 15(2), Win 1984. pp. 75-85.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       Compared early patterns of cognitive and social

development in 7 children from families with and 20 children from

families without a parent with bipolar illness. Ss were followed

longitudinally during the 2nd and 3rd yrs of life. They were

administered normed infant tests to assess physical object permanence,

self-recognition, social role-taking, and attachment to the caregiver.

There were no deficits in the performance of Ss from bipolar families on

the cognitive tests. In contrast, on assessments that involved social

relations, either with other persons or with symbolic representations of

others, there were significant disturbances. Ss with a bipolar parent

showed developmental deficits in taking another's perspective, and they

displayed insecure patterns of attachment. (21 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Discussion of "From attachment to affiliation."     

Author(s):     Berry-Teichner, Gail W., City U New York, Mt Sinai School of Medicine

Source:         American Journal of Psychoanalysis, Vol 44(1), Spr 1984. pp. 93-97.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Criticism of J. R. Bemporad's study, paper presented at Association for Advancement of Psychoanalysis symposium, 1983    

Abstract:       In a presentation made at the attachment symposium at

the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis in New York in

March 1983, the author discusses J. R. Bemporad's report on the latency stage, which spans the period

between the attachment and affiliation stages of human development.

Although Bemporad presented cases in which Ss were assumed to be

successful in infantile separation stages, the present author suggests

that problems in infantile separation contributed to and were part of

latency-age problems. It is suggested that affiliative behavior is not

primary but secondary to earlier failures. (2 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Life events and interdependent lives: Implications for research and intervention.     

Author(s):     Pruchno, R. A., Miami Jewish Home & Hosp for the Aged, Stein Gerontological Inst, FL;

Blow, F. C.; Smyer, M. A.

Source:         Human Development, Vol 27(1), Jan-Feb 1984. pp. 31-41.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       The thesis that a single life event (e.g., bereavement,

parenthood, or divorce) has the capacity to affect several lives is

related to theories of attachment and interdependence that identify the

bonds between people and to theories of roles that define the ways in

which these relationships are operationalized. The concept of

"life-event webs" is introduced to describe the complex relations

between individuals within networks such as families through a life-span

developmental perspective. Research challenges posed by this

conceptualization include the definition of networks, assessment of the

impact of events on each member, and the use of the web rather than the

individual as the unit of analysis. This perspective also implies that

intervention is likely to be most helpful when it is focused on the web

of individuals affected by a particular life stress. (45 ref)

  _____ 

Translated Title:       Trends in the psychology of adult development and aging in the U.S.A.       

Author(s):     Yamamoto, Koichi, Osaka Gakuin U, Japan

Source:         Japanese Psychological Review, Vol 27(3), 1984. pp. 230-246.

Publisher:      Japan: Society of Japanese Psychological Review

Abstract:       Reviews trends in research on the psychology of adult

development and aging in the US. Comparison of the focus of the 8

reviews of the Annual Review of Psychology over the past 4 decades

reveals quantitatively significant changes in the nature of the comments

and the types of articles cited. The reviews of N. W. Shock (1951) and

I. Lorge (1965) were concerned with the birth of the psychology of aging

through gerontological research. The reviews of J. E. Birren (1960) and

S. M. Chown and A. Heron (1965) focused on the maturation of the

psychology of aging. J. Botwinick (1970) and K. W. Schaie and K. Gribbin

(1975) emphasized the clarification of theories, especially regarding

methodology. P. B. Baltes et al (1980) and Birren et al (1983) suggested

that attention be directed toward life-span studies through projects

incorporating biological, sociological, and psychological research with

more sophisticated methods and multiple sampling levels. Birren and

Schaie (1985) expressed the same viewpoint. Birren's The Psychology of

Aging (1964) was cited in 4 reviews. The major journals cited in 8

reviews were Journal of Gerontology, Human Development (Vita Humana),

Journal of Genetic Psychology, and Developmental Psychology. The use of

key concepts (e.g., counterpart, cautiousness, plasticity, attachment,

and wisdom) to understand old age is proposed. Guided autobiography is

recommended as a promising approach for both clinical and theoretical

work. (44 ref)    

  _____ 

Title:   Communication in early infancy: Three common assumptions examined and found inadequate.    

Author(s):     Packer, Martin J., U California, Berkeley

Source:    Human Development, Vol 26(5), Sep-Oct 1983. pp. 233-248.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Investigated 3 assumptions concerning the nature of

communicative interaction between infants and adults: (1) Interaction is

instrumentally oriented. (2) Meaning is obvious and unitary. (3) Change

has an external source. Each of these assumptions is examined with

reference to research on attachment theory, the microanalytic approach,

and cognitivist orientations. Narrative records from videotapes made

during a longitudinal study of a 6-wk-old infant girl and her mother

were studied. It is concluded that communicative activity is an ongoing

compromise, a cooperation and a working-out, between infant and adults.

Communication is not simply instrumentally oriented; consensus in its

preconventional manifestation as shared affectivity is one outcome.

Meanings of the infant's acts are essentially ambiguous, have a

structure of "force" and "content," and are negotiated in practice. In

the 1st 6 mo of life, the infant is caught up in social exchanges that

inevitably shape basic aspects of bodily management in ways that

reflect, and are a consequence of, the forms of conduct that adults

recognize and follow. This happens in the absence of the symbolic

representation or the conventionalized communication of social meanings

by the infant; yet it is an activity that is a direct precursor to

communication adulthood. (14 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   A consideration of abortion survivors.       

Author(s):     Ney, Philip G., U Otago, Christchurch Clinical School, New Zealand

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 13(3), Spr 1983. pp. 168-179.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers  

Abstract:       Hypothesized that children who have siblings terminated

by abortion have psychological conflicts similar to those of children

who survive disasters or siblings who die of accident or illness. There

is evidence that children are aware of their mother's pregnancy

termination. Having been chosen to survive, these children may have

considerable conflicts regarding their existence. Since their life

depends on being wanted, they may become obsessively determined to

please or they may feel a deep sense of obligation to their parents. If

children have already lost a parent, the child may look on his or her

new unborn sibling as a potential attachment. To be deprived by his or

her mother's choice may stir latent hostility within the child, the

expression of which would be inhibited by the child's determination to

stay wanted. Abortion survivors may be overprotected by parents

attempting to deal with their unresolved guilt. As a substitute child,

the abortion survivor may have impossible expectations placed on him or

her. It is suggested that since approximately 50% of Western children

are abortion survivors, there is need to analyze their individual and collective responses. (47 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Foreldres omsorgsfunksjon og småbarns omsorgsbehov.   

Translated Title:       Childcare and young children's affiliative needs.

Author(s):     Smith, Lars, U Oslo, Psykologisk Inst, Norway

Source:         Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, Vol 30(3), Mar 1983. pp. 119-127.

Publisher:      Norway: Norsk Psykologforening

Abstract:       Examines the concepts of maternal deprivation and

mother-infant attachment and presents some applied illustrations. Recent

studies that challenge the view that the 1st few years of life have

crucial effects on later development are reviewed. It is concluded that

deleterious influences must continue a long time or recur frequently in

order to be of much importance. The malleability of early human

development is documented by examining the prognoses of children who

were brought up in adverse environments and who were subsequently adopted. (29 ref) 

  _____ 

Title:   The effect of early contact on maternal perception of infant behavior.      

Author(s):     Craig, Sandra, Callier Ctr for Communication Disorders, Dallas, TX; Tyson, Jon E.; Samson, Judith; Lasky, Robert E.

Source:         Early Human Development, Vol 6(2), Apr 1982. pp. 197-204.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:       The effect of extra maternal-infant contact during the

1st postpartum hr on maternal perception of infant behavior 1 mo after

delivery was measured by the Neonatal Perception Inventory (NPI) and

attachment questions. All mothers were indigent primiparas who vaginally

delivered normal, term infants. 60 mother-infant dyads were randomly

assigned to either an extra or routine contact group. 49 mothers were

available 1 mo later for home visits. Scores on the NPI were not

significantly affected by either degree of contact or the sex of the

child. There was also no difference between contact groups in the

maternal response to the attachment questions. Infant behaviors recorded

by 24 mothers during the 4 days following home visits were similar in

the 2 contact groups. Mothers reported significantly more negative

behaviors for female than for male infants. It is concluded that any

effects of extra contact during the 1st hr after birth on

maternal-infant interaction are unlikely to result from changes in

maternal perception of infant behavior. (13 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   The changeling myth and the pre-psychology of parenting.       

Author(s):     Muir, Roy, U Otago Medical School, Child & Family Section, Dunedin, New Zealand

Source:         British Journal of Medical Psychology, Vol 55(1), Mar 1982. pp. 97-104.

Publisher:      United Kingdom: British Psychological Society

Abstract:       Until recently, many European cultures used ritual magic

procedures to protect newborn children and their mothers from

supernatural beings. There seemed general recognition that this was a

hazardous period for mother and child even if the dangers were seen as

external. Several of these legends are recounted to illustrate a number

of recurring themes of interest to the student of human development. It

is proposed that the changeling legend explained, by attribution to

supernatural forces, such pathological developmental problems as early

failure of attachment, rejection, projective and identificatory

problems, and the separation-individuation process. A case is presented

of a young mother and her 3-yr-old daughter that illustrates important

elements of the legend, and an attempt is made to show how the legends may be understood in the light of developmental theory. (20 ref)    

  _____ 

Title:   Attachment to a special object at the age of three years: Behavior and temperament characteristics.

Author(s):     Garrison, William, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Earls, Felton

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 12(3), Spr 1982. pp. 131-141.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       Estimates the prevalence rate of attachment to a special

object in 99 3-yr-olds drawn from an ongoing epidemiologic survey. The

significance of object attachment at age 3 for the development of

behavioral disturbance was assessed, and data from parental reports of

temperament characteristics and observational codings (the Behavior

Screening Questionnaire and the Parent Temperament Questionnaire) of

play sessions in the home setting are presented. While it is concluded

that attachment to a special object is not related to behavioral

disturbance, certain temperamental and play behavior characteristics were significant. (21 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   On negativism.        

Author(s):     Wenar, Charles, Ohio State U, Columbus

Source:         Human Development, Vol 25(1), Jan-Feb 1982. pp. 1-23.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Presents a working definition of negativism, a

reconstruction of its development in the 1st year of life, and a review

of empirical and theoretical literature. New issues concerning the

origins and nature of negativism are raised in the light of recent

findings concerning attachment, autonomy, and temperament. Special

attention is paid to the development of "no" and symbolic negation. (2 p ref)

  _____ 

Title:   The nature of the life concept across the life-span.       

Author(s):     Sheehan, N. W., U Connecticut;

Papalia-Finlay, Diane E.; Hooper, F. H.

Source:         International Journal of Aging & Human Development, Vol 12(1), 1980-1981. pp. 1-13.

Publisher:      US: Baywood Publishing

Abstract:       Presents data for 90 Ss, aged 6-65+ yrs, showing a high

frequency of animistic responses in all age groups. While a significant

age effect was noted in the ability to categorize animate objects

accurately, animistic responding was generally unrelated to logical

classification ability or to analytic cognitive style. For 11-23 yr

olds, however, a significant relationship between animism and both

cognitive style and classification ability existed. An interpretation of

the results, which showed high levels of animistic thinking beyond

adolescence, does not support Piagetian theory. Rather, adults may

respond animistically because of emotional attachments they have formed

to certain meaningful physical objects. (13 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Young adults' relations with their grandparents: An exploratory study.

Author(s):     Hoffman, Edward, Massachusetts Mental Health Ctr, Boston

Source:         International Journal of Aging & Human Development, Vol 10(3), 1980. pp. 299-310.

Publisher:      US: Baywood Publishing

Abstract:       269 undergraduate females, each with at least 1 living

grandparent, responded to a survey that assessed their current frequency

of interaction and perceived emotional closeness with respect to each

living grandparent. Results suggest that the grandparent's kin position

relative to the Ss was a critical variable, more so than the

grandparent's sex, in influencing the intensity of the bond. Ss tended

to be significantly closer to maternal than paternal grandparents and

were significantly closer emotionally to the maternal grandmother than

to each of the other grandparents. Also found was a wide variability

among Ss in their current involvement and emotional attachment to grandparents. (14 ref)  

  _____ 

Title:   Woman's place in man's life cycle.  

Author(s):     Gilligan, Carol, Harvard U

Source:         Harvard Educational Review, Vol 49(4), Nov 1979. pp. 431-446.

Publisher:      US: Harvard Education Publishing Group

Abstract:       Uses literary and psychological sources to document the

ways in which theories of the life cycle model themselves only on the

lives of men, and thereby fail to account for the experiences of women.

This bias generates a concern with autonomy and achievement at the

expense of attachment and intimacy. Systematic attention to women's

lives will allow these concerns to be integrated into a more balanced

concept of human development. (31 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Prediction of preschool social behavior from social-emotional development at one year.   

Author(s):     Klein, Robert P., NIH, National Inst of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, MD;

Durfee, Joan T.

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 9(3), Spr 1979. pp. 145-151.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       To investigate later consequences of the early

mother-infant relationship, several measures of social-emotional and

cognitive-motivational development at 12 mo of age were correlated with

2 measures of preschool adjustment for 26 children. At age 12 mo, Ss

were rated on social competence, attachment to mother, persistence at

practicing emergent sensory-motor skills, and the Mental Development

Index from the Mental Scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.

At Ss' mean age of 45.1 mo, preschool ratings were obtained on the

Social Competence Scale. Results indicate that both measures of early

social functioning were related to more optimal adjustment in a peer

setting at age 3.5 yrs. Taken together, results provide empirical

support for the widely held but seldom tested hypothesis that the

quality of the early mother-infant tie has important consequences for the child's subsequent development in most areas. (14 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Symptoms of adopted children presenting to a large mental health clinic. 

Author(s):     Austad, Carol C., U Michigan;

Simmons, Tillmon L.

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 9(1), Fal 1978. pp. 20-27.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       The intake records of a selected sample of 33 children

(ages 2-16 yrs) adopted in early infancy are reviewed and their

presenting symptoms categorized. A majority of the children's symptoms

fell into the 1st 5 of 15 categories: Oppositional Behavior, Aggressive

Behavior, Antisocial Acting Out, Academic Problems, and Problems with

Peers. While these symptoms are not uncommon in nonadoptive clinic

cases, the authors note an emphasis on the adoptive parents'

disappointment and accusatory attitude toward these children, as well as

a high incidence of symptoms indicative of interpersonal difficulties

and problems in developing solid parental attachments and self-control. (8 ref)   

  _____ 

Title:   The development of attachment behaviors: An

organismic-developmental perspective.     

Author(s):     Serafica, Felicisima C., U Pittsburgh

Source:         Human Development, Vol 21(2), 1978. pp. 119-140.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger   

Abstract:       Investigated whether changes with age in infant

attachment behaviors follow a developmental progression. Five groups of

female infants, aged 8, 11, 14, 19, and 24 mo were observed

individually, within their respective homes, in a series of 6 3-min

episodes which involved varying types of separation. All attachment

behaviors manifested at 10-sec intervals were recorded by the

experimenter. Two classes of responses were monitored: proximity

behaviors--signalling, approach, and search, and contact

behaviors--sensorimotor, perceptual (auditory, tactual, and visual), and

conceptual symbolic behaviors. Data show partial support for the

hypothesis that the evolution of proximity behaviors follows an order of

increasing complexity, beginning with signalling as the dominant means,

followed by approach, and lastly, search. Some support was also obtained

for the hypothesis that the evolution of contact behaviors follows the

order of means whereby experience is constituted, beginning with

sensorimotor operations as the dominant means, followed by perceptual

operations, and lastly, conceptual-symbolic operations. Findings

indicate that changes with age in attachment behaviors follow a

progression consistent with the orthogenetic principle of development. (28 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   The attachment of a retarded child to an inanimate object: Translation into clinical utility.       

Author(s):     Haslett, Nancy R, Louisiana State U Medical Ctr, Div of Child Psychiatry, New Orleans;

et al.

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 8(1), Fal 1977. pp. 54-60.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       Describes the relationship of a moderately retarded

9-yr-old boy with autistic features to an inanimate object, relates this

relationship to his emotional development, and suggests methods for

utilizing observations of his behavior with the object for assessment of

cognition. It is suggested that the object differs only qualitatively

from a transitional object. Implications for the evaluation of retarded

children include (a) the necessity for approaches identical to those

used in evaluating intellectually normal children, and (b) the

interdisciplinary assessment with combinations of behavioral and dynamic

techniques. Implications for parent counseling, institutional policies,

therapeutic practice, psychological assessment, and personality theory

are outlined. (18 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Patterns of mother-infant behavior and subsequent childhood

psychosis: A research and case report.    

Author(s):     Massie, Henry N., Children's Hosp Psychiatry Div, Adolescent Day Treatment Ctr, San Francisco, CA

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 7(4), Sum 1977. pp. 211-230.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       Discusses and illustrates a case from research based on

the analysis of home movies of the infancies of children who later came

to psychiatric attention and were diagnosed as suffering from early

childhood psychosis. Examination of the infant's behavior in the 1st mo

of life indicated normal attachment modalities--clinging, gazing and

smiling, feeding, and touching--although the infant was somewhat less

than normally active compared to control babies. By contrast, the mother

did not reciprocate the child's movements toward ventral-ventral contact

and even prevented ventral-ventral closeness from occurring. Further

correlation of the prospective-like film data was made with the

mother-child phenomena observed and understood when the child was 4 yrs

old and the family came to treatment. This indicated that the deviant

behavior had complex structures embedded in the mother-child

relationship that are visible in simpler form in the filmed mother-child

interactions from the 1st mo of the child's life. Examples from the

child's therapy are presented along with paradigmatic sequences from the

film record of the 1st yr of life. Findings and associated hypotheses

are discussed in connection with other recent research that delineates

the profound, often biologically released, ways in which infants and

mothers interact from the time of the infants' birth, with consequences

for the development of nervous system, psychological, and behavior structures. 

  _____ 

Title:   The social network: A reconsideration of the concept of attachment.  

Author(s):     Weinraub, Marsha, Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State U; Brooks, Jeanne; Lewis, Michael

Source:         Human Development, Vol 20(1), 1977. pp. 31-47.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Examines the concept of attachment and finds it to be

somewhat confusing and restrictive. An alternative to this concept, a

social network approach, is offered to clarify the issues central to the

study of social relationships. The following definition features of

attachment are critically examined: (a) the affectionate quality of the

relationship; (b) the role of proximity-seeking and maintaining

behaviors; (c) the enduring quality of the relationship; (d) the

uniqueness of the relationship and differentiality of behavioral

expression; (e) attachment as an all-or-none phenomenon, and (f)

attachment as a "tie," "bond," or "behavioral system." A social network

approach is presented and specific propositions concerning this approach are outlined. (3 p ref)   

  _____ 

Title:   Group dialectics: The dynamics of groups over time.       

Author(s):     Ziller, Robert C., U Florida

Source:         Human Development, Vol 20(5), 1977. pp. 293-308.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       The temporal environment of groups is assumed to be at

least as important as space. The temporal environment becomes

particularly salient under conditions of changing group membership and

in the social psychology of long-term groups (such as families, friends,

and work groups) in contrast to short-term groups (such as juries and

laboratory groups). When considering long-term groups, macro-time

considerations lead to the emergent concepts of continuity (the relation

between past, present, and future), images of the future, attachment

among members, and groups in process. Small group theory and research

are reviewed within this framework, and new directions of research are

indicated which combine psychological and sociological approaches to the

dialectics of group behavior. It is maintained that the primary purpose

of the study of long-term groups is not prediction or control but understanding. (40 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Attachment: A life-span concept.  

Author(s):     Antonucci, Toni, Syracuse U

Source:         Human Development, Vol 19(3), 1976. pp. 135-142.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Introduces a symposium on attachment as a life-span

concept by reviewing advantages and disadvantages of the concept itself.

Examination of attachment with respect to theory and methodology yielded

suggestions which would (a) redefine the concept of attachment focusing

on the ontogenetic development of an individual throughout his/her

lifetime, and (b) foster the use of a more sensitive methodology. (15 ref)    

  _____ 

Title:   The attachment acquisition process as evidenced in the maternal conditioning of cued infant responding (particularly crying).       

Author(s):     Gewirtz, Jacob L., NIMH Lab of Developmental Psychology, Bethesda, MD

Source:         Human Development, Vol 19(3), 1976. pp. 143-155.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Discusses attachment as a metaphor and as a process. In

any segment of the life span, attachment labels a complex of an

individual's response patterns controlled by cues and consequences from

the appearance and behaviors of another. Any response (e.g., orienting,

smiling, or crying) cued by or differential (preference) responding to

that person can index attachment directly; disorganization patterns

and/or concomitant emotion effected by interference with those

cued-response systems can index attachment indirectly. Behavioral

indicators of attachments of children to others are surveyed, with

emphasis on crying cued by a mother's departures, separations, or

absences. Cued crying has often been an index of a baby's attachment to

its mother. In a conditioning frame, discriminated responding explains

drastic diminutions of cued responses denoting attachment in an

attachment figure's absence, and their marked reoccurrence on that

figure's reappearance; a concept of inner structure underlying

attachment that endures in the absence of the attachment figure is seen

as gratuitous. Some risks in using single (or few) attachment indices are explored. (2 p ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Attachment through the life-span: Some questions about dyadic bonds among adults.

Author(s):     Troll, Lillian E., Rutgers State U, New Brunswick; Smith, Jean

Source:         Human Development, Vol 19(3), 1976. pp. 156-170.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Examines dyadic bonds and adult linkages as examples of

adult attachments which are frequently manifested in relationships among

adult children and their aging parents. Results of a pilot study with a

nonrepresentative sample of 12 male and 12 female graduate students who

each reported on their relatives supported the hypothesis that family

bonds, both in dyadic affect and in family integration, override

separation and distance. Findings also support the need for a

reintroduction of extended family variables into the study of dyadic and group relationships. (47 ref)

  _____ 

Title:   Anxiety.       

Author(s):     Crastnopol, Margaret, Northwest Ctr for Psychoanalysis, Seattle, WA, US

Source:         Handbook of Interpersonal psychoanalysis. Lionells, Marylou

(Ed); Fiscalini, John (Ed); et al; pp. 139-164. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Analytic Press, Inc, 1995. xii, 914 pp.

Abstract:       (from the chapter) what is anxiety--it's range and

variations [the major conceptions of anxiety, comparing Interpersonal

and Freudian perspectives] / anxiety as a central organizing factor in

human development [the origins of anxiety; anxiety in the developmental

process: the formation of personifications, early cognitive processes,

the self-system, and security operations; anxiety's impact on cognition,

learning, socialization, and personal growth over the life course; an

alternative developmental perspective: anxieties stemming from

attachment/separation issues, anxiety in Interpersonal relating] / the

role of anxiety in the theory of technique [the patient's anxiety, the

analyst's anxiety, changes in anxiety over the course of treatment] /

psychopathological conceptualizations and anxiety / controversial issues

in the theory of anxiety / criticisms of Interpersonal views of anxiety

  _____ 

Title:   Interventions with later life families.

Author(s):     Shields, Cleveland G., U Rochester/Highland Hosp, Dept of Family Medicine, Rochester, NY, US; King, Deborah A.; Wynne, Lyman C.

Source:         Integrating family therapy: Handbook of family psychology and

systems theory. Mikesell, Richard H. (Ed); Lusterman, Don-David (Ed); et al; pp. 141-158. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association,

1995. xvii, 645 pp.

Abstract:       (from the book) [presents] a strength-vulnerability

model, which looks at strength factors, vulnerability factors, health

factors, and risk factors arising from the individual and family life

cycle / using this model, . . . examine how to assess the elderly and

their families from a life cycle and process-oriented perspective and

describe a 5-level biopsychosocial model of intervention / this model,

richly illustrated with case examples, stresses intervention for problems in problem solving, communication, and attachment-caregiving

  _____ 

Title:   Human development in the context of aging and chronic illness:  The role of attachment in Alzheimer's disease and stroke.

Author(s):     Wright, Lore K., Medical U of South Carolina, Charleston, US; Hickey, Joanne V.; Buckwalter, Kathleen C.; Clipp, Elizabeth C.

Source:         International Journal of Aging & Human Development, Vol 41(2),

1995. pp. 133-150.

Publisher:      US: Baywood Publishing

Abstract:       Examines 2 illness trajectories, Alzheimer's disease and

stroke, to illustrate emerging changes in human development over each

course of illness and the increasing importance of attachment behavior

among ill elders and their family members. It is argued that the

phenomenon of attachment links ailing older people to their environment, and that attachment is vital if human development is to continue.  

  _____ 

Title:   Development and adaptation: The contributions of the MacArthur Foundation and William Bevan.       

Author(s):     Garmezy, Norman, U Minnesota, MN, US

Source:         Psychology, science, and human affairs: Essays in honor of William Bevan. Kessel, Frank (Ed); pp. 109-124. Boulder, CO, US: Westview Press, 1995. vi, 299 pp.  

Abstract:       (from the chapter) focuses on a 14-yr span in which [the

author] was both witness to and participant in the emergence of the

Health Program of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation

which in its formative years was under the direction and leadership of W. Bevan

charting the MacArthur networks / the interdisciplinary vision / beyond

the networks / early attachments to the foundation / into the present /

the impact of the networks on an emergent developmental psychopathology

/ risk and resilience: windows into future research / the role of the

MacArthur Foundation in research on resilience

  _____ 

Title:   Culture and attachment: Perceptions of the child in context.     

Series Title:   Culture and human development: A Guilford series

Author(s):     Harwood, Robin L., U Connecticut, Dept of Human Development & Family Relations, Storrs, CT, US; Miller, Joan G.; Irizarry, Nydia Lucca

Source:         New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, 1995. xvi, 169 pp.      

Abstract:       (from the jacket) Bridging the fields of culture and

attachment, this book illuminates the relationship between them in 2

ways: It examines attachment from the perspective of culture, and then

evaluates 2 different cultures (Anglo and Puerto Rican) from the vantage

point of mothers' perceptions of attachment behavior. In so doing, the

volume delineates coherent conceptual frameworks that can be used to

guide research and to help interpret the results of cross-cultural attachment studies.

The authors use qualitative and quantitative methods to provide an in-depth view of desirable child behavior and long-term socialization goals among Anglo and Puerto Rican mothers of infants and toddlers.

This volume [is intended for] scholars investigating basic processes of

culture and human development, mental health professionals searching for

alternative heuristic frameworks, and professionals involved in

formulating policy regarding the social and emotional health of children.    

  _____ 

Title:   En route to a harmony of being: Viewing aloneness as a need in

development and child analytic work.       

Author(s):     Buchholz, Ester S., New York U, Dept of Applied Psychology, US; Chinlund, Caroline

Source:         Psychoanalytic Psychology, Vol 11(3), Sum 1994. Special issue:

Child analytic work. pp. 357-374.

Publisher:      : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Abstract:       The construct aloneness, proposed as a basic-level human

need, parallel to and of the same valency as attachment, is viewed in

the process of development over the life span. It is suggested that

focus on attachment and object relations has kept the regulatory

function of detachment, and thus aloneness, in partial eclipse.

Borrowing from the discourse of psycholinguistics, the authors view

aloneness as the unmarked member of a pair of antonyms,

aloneness/loneliness, rather than as the marked member of the pair,

attached/alone. The contributions of psychoanalysts across models and

infant researchers are recalled in the service of tracing the presence

of an aloneness need. Examples from psychoanalytic child treatments are

offered to illustrate the juxtaposition of aloneness and attachment in analytic discourse at successive developmental stages.

  _____ 

Title:   On life-history evolution: Comment.

Author(s):     Hawkes, Kristen, U Utah, Dept of Anthropology, Salt Lake City, US;

Rushton, J. Philippe

Source:         Current Anthropology, Vol 35(1), Feb 1994. pp. 39-46.

Publisher:      US: Univ of Chicago Press

Abstract:       Comments on J. S. Chisholm's

article on life-history theory and the development of reproductive strategies. Comments are presented by K. Hawkes and J. P. Rushton. A reply by Chisholm is also included.

  _____ 

Title:   Undivided attention: Creating secure attachments in families.    

Author(s):     Kirkland, John, Massey U, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Source:         Early Child Development & Care, Vol 97, Jan 1994. pp. 185-194.

Publisher:      United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis

Abstract:       Examines contemporary society from the point of view of

the enormous amount of apparent choice, the complexity of life in an

industrialized society, the redefinition of time, and the effect of

these conditions on human development. Two is considered the minimum

working unit for the study of human development and the individualism of

today's society is deplored. It is suggested that to make a difference

toward positive rather than pathological outcomes in development, the

general style of relationship interaction being perpetuated should be

examined. The triple motive theory (power, affiliation, intimacy) and

attachment theory are discussed. However, the triple motive theory is

considered much more manageable in accounting for human relationships.

Of the 3 motives, intimacy is seen as the most important. The author

suggests time without interruption (a minimum of 10 min per day) with

each child and others in one's care.

  _____ 

Title:   The longest bond: The sibling life cycle.    

Series Title:   Wiley series on personality processes

Author(s):     Cicirelli, Victor G., Purdue U, Professor of Developmental & Aging Psychology, West Lafayette, IN, US

Source:         Handbook of developmental family psychology and

psychopathology. L'Abate, Luciano (Ed); pp. 44-59. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1994. xiii, 462 pp.    

Abstract:       (from the chapter) most individuals' relationships with

their siblings are likely to be the longest bonds they will have with

anyone during their lives; therefore these relationships merit attention

/ presents new concepts, issues, areas of inquiry, and research findings

about the sibling relationship over the life cycle, citing literature

published since my earlier review in the first handbook of family

psychology [1985] / because the field is so broad, the approach taken in this chapter is topical

meaning of the sibling relationship / explaining sibling similarities

and differences / dimensions and types of relationships with siblings /

influence of siblings / siblings and psychotherapy / communication with

siblings / siblings as friends / siblings in family businesses / deviant

sibling relationships: incest, violence, and abuse / sibling helping

relationships / adult siblings as caregivers to elderly parents /

sibling death and grieving / explaining sibling relationships with the

adult attachment theory

  _____ 

Title:   The influence of separation orientation on life satisfaction in the elderly.   

Author(s):     Park, Douglas, Columbia River Mental Health Services, Vancouver, WA, US; Vandenberg, Brian

Source:         International Journal of Aging & Human Development, Vol 39(2), 1994. pp. 177-187.

Publisher:      US: Baywood Publishing

Abstract:       Studied the differential impact of environmental factors

(good health, involvement in social activity, and presence of a

confidant) on life satisfaction (LS) in 154 Ss (aged 58-91 yrs). Overly

dependent (OD) Ss tended to be more adversely affected by poor health

and inadequate formal activity than overly self-sufficient (OS) Ss.

Conversely, the presence of a confidant was associated with higher LS

scores in OD Ss and with decreased LS for OS Ss. The findings suggest

that separation orientation mediates the effects of living conditions in

the LS of the elderly. Issues of separation and attachment among the

elderly need further clarification.

  _____ 

Title:   From "Our Town" to "Ghost Town"? The changing context of home for rural elders.        

Author(s):     Norris-Baker, Carolyn, Kansas State U, Ctr for Aging, Manhattan, US; Scheidt, Rick J.

Source:         International Journal of Aging & Human Development, Vol 38(3), 1994. pp. 181-202.

Publisher:      US: Baywood Publishing

Abstract:       Employed an experiential field approach to explore

outcomes of the continuing rural crisis of the past decade for elderly

residents of 4 small Kansas towns. Rural changes threaten the survival

of many towns, and affect their elderly residents, who often have

enduring economic, social, and psychological investments in their homes

and communities. At the same time, changes associated with aging may

lead to transitions in the experience of home and community for these

elderly individuals, regardless of the town's health. Environmental

stressors related to housing and the meaning of attachment to home

within economically threatened communities are discussed. Findings

support previous research, while others reflect the region's unique

socio-historical environment as a part of the Western Frontier.  

  _____ 

Title:   Becoming attached: Unfolding the mystery of the infant-mother

bond and its impact on later life.    

Author(s):     Karen, Robert, Adelphi U, Derner Inst of Advanced Psychological Studies, Garden City, NY, US

Source:         New York, NY, US: Warner Books, Inc, 1994. ix, 500 pp.

Abstract:       (from the jacket) In "Becoming Attached," . . . Robert

Karen offers fresh insight into some of the most fundamental and

fascinating questions of emotional life.

Karen begins by tracing the history of attachment theory through the

controversial work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth as they struggled

in Britain and the US to get their ideas about the profound effects of

early childhood influences accepted. He chronicles thirty years of

groundbreaking studies that address such issues as: What does a child

need to feel that the world is a positive place and that he has value?

Is day care harmful for children under one year old? What experiences in

infancy will enable a person to develop healthy relationships as an

adult? Which of us are more likely to raise troubled children? How can

we be supported and how can we change?

In a world of working parents and makeshift day care, the need to assess

the impact of parenting styles and the bond between child and caregiver

is more urgent than ever. Karen demonstrates how different approaches to

mothering are associated with specific infant behaviors, such as

clinginess, avoidance, or secure exploration. He shows how these

patterns become ingrained and how they reveal themselves at age two, in

the preschool years, in middle childhood, and in adulthood. And, with

thought-provoking insights, he gives us a new understanding of how

negative patterns can be changed and resolved throughout a person's life.

More than an eye-opening presentation of the fierce debates that have

transformed the way we think about human bonds, "Becoming Attached" is

also a voyage of personal discovery.

  _____ 

Title:   Socioemotional development: Enduring issues and new challenges.       

Author(s):     Thompson, Ross A., U Nebraska, Lincoln, US

Source:         Developmental Review, Vol 13(4), Dec 1993. Special issue: Setting a path for the coming decade: Some goals and challenges. pp.

372-402.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:       Reviews current trends and forecasts future advances in

the study of socioemotional development, especially the challenges

inherent in studying socioemotional functioning in relation to allied

advances in cognition and self- and other-understanding. The importance

of the ecological context of developmental processes is considered, and

insights are applied from social and personality development to policy

problems concerning children and their families. Other topics discussed

include changing views of emotional development and emerging interest in

emotional regulation, new perspectives on classic questions of

temperament, continuing research challenges in the study of attachment

(e.g., representations of attachment), a reexamination of the nature of

parenting influences on offspring, and new concern with understanding

the physicosocial ecology of human development.

  _____ 

Title:   Psychopathology and relationship measures in children with inflammatory bowel disease and their parents.     

Author(s):     Szajnberg, Nathan, Children's Hosp of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, US; Krall, V.; Davis, P.; Treem, W.; et al.

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 23(3), Spr 1993. pp. 215-232.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       15 children (mean age 11.6 yrs) with inflammatory bowel

disease and their 27 parents were assessed for Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III (DSM-III) diagnoses, maternal

attachment, marital relationship, life stresses, illness severity, and

cognitive/affective profile. 11 children and 21 parents had psychiatric

diagnoses. Three children were suicidal, and 13 of the 15 mothers had

insecure attachment. Marital difficulties and medical severity correlated with life stress.  

  _____ 

Title:   Multiple caregiving among African Americans and infant attachment: The need for an emic approach.      

Author(s):     Jackson, Jacquelyne F., U California, Inst of Human Development, Berkeley, US

Source:         Human Development, Vol 36(2), Mar-Apr 1993. pp. 87-102.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Suggests an alternative approach for valid

characterization of African-American infant attachments: an "emic"

approach (EA) by J. W. Berry (1979). The EA to research is

culture-specific and makes discovery of behavioral configurations that

are normative for the focal culture a priority. To implement this

approach in conjunction with utilization of the attachment construct,

review of attachment-theoretical specifications for detection of

multiple attachments should precede instrument selection. J. P.

Jackson's (1983, 1991 [both unpublished]) study of care given to 37

healthy African-American infants showed patterns of multiple sources of

child care (mainly home-based), large social networks for infants, and

many new contacts during excursions. These findings neither fully

support nor fully refute the concept of attachment monotropy or the Strange Situation as an index for assessing monotropy.

  _____ 

Title:   "Multiple caregiving among African Americans and infant attachment: The need for an emic approach": Commentary.      

Author(s):     Van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Leiden U, Ctr for Child & Family Studies, Netherlands

Source:         Human Development, Vol 36(2), Mar-Apr 1993. pp. 103-105.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Comments that J. F. Jackson's alternative procedure on African American (AFA) multiple

attachments contain too few stressful components to activate the

attachment behavioral system in many cases. Conclusions about the

absence of monotropy in the AFA group therefore remain equivocal.

  _____ 

Title:   Death, hope, and sex: Life-history theory and the development of reproductive strategies.      

Author(s):     Chisholm, James S., U California, Davis, US

Source:         Current Anthropology, Vol 34(1), Feb 1993. pp. 1-24.

Publisher:      US: Univ of Chicago Press

Abstract:       Argues that early experiences with the causes or

correlates of death may sometimes have important developmental

influences on the way in which individuals allocate their reproductive

effort. Drawing on life-history theory to resolve the

adaptationist-mechanistic debate, it is suggested that human

reproductive behavior can be seen in terms of alternative strategies

that vary along a mating-effort-parenting-effort continuum. These

alternative strategies are not directly inherited, but some of their

important features are developmentally emergent. The discussion draws on

the model of the attachment process formulated by J. Belsky et al (see

record 1992-05035-001). Implications for evolutionary psychology are discussed. Nine comments and the author's reply are included.

  _____ 

Title:   From mistrust to trust: Through a stage vertically.         

Author(s):     Kaplan, Kalman J., Wayne State U, Detroit, MI, US; O'Connor, Nancy A.

Source:         Course of life, Vol. 6: Late adulthood (rev. and exp.

ed.). Pollock, George H. (Ed); Greenspan, Stanley I. (Ed); pp. 153-198.

Madison, CT, US: International Universities Press, Inc, 1993. x, 550 pp.

Abstract:       (from the chapter) our method of analysis evolves from a

multistage, multilevel conception of human development proposed by K.

Kaplan . . . entitled TILT [Teaching Individuals to Live Together] / the

logic of this model suggests that the underlying developmental process

across the life-span involves the integration of individuation and

attachment in a 1 step backward/2 steps forward fashion / this is why we

have referred to this journey as a "forward regression" to successively

more advanced life stages / delineate a template emerging from the TILT

model that we apply consecutively to each of E. Erikson's life stages /

attempt to demonstrate the continuities in personality patterning in

forms revolving around the stage-specific life issues

Conference Notes:    An initial version of this chapter was presented

at the 97th Meetings of the American Psychological Assn, held in New Orleans, LA, Aug, 1989.   

  _____ 

Title:   Individuation-attachment and suicide trajectory: A developmental guide for the clinician.        

Author(s):     Kaplan, Kalman J., Michael Reese Hosp & Medical Ctr, Dept of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, US;

Worth, Shirley A.

Source:         Omega: Journal of Death & Dying, Vol 27(3), 1993. pp. 207-237.

Publisher:      US: Baywood Publishing

Abstract:       Applies a 2-axis model of human development to the

problem of suicide trajectory. The approach represents a fundamental

shift in the way Eriksonian stages are viewed. This approach divides

interpersonal distance into 2 axes: attachment-detachment and

individuation-deindividuation represented by icons. Typical

interpretations of Erikson suggest healthy development is achieved by

resolving each stage crisis horizontally in favor of the syntonic as

opposed to the dystonic ego quality. A 2-axis view proposes that an

organism begins each stage at the negative or dystonic position in

reaction to the stage-initiating life event and must move ahead

vertically to achieve the positive syntonic quality and the attaining of

a stage-specific syntonic equilibrium. Successful development involves

not the avoidance of the negative or dystonic ego qualities at each

stage but the very plunging into each of them as the natural sequela of the preceding life event.

  _____ 

Title:   Differential parental attachment: Empirical support for the self-in-relation model.        

Author(s):     Calloni, Judith C., St Louis U, MO, US; Handal, Paul J.

Source:         Perceptual & Motor Skills, Vol 75(3, Pt 1), Dec 1992. pp. 904-906.

Publisher:      US: Perceptual & Motor Skills

Abstract:       Investigated the self-in-relation model of development

for men and women. Retrospective and current maternal and paternal

attachment was assessed for 52 male and 197 female university students.

Results support the self-in-relation model of development in that

significant differences between men and women were not found on past

maternal or past or current paternal attachment scores, but a

significantly higher current maternal attachment score was obtained for women than for men.

  _____ 

Title:   The socialization instinct: Individual, family, and social bonds.

Author(s):     Cherry, Andrew L., Barry U, School of Social Work, Miami Shores, FL, US

Source:         Journal of Applied Social Sciences, Vol 17(1), Fal-Win 1992-1993. pp. 125-139.

Publisher:      US: Springer Publishing Co

Abstract:       Individual, family, and social ties are proposed

responses to social bond instinct. First is the neonate's need for

physical contact and for the mother-child attachment, as the bond

continues to develop and influence behavior all during life. If the

individual bonding behavior is rewarded, bonding occurs with other

family members, friends, and groups. Studies that have explored the

strength of the social bond instinct and its viability as a theoretical

proposition are presented from the fields of anthropology, psychology,

sociology, and zoology. A summation is given of recent findings from

research conducted to test the influence of social bonds on different

groups and individuals in distinct situations (alcohol and drug use

among college students, health behavior among the elderly, and problems among runaway and homeless teenagers, including pregnancy).

  _____ 

Title:   Temperament and the transitional object. 

Author(s):     Haslam, Nick, U Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 22(4), Sum 1992. pp. 237-248.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       Examined transitional object (TO) attachments and

persistent oral habits of 37 3-yr-olds in relation to their present and

retrospectively rated infantile temperament via interviews with their

primary caregivers. Children attached to a TO were differentiable from

unattached children on infantile but not early childhood temperament, TO

attachments being associated with the slow-to-warm-up pattern of infant

temperament. TO attachments were independent from oral habits and were

interpreted to serve distinct nonpathological developmental functions.

Results suggest that temperament plays an etiological role in TO

attachments, but that the status of the object as a developmental marker is ambiguous.

  _____ 

Title:   Parental bonding and separation-individuation difficulties among late adolescent eating disordered women. 

Author(s):     Rhodes, Beverly, Porirua Hosp, New Zealand; Kroger, Jane

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 22(4), Sum 1992. pp. 249-263.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       Examined interpersonal and intrapsychic factors

associated with eating disorders in late adolescent women. Ss were 20

late adolescent eating disordered women (aged 18-22 yrs) and 20

age-matched symptom-free late adolescent female university students. All

Ss received the Eating Disorder Inventory, the Parental Bonding

Instrument, and the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence. Eating

disordered Ss reported significantly higher levels of maternal

overprotectiveness during childhood and had significantly higher levels

of separation anxiety and lower healthy separation scores than

noneating-disordered students.

Conference Notes:    Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development (1991, Seattle, Washington). 

  _____ 

Title:   Attachment theory and clinical social work.         

Author(s):     McMillen, J. Curtis, U Maryland, School of Social Work,

Baltimore, US

Source:         Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol 20(2), Sum 1992. pp. 205-218.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       Examines the development of attachment theory (J.

Bowlby, 1988), explores its place in current social work practice, and

proposes ways in which it may further enhance clinical social work.

Attachment theory is an important alternative to other psychosocial

approaches that attempt to explain how early childhood experiences may

affect later mental health. Attachment theory has expanded to include

views on human development, the evolution and maintenance of

psychopathology, and guidelines for clinical intervention. Its emphasis

on the cognitive makes it congenial to those who favor cognitive

approaches to individual therapy, and its emphasis on patterns of

attachment makes it appealing to family therapists. Most of the social

work practice using Bowlby's ideas are centered around separation and loss issues, either in child welfare or bereavement counseling.

  _____ 

Title:   Individuation, mutual connection and the body's resources: An interview with Lisbeth Marcher.     

Author(s):     Bernhardt, Peter, Bodynamic Inst, US Branch, Albany, CA, US

Source:         Journal of Prenatal & Perinatal Psychology & Health, Vol 6(4), Sum 1992. pp. 281-293.

Publisher:      US: Association for Pre-and Perinatal Psychology and Health (APPPAH)

Abstract:       Presents an interview with the Danish psychotherapist

Lisbeth Marcher, focusing on her somatically based theory of human

development. By testing the psychological content of each muscle

independently and by studying when each of these muscles first becomes

activated in the sequence of psychomotor development, Marcher has

acquired range and accuracy in interpreting body structure and process.

Marcher believes that the driving force in humans is the desire to be

connected to others and to the larger oneness that surrounds them. She

calls this the drive toward mutual connection and holds that the

essential field for this connection resides in the body. Marcher asserts

that it is not enough to reexperience traumatic situations to heal them.

It is necessary to create a new psychomotor imprint and activate resources hidden in the body.

  _____ 

Title:   Infantile depression, nonorganic failure to thrive, and DSM-III--R: A different perspective.        

Author(s):     Powell, Gerald F., U Texas Medical Branch, Child Health Center Dept of Pediatrics, Galveston, US; Bettes, Barbara A.

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 22(3), Spr 1992. pp. 185-198.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       A controversy exists regarding the classification of

nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT) within the psychiatric

nomenclature. There are a number of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders-III--Revised (DSM-III--R) diagnoses that may be applied

to NOFTT, including Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy and Major

Depressive Disorder. The behaviors characteristic of NOFTT are

symtomatic of depression and are similar to those exhibited by infants

with anaclitic depression as well as those of the adult with depression.

The correspondence of the behaviors of NOFTT and the DSM-III--R criteria

for Major Depression are reviewed, as are the conceptual and therapeutic reasons to view NOFTT infants as suffering from Depression.

  _____ 

Title:   Scaffolding and self-scaffolding: Central aspects of development.

Author(s):     Bickhard, Mark H., Lehigh U, Dept of Psychology, Bethlehem, PA, US

Source:         Children's development within social context, Vol. 1: Metatheory and theory; Vol. 2: Research and methodology. Winegar, Lucien T. (Ed);

Valsiner, Jaan (Ed); pp. 33-52. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 1992. xxi, 2 vol, 493, 2 vol pp.  

Abstract:       (from the chapter) scaffolding is usually conceptualized

in terms of informational or coordinative supportive behaviors that one

or more persons engages in for the benefit of another, usually an infant or child

propose a model of the functional role of scaffolding / show on the

basis of this model that scaffolding permeates all of development, with

a most important version being self-scaffolding, and a central instance

of self-scaffolding being provided by attachment

variation and selection constructivism / a neural maturational

scaffolding / attachment as scaffolding and self-scaffolding / the

evolutionary view of attachment / attachment and human sociality / the

grounds for human sociality / identification / cognitive, environmental,

and permanent scaffolds / theoretical prerequisites for a model of

functional scaffolding: recursive and metarecursive variation and

selection constructivism

Conference Notes:    Several chapters in these volumes grew out of

the 19th annual meeting of the Jean Piaget's Society in Philadelphia in

Jun 1989; early versions of several chapters were presented as papers at

a symposium at the Conference on Human Development in Richmond in Mar 1990.

  _____ 

Title:   Adult grandchildren and their grandparents: Their enduring bond.

Author(s):     Hodgson, Lynne G., Quinnipiac Coll, Hamden, CT, US

Source:         International Journal of Aging & Human Development, Vol 34(3), 1992. pp. 209-225.

Publisher:      US: Baywood Publishing

Abstract:       Conducted a national survey of 208 adult grandchildren

(aged 18-59 yrs) concerning relationships with their closest

grandparent. Levels of contact and perceptions of closeness were the

indices used to evaluate the strength of the bonds between the

cross-generations. Along these 2 dimensions, grandchild-grandparent

relationships were significant and meaningful. Although there was

diversity among the Ss, interaction levels were high for most. Most Ss

reported that their relationships with their grandparents are close and

enduring. Several factors were related to the strength of the

grandchild-grandparent bonds: age, lineage, geographical proximity, the child-parent relationship, and the parent-grandparent relationship.    

  _____ 

Title:   Personality: Primate heritage and human distinctiveness. 

Series Title:   Henry A. Murray lectures in personality

Author(s):     Buss, Arnold H., U Texas, Professor of Psychology, TX, US

Source:         Personality structure in the life course: Essays on personology in the Murray tradition. Zucker, Robert A. (Ed); Rabin, Albert I. (Ed); et al; pp. 57-100. New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing Co, 1992. xiv, 382 pp.

Abstract:       (from the chapter) distinguish personality traits that

are part of our primate heritage from personality traits that are

distinctively human / discern traits deriving from advanced cognitions,

traits involving the self, and traits emerging from specific kinds of socialization

primate personality [primate features, temperament, attachment, juvenile period, primate traits]

human personality [distinctive features] / evolutionary perspective

Conference Notes:    The chapters in this volume are condensed

versions of papers presented at a series of lectures, the Henry A.

Murray Lectures in Personality, at the Michigan State University, East

Lansing, MI.  

Notes: Reprinted from J. Aronoff et al (Eds.), "The Emergence of Personality," Springer Publishing Co, Inc., New York, 1987.        

  _____ 

Title:   Unity and purpose in human lives: The emergence of identity as a life story.      

Series Title:   Henry A. Murray lectures in personality

Author(s):     McAdams, Dan P., Northwestern U, Professor of Education & Psychology, Evanston, IL, US

Source:         Personality structure in the life course: Essays on personology in the Murray tradition. Zucker, Robert A. (Ed); Rabin, Albert I. (Ed); et al; pp. 323-375. New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing Co, 1992. xiv, 382 pp.

Abstract:       (from the chapter) what is the person from the

standpoint of the person / how does a person define him- or herself as a

person / it is from this subjective standpoint . . . that the person can

be said to be a history--a subjectively composed and construed life

story that integrates one's past, present, and future

the main thesis of my life-story model of identity is that a person

defines him- or herself by constructing an autobiographical story of the

self, complete with setting, scene, character, plot, and theme / the

story provides the person with a sense of unity and purpose in life--a

sense that one is a whole being moving forward in a particular direction

/ [outlines] a life-span perspective for the emergence of identity as a life story

the origins of story [narrative tone: the attachment bond in infancy,

early childhood images, human intentions and the organization of

motives] / the emergence of a narrative self [formal operations and the

ideological setting] / the refinement of narrative character [the nature

of the imago] / the teleological transformation of narrative [endings

and midlife, the generativity script, integrity and later adulthood]

Conference Notes:    The chapters in this volume are condensed

versions of papers presented at a series of lectures, the Henry A.

Murray Lectures in Personality, at the Michigan State University, East

Lansing, MI.  

Notes: This is a shortened version of the chapter that appeared in

"Studying Persons and Lives," edited by A. I. Rabin, R. A. Zucker, R. A. Emmons and S. Frank, New York: Springer Publishing Co, Inc, 1990. 

  _____ 

Title:   Human development and homeostasis: The science of psychiatry.        

Author(s):     Powles, William E., Queen's U, Emeritus Professor, Kingston, ON, Canada

Source:         Madison, CT, US: International Universities Press, Inc, 1992. xvii, 622 pp.  

Abstract:       (from the jacket) In this volume, the reader is guided

through the basic scientific foundations of psychiatry in a selective,

coordinated, and critical fashion. . . . There was a need for a work of

manageable compactness, a coordinated viewpoint, and a guiding principle

of clinical relevance. The present volume was conceived with the

psychiatric resident in mind, most specifically the young psychiatrist

who is facing formidable specialty examinations. It will be useful to

medical students and their teachers, teachers and students of

psychology, and allied health professionals; it may indeed interest and

inform critics of psychiatry, including philosophers of medicine and science.

The contents are organized around two major models underlying

psychiatric thinking. One pictures human personality as an edifice built

over time. Human development is reflected in psychiatric disorders as

states of breakdown and disrepair, where older, more primitive

structures reemerge. The first half of this book reviews the nature of

the model itself, then the development of body and brain, intellect and

cognition, the life cycle, human attachment, and moral judgment, all

clinically relevant concerns. The second model pictures the human being

as an intricate machine, constantly moving, self-maintaining, and

self-repairing, preserving inward equilibrium despite external demands.

. . . The chapters in the second half of the book review the model, then

present research on the brain and injuries to it, on psychiatric

normality (a poorly researched subject), the neuroses, the depressive

disorders, and the psychoses, with a short note on research into the process of dying.

  _____ 

Title:   Theories of development: Concepts and applications (3rd ed.).  

Author(s):     Crain, William C., City U New York, City Coll, Dept of Psychology, Chairperson & Professor, New York, NY, US

Source:         Upper Saddle River, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1992. xvi, 368 pp.    

Abstract:       (from the preface) This third edition of "Theories of

Development" is fundamentally similar to the first two. Its purpose,

once again, is to introduce students to a variety of theorists, giving

special attention to those who have contributed to that distinctly

developmental perspective that began with Rousseau. The book focuses,

that is, on writers who help us understand how development might arise

from our inner promptings and spontaneous interests and how we might

view the world differently at different stages of life.

(from the cover) This Third Edition features: an entirely new chapter on

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development; a new section on Mary

Ainsworth's attachment theory; updated chapters on Bandura, Erikson, and Chomsky.   

  _____ 

Title:   Infant psychiatry: Its relevance for the general psychiatrist.     

Author(s):     Minde, K., The Montreal Children's Hosp, Dept of Psychiatry, Westmount, PQ, Canada; Benoit, D.

Source:         British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 159, Aug 1991. pp. 173-184.

Publisher:      United Kingdom: Royal College of Psychiatrists

Abstract:       This review discusses 4 issues that have been specially

important for the development of infant psychiatry: infant competence,

continuity vs discontinuity of human development, the concept of

internal representation, and temperament. The disorders of infancy are

addressed including attachment disorder, failure to thrive, sleep

disorders, aggression, adjustment reaction, posttraumatic stress

disorder (PTSD), pervasive developmental disorder, and other conditions.

The review also discusses the psychiatric assessment of infants and

their families and the relevance of infant psychiatry for adult psychiatrists. 

  _____ 

Title:   Adapting milieu therapy to short-term psychiatric hospitalization of children.   

Author(s):     Irwin, Martin, State U New York Health Science Ctr, Div of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Syracuse, US; Kline, Paul M.; Gordon, Michael

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 21(3), Spr 1991. pp. 193-201.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       Proposes a model of milieu therapy for use in short-term

child psychiatric units that emphasizes the fostering of discriminate

interpersonal attachments. The use of specific interventions in

structuring the milieu of the unit, the use of limit setting and

consequences, and the role of other therapies are discussed in the

context of this model. The model establishes a framework for all

involved to integrate, teach, and understand a child's experience during

hospitalization. Milieu therapy, with its constant focus on

interpersonal relatedness, can help children use relationships with

staff to develop adaptive behavior.

  _____ 

Title:   An ethological perspective on infant development.

Author(s):     Schleidt, Margret, Max Planck Society, Research Group of Human Ethology, Berlin, Germany

Source:         Infant development: Perspectives from German-speaking countries. Lamb, Michael E. (Ed); Keller, Heidi (Ed); pp. 15-34. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 1991. x, 397 pp.   

Abstract:       (from the introduction) illustrate how our understanding

of human development is enriched by an appreciation of the disposition

and tendencies with which evolution has equipped human babies

(from the chapter) according to the basic hypothesis of human ethology,

human behavior can only be fundamentally understood by taking into

account its phylogenetic origin / as this is a biological hypothesis,

human ethology can be defined as the biology of human behavior

individual bonding [bonding to the mother, bonding to other family

members and group members] / inborn abilities for developing and

maintaining an attachment [breastfeeding, body contact, crying, baby

talk, dialogues, baby 'scheme'] / socialization

  _____ 

Title:   Do women and men speak in different voices? A comparative study of self-evolvement.  

Author(s):     Bar-Yam, Miriam, Lesley Coll, Brookline, MA, US

Source:         International Journal of Aging & Human Development, Vol 32(4), 1991. pp. 247-259.

Publisher:      US: Baywood Publishing

Abstract:       Conducted a comparative study of 40 women's and 20 men's

levels of self-evolvement based on R. Kegan's (1982)

Constructive-Developmental Theory. The Ss' level of self-evolvement was

determined by Kegan's Subject-Object Interview. Results indicated that

there were no gender differences in levels of self-evolvement. Hence,

the orientation toward individuation and increased autonomy, which is

stereotypically masculine, and the orientation toward attachment and

dependence, which is stereotypically feminine, are not necessarily based

on innate male or female characteristics. The tendency toward

separateness or inclusion may be related more to individual differences and other factors such as the social and cultural environment.

  _____ 

Title:   Identification, attachment, and their developmental sequencing in a conditioning frame.      

Author(s):     Gewirtz, Jacob L., Florida International U, Professor of Psychology, Miami, FL, US

Source:         Intersections with attachment. Gewirtz, Jacob L. (Ed); Kurtines, William M. (Ed); pp. 247-255. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 1991. xviii, 326 pp.               

Abstract:       (from the chapter) review the background and features of

the social conditioning approach to attachment and to identification, to

flesh out those two processes in the developmental context, and to

relate them to one another sequentially in the course of early human development

in the social conditioning approach [based on operant learning

principles], attachment has served as a metaphor labeling the process

wherein a complex of child-response patterns comes to be cued and

reinforced/maintained (i.e., controlled) by appearance- and

behavior-provided stimuli from an attachment object, in early life the

mother among others / identification reduces to pervasive imitation

acquired via a conditional-responding process whereby a child acquires a

range of behaviors of the repertory (including behaviors connoting

values and standards) of a parent model, usually the parent of the child's gender   

  _____ 

Title:   Ontogeny of behavior in humans and nonhuman primates: The search for common ground. 

Author(s):     Chism, Janice, Winthrop Coll, Dept of Biology, Rock Hill, SC, US

Source:         Understanding behavior: What primate studies tell us about human behavior. Loy, James D. (Ed); Peters, Calvin B. (Ed); pp. 90-120. London,: Oxford University Press, 1991. ix, 264 pp.        

Abstract:       (from the book) describes the ontogeny of behavior /

[examines] the implications of an evolutionary biological perspective

for understanding human development / discusses several topics that

historically have received attention from primatologists: the relative

influence of genetic and environmental factors, the stages of

development, the development of attachment, and the ontogeny of social behavior 

  _____ 

Title:   Attachment across the life cycle.   

Author(s):     Parkes, Colin Murray, (Ed), U London, London Hosp Medical Coll, Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry, London, England;

Stevenson-Hinde, Joan, (Ed); Marris, Peter, (Ed)

Source:         New York, NY, US: Tavistock/Routledge, 1991. viii, 307 pp.       

Abstract:       (from the book) It has long been suspected that many of

the common psychiatric and social problems of adult life have their

roots in the early relationship between the child and its mother. Out of

the infant's first experiences of attachment stem expectations and

assumptions which will colour all subsequent relationships--for good or

ill. To explain this simple observation, and to examine the part which

these patterns of attachment play in the causation of psychiatric and

social problems, a body of knowledge has sprung up which owes much to

the pioneering work of the late John Bowlby.

This volume draws together recent theoretical contributions, research

findings, and clinical data from seventeen psychiatrists, psychologists,

sociologists, and ethologists from four countries. Their work has

confirmed the importance of the earlier work and extended it to look at

attachment throughout the life cycle. New findings add to our

understanding of topics as diverse as agoraphobia, pathological grief,

disorders of 'holding,' family dynamics, depression, and the special vulnerability of people who grow up in an 'enterprise culture.'

(from the introduction) The most significant research falls into three

categories: studies which throw light on the nature of attachment,

studies which elucidate various patterns of attachment, and studies

which show how our understanding of attachments can enlighten our

clinical management of psychiatric problems. The book has been divided

into three parts to cover these types of study.

  _____ 

Title:   Parent-child relations throughout life.       

Author(s):     Pillemer, Karl A., (Ed), Cornell U, Dept of Human Development & Family Studies, Assistant Professor, Ithaca, NY, US; McCartney, Kathleen, (Ed)

Source:         Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 1991.

xxii, 292 pp.  

Abstract:       (from the foreword) In this volume, research is

presented on the varied family forms encountered today. The research

shows that the contemporary American family has amazing variety and resilience.

(from the preface) A review of the literature indicates that despite the

differences in the nature and structure of parent-child relations at

different points in the life course, several overarching themes exist.

These major themes, which are reflected in the outline of this book, are

as follows: (a) parent-child attachment, (b) transitions and their

impact on parent-child relationships, (c) relationships between and

within families, and (d) the influence of social-structural factors on relations between parents and children.

Conference:   Parent Child Relations Across the Lifespan, May, 1989, U New Hampshire, Durham, NH, US

  _____ 

Title:   The "radical imaginary" underlying social institutions: Its developmental base. 

Author(s):     Furth, Hans G., Catholic U of America, Life Cycle Inst, Washington, DC, US

Source:         Human Development, Vol 33(2-3), Mar-Jun 1990. pp. 202-213.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Summarizes various strands of thinking regarding the

psychological origins of societal institutions. C. Castoriadis (1987)

proposed the radical imaginary as the psychological foundation of human

society. A developmental analysis of this concept links it on the

cognitive side to what Piaget described as object and symbol formation,

and on the dynamic side to what Freud referred to as libidinal object

attachment. Moreover, the object itself is presented as nothing less

than the instituting, in a spontaneous, make-believe fashion, of a

societal world as the evolutionarily obligatory context of human

psychology. This object, the product of the imaginary capacity, becomes

an indelible part of a person's unconscious, to which in later development real societal institutions are assimilated.

  _____ 

Title:   Who cares for children?      

Author(s):     Bronfenbrenner, Urie, Cornell U, Ithaca, NY, US

Source:         Research & Clinical Center for Child Development, No 12, Mar 1990. pp. 27-40.

Publisher:      Japan: Hokkaido University

Abstract:       Summarizes the main findings of the scientific

revolution that has taken place in the study of human development.

Implications of the new research are discussed regarding human

development and the changes that have been taking place in contemporary

family life. Implications concern (1) the child's need for more complex

reciprocal activity, (2) interaction under strong mutual attachment, (3)

involvement of an adult third party, (4) accommodation between the

family and other child settings, and (5) public policy and practices that support childrearing processes.

  _____ 

Title:   Life-history perspectives on human development. 

Author(s):     Chisholm, James S., U California, Dept of Applied Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA, US

Source:         Causes of development: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Butterworth, George (Ed); Bryant, Peter (Ed); pp. 238-262. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 1990. xix, 266 pp.    

Abstract:       (from the chapter) understanding the

organism-environment dialectics that underlie developmental processes

remains elusive / suggest that a fresh approach to understanding these

dialectics may be found in the emerging field of life-history theory /

life history theory is a combination of evolutionary ecology and

demography that is especially concerned with the question of how

organism-environment interactions may mediate the relationships between phylogeny and ontogeny

life-history theory in anthropology / canalization in Navajo

mother-infant attachment / phenotypic plasticity and the absent father

syndrome / peer care, parent care and phenotypic plasticity

Conference Notes:    Some chapters are revised versions of papers

presented at a conference at the University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland in 1985.    

  _____ 

Title:   The behavioral and psychobiologic effects of developmental trauma.        

Author(s):     van der Kolk, Bessel A., Harvard Medical School, Lecturer in Psychiatry, Boston, MA, US

Source:         Human behavior: An introduction for medical students. Stoudemire, Alan (Ed); pp. 226-238. Philadelphia, PA, US: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1990. xxi, 376 pp.

Abstract:       (from the chapter) a growing body of psychiatric

research has confirmed that stress within the family system may cause

abnormalities in psychologic development with lifelong effects on the

individual's personality, susceptibility to stressful events in later

life, and vulnerability to certain types of mental illness / moreover,

the long-term neurobiologic effects of developmental stress have also begun to be elucidated

these findings, some of which will be summarized here, provide an

excellent model to integrate biologic, psychologic, and social theories

of human behavior and mental illness / this chapter will provide an

overview of some of this evidence from a psychobiologic perspective

the psychobiology of attachment and separation / anxiety and social

deprivation / the relevance of critical periods and the persistence of

latent effects / early experience contributes to physiologic reactivity

/ increased attachment in the face of danger / separation anxiety and

hostility / information processing and memory storage / forgotten memories return under stress

the social environment and CNS [central nervous system] development: the

theory of neuronal group selection / affiliation and the brain /

neuronanatomical correlates of affiliative behavior

  _____ 

Title:   Developments in cross-cultural research on attachment: Some methodological notes.        

Author(s):     Van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Leiden U, Netherlands

Source:         Human Development, Vol 33(1), Jan-Feb 1990. pp. 3-9.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Discusses the development of cross-cultural research on

attachment and argues that the universality hypothesis cannot be

disproved by findings of divergent attachment classification

distributions in cross-cultural studies. The search for a culture-free

procedure to measure attachment may not be a fruitful strategy to

establish the cross-cultural validity of attachment theory.

Cross-cultural research should focus on testing theoretical predictions

derived from attachment theory (i.e., the responsiveness and competence

hypotheses). "Falsifying" outcomes of cross-cultural studies may be

ascribed either to general validity problems or more specifically to a lack of cross-cultural validity.

  _____ 

Title:   Attachment theory and research from a cross-cultural perspective.  

Author(s):     Sagi, Abraham, U Haifa School of Social Work, Lab for the Study of Child Development, Israel

Source:         Human Development, Vol 33(1), Jan-Feb 1990. pp. 10-22.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Examines culture-specific vs universal aspects of

attachment theory through an analysis of data collected on Israeli

kibbutzim and on samples from different countries. Some predictive

validity support was found for the attachment research on Israeli

kibbutzim, irrespective of level of stress elicited in infants by the

Strange Situation procedure, designed to assess the quality of

infant-adult attachment. The cross-national analyses suggest that within

each country the differences in interactive behaviors are similar and in

line with expectations from attachment theory, thus supporting the

universal aspects of attachment theory.

  _____ 

Title:   The wider concept of attachment in cross-cultural research.     

Author(s):     Grossmann, Klaus E., U Regensburg, Inst für Psychologie, Germany; Grossmann, Karin

Source:         Human Development, Vol 33(1), Jan-Feb 1990. pp. 31-47.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Discusses the phylogenetic propensity of human infants

to become attached. Caretakers' responsiveness to infants' signals seems

to be the main determinant of secure vs avoidantly or ambivalently

insecure infant behaviors to mothers and fathers at 1 yr of age. An

individual's inner working model, resulting from differential dyadic

attachment history, may determine how (inner) emotional conflicts are

resolved. Individuals with secure attachment histories pay attention to

the full range of external causes for conflicting emotions, and they

tolerate contradictory emotions. The developmental consequences from a

life-course perspective appear to be universal, although there may be cultural differences in the frequency and difficulty of potentially conflicting challenges imposed on individuals.

  _____ 

Title:   Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization: Recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies.    

Author(s):     Main, Mary, U California, Berkeley, US

Source:         Human Development, Vol 33(1), Jan-Feb 1990. pp. 48-61.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Reviews cross-cultural studies of differences in

attachment organization, drawing attention to new methods of assessment.

The conditional behavioral strategy suggests that individuals may be

enabled through natural selection to reach the same biological ends in

differing ways. A heuristic separation between primary (PBSs) and

secondary behavioral strategies (SBSs) is proposed. While the attachment

behavioral system is presumed active and context sensitive,

circumstances may require manipulating the level of output through SBSs

that minimize or maximize that output in response to a caregiver

stressing either offspring independence or dependence. If propensities

for exhibiting the PBS are retained under conditions that call for

behaviorally substituting an SBS, manipulations of cognitive processes may be involved in maintaining a given attachment organization.     

  _____ 

Title:   Attachment: Biological, cultural and individual desiderata.

Author(s):     Hinde, Robert A., MRC Unit on the Development & Integration of Behaviour, U Cambridge, England; Stevenson-Hinde, Joan

Source:         Human Development, Vol 33(1), Jan-Feb 1990. pp. 62-72.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Examines how attachment theory is based in part on

biological considerations concerned with the selective forces that

probably acted in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness and

concludes that much behavior today is directed toward goals other than

the maximization of inclusive fitness. A number of questions about the

relations between biological and cultural desiderata and the methods for

assessing attachment are raised, and relations of biological and

cultural desiderata to the individual desideratum of psychological well-being are considered.

  _____ 

Title:   Commentary. 

Author(s):     LeVine, Robert A., Harvard U Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, US;

Miller, Patrice M.

Source:         Human Development, Vol 33(1), Jan-Feb 1990. pp. 73-80.

Publisher:      Switzerland: Karger

Abstract:       Challenges claims of species universality in patterns of

attachment behavior by considering how cultural factors influence

attachment behavior. The suggestion is made that familiarity effects

produced by infant care practices may account for cultural differences

in response to the Strange Situation procedure, a test designed to

measure infant-parent attachment. Although the possibility of

identifying a core of attachment that is immune to cultural influence is

acknowledged, as suggested by M. Main (see record 1990-14461-001), the

hypothesis that cultural conditions of infant care account for observed

differences in the Strange Situation is endorsed as a more plausible explanation.     

  _____ 

Title:   Death, hope and sex: Steps to an evolutionary ecology of mind and morality. 

Author(s):     Chisholm, James S., U Western Australia, Dept of Anatomy & Human Biology, Perth, WAU, Australia

Source:         New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 1999. xiv, 296 pp.

Abstract:       (from the cover) By showing how and why human nature is

what it is, evolutionary theory can help us see better what we need to

do to improve the human condition. Following evolutionary theory to its

logical conclusion, this book uses life history theory and attachment

theory to construct a model of human nature in which critical features

are understood in terms of the development of alternative reproductive

strategies contingent on environmental risk and uncertainty. The author

examines implications of this model for perspectives on concerns

associated with human reproduction, including teen pregnancy and young

male violence. New approaches are developed for issues such as

nature-nurture and mind-body dichotomies. Bridging the gap between the

social and biological sciences, this book will be of interest to all

those interested in the evolution of human nature and the potential for

evolutionary humanism.

Conference:   Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research

International Symposium, "The politics of Reproduction", Nov, 1991,

Teresópolis, Brazil    

Conference Notes:    Portions of Chapters 2, 3, and 5 were presented

at the aforementioned symposium. Portions of Chapter 2 were presented at

the biennial meeting of the International Society for the Study of

Behavioral Development, Quebec City, Canada, in August, 1996; portions

of Chapter 3 were presented at the annual meeting of the Society for

Cross Cultural Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico, in February, 1994; and

portions of Chapter 4 were presented at the annual meeting of the

American Anthropological Association in San Francisco, California, November 1996.

  _____ 

Title:   Early socialisation: Sociability and attachment.    

Series Title:   Routledge modular psychology series

Author(s):     Flanagan, Cara

Source:         Florence, KY, US: Taylor & Frances/Routledge, 1999. xvii, 172 pp.

Abstract:       (from the foreword) Looks at how individuals come to be

who they are. The book deals with the way in which early childhood

experiences shape a person's psychological nature through the processes

of sociability and attachment and shows how these processes relate to

emotional and cognitive development. Topics covered include: bonding,

attachment, deprivation, separation and privation, as well as

enrichment. Social and cultural variations are considered, and theories

of attachment and loss are described and evaluated. The author provides

up-to-date explanations of all the important concepts in this area of

human development and both theory and empirical research are carefully described and assessed.

  _____ 

Title:   Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications.  

Author(s):     Cassidy, Jude, (Ed), U Maryland, Dept of Psychology, College Park, MD, US; Shaver, Phillip R., (Ed)

Source:  New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, 1999. xvii, 925 pp.   

Abstract:       (from the chapter) The first section, "Overview of

Attachment Theory," provides an updated primer on the theory. The second

section of the volume, "Biological Perspectives," stems from J. Bowlby's

reliance on ethology and primate research in the creation of attachment

theory. The third section of the volume, "Attachment in Infancy and

Childhood," contains 3 chapters that provide an overview of empirical

research on patterns of attachment in infancy and childhood. The fourth

section, "Attachment in Adolescence and Adulthood," contains chapters

growing out of Bowlby's early contention that attachment characterizes

humans "from the cradle to the grave." The fifth section of the volume,

"Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory and Research," contains

chapters that reflect the strong roots of attachment theory in clinical

psychology and psychiatry, and the contributions that the theory and

associated research can now make to clinical work. The final section of

the volume,"Emerging Topics and Perspectives," provides a sampling of

the wide array of areas into which attachment theory and research are being extended.  

  _____ 

Title:   Maternal separation anxiety in infancy: Precursors and outcomes.

Author(s):     Scher, Anat, U Haifa, Faculty of Education, Haifa, Israel; Hershkovitz, Ruth; Harel, Judith

Source:    Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 29(2), Win 1998. pp. 103-111.

Publisher:      Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:       The relationships among aspects of mothers' childhood

memories, her maternal anxiety when separated from her infant and the

child's attachment pattern were studied with 58 low risk dyads

participating in a 3-12 mo longitudinal investigation. It was found that

mother's (mean age 28.8 yrs) perceived relationships with her own mother

significantly predicted her offspring's attachment to her. While

maternal separation anxiety was equally characteristic of secure and

insecure mothers at early infancy, by the end of the first year

preoccupied mothers reported higher levels of maternal anxiety and

separation concerns compared to the secure mothers. Although not

designed as a clinical study, the present results highlight important

psychological constructs and measurements which may be relevant for assessment and intervention.

  _____ 

Title:   The relationship between security of attachment and substance abuse.

Author(s):     Sicher, Bonnie L., California School of Professional Psychology - Los Angeles, US

Source:         Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences &

Engineering, Vol 59(4-B), Oct 1998. pp. 1868.

Publisher:      US: Univ Microfilms International

Abstract:       This study posited that substance abusers have a history

of insecure attachments, beginning in childhood and carrying through to

adulthood. However, empirical investigation of such is in the beginning

stages and has not focused on addicts' attachments throughout the life

cycle. Therefore, the present study examined the quality of attachment

to parents/primary caretakers in the lives of substance abusers during

childhood, adolescence and early adulthood, and in their current

attachment to significant others. Sixty-two adult substance abusers in a

residential treatment program were compared to 57 adult normal controls.

Attachment variables were measured by the Attachment History

Questionnaire, the Parental Attachment Questionnaire, and the Adult

Attachment Scale-Revised. Subjects also completed a Confidential

Personal Questionnaire and a Drug History Questionnaire. Results

indicated that the substance abuse group had considerable impairment in

their childhood attachment relative to the controls. Specifically, they

perceived their parents as being significantly less emotionally

accessible and responsive to them, and were exposed to significantly

harsher and more frequent discipline with more threats of separation and

abandonment. They also had significantly fewer friends and a less

supportive social network. During late adolescence and early adulthood,

the substance abuse group experienced significantly less secure

attachment with parents. Specifically, they perceived a poorer affective

quality of the parent-child relationship, viewed their parents as being

less encouraging of autonomy, and reported their parents provided less

emotional support than the control group. As adults, the substance abuse

group showed significantly more difficulty in initiating and maintaining

attachment with significant others, reported discomfort with closeness

and intimacy, and had a significantly greater degree of anxiety over

being abandoned and unloved in relationships with significant others

than did the control group. Finally, the substance abuse group

experienced significantly more physical abuse than did the control

group. No significant difference was found between the groups on prevalence of childhood sexual abuse.

  _____ 

Title:   Developmental follow-up of 6-7 year old children of mothers employed during their infancies.     

Author(s):     Barglow, Peter, U California, Davis, CA, US; Contreras, Josefina; Kavesh, Laura; Vaughn, Brian E.

Source:         Child Psychiatry & Human Development, Vol 29(1), Fal 1998. pp. 3-20.

Publisher:      Netherland