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Psychological and Physiological Trauma Research
Seize Your Journeys
_______________________ Traumatic stress is found in many competent, healthy, strong, good people. No one can completely protect themselves from traumatic experiences. Many people have long-lasting problems following exposure to trauma. Up to 8% of persons will have PTSD at some time in their lives. People who react to traumas are not going crazy. What is happening to them is part of a set of common symptoms and problems that are connected with being in a traumatic situation, and thus, is a normal reaction to abnormal events and experiences. Having symptoms after a traumatic event is NOT a sign of personal weakness. Given exposure to a trauma that is bad enough, probably all people would develop PTSD. By understanding trauma symptoms better, a person can become less fearful of them and better able to manage them. By recognizing the effects of trauma and knowing more about symptoms, a person will be better able to decide about getting treatment. _______________________
Secure Attachments as a Defense Against Trauma “All people mature and thrive in a social context that has profound effects on how they cope with life’s stresses. Particularly early in life, the social context plays a critical role in suffering an individual against stressful situations, and in building the psychological and biological capacities to deal with further stresses. The primary function of parents can be thought of as helping children modulate their arousal by attuned and well-timed provision of playing, feeding, comforting, touching, looking, cleaning, and resting—in short, by teaching them skills that will gradually help them modulate their own arousal. Secure attachment bonds serve as primary defenses against trauma-induced psychopathology in both children and adults (Finkelhor & Browne, 1984). In children who have been exposed to severe stressors, the quality of the parental bond is probably the single most important determinant of long-term damage (McFarlane, 1988).” van der Kolk, Bessel, Alexander C. McFarlane, and Lars Weisaeth, eds. 1996. Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York and London: Guilford Press. .p. 185 Affect Dysregulation in Traumatized Individuals “As children mature, they gradually become less vulnerable to over-stimulation and learn to tolerate higher levels of excitement. Over time, their need for physical proximity to their primary caregivers to maintain comfort decreases, and children start spending more time playing with their peers and with their fathers (Field, 1985). Secure children learn how to take care of themselves effectively as long as the environment is more or less predictable; simultaneously, they learn how to get help when they are distressed. In contrast, avoidant children learn how to organize their behavior effectively under ordinary conditions, but they remain unable to communicate or interpret emotional signals. In other words, they know how to handle cognition, but not affect (Crittenden, 1994 Cole and Putnam (1992) have proposed that people’s core concepts of themselves are defined to a substantial degree by their capacity to regulate their internal states and by their behavioral responses to external stress. The lack of development, or loss, of self-regulatory processes in abused children leads to problems with self-definition: (1) disturbances of the sense of self, such as a sense of separateness, loss of autobiographical memories, and disturbances of body image; (2) poorly modulated affect and impulse control, including aggression against self and others; and (3) insecurity in relationships, such as trouble functioning in social settings; they tend either to draw attention to themselves or to withdraw from social interactions. Thus, they tend to display either angry, threatening, fearless, acting-out behavior or meek, submissive, fearful, incompetent behavior. Problems in articulating cause and effect make it hard for them to appreciate their own contributions to their problems and set the stage for paranoid attributions.” van der Kolk, Bessel, Alexander C. McFarlane, and Lars Weisaeth, eds. 1996. Traumatic stress: The effects o overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York and London: Guilford Press. .p. 187 Manifestations of the Absence of Self-Regulation “The lack or loss of self-regulation is possibly the most far-reaching effect of psychological trauma in both children and adults. The DSM-IV field trials for PTSD clearly demonstrated that the younger the age at which the trauma occurred, and the longer its duration, the more likely people were to have long-term problems with the regulation of anger, anxiety, and sexual impulses (van der Kolk, Roth, Pelcovitz, & Mandel, 1993). Pitman, Orr, and Shalev (1993) have pointed out that in PTSD, hyperarousal goes well beyond simple conditioning. The fact that the stimuli that precipitate emergency responses are not conditioned enough and that many triggers not directly related to the traumatic experience may precipitate extreme reactions is merely the beginning of the problem. Loss/lack of self-regulation may be expressed in many different ways: as a loss of ability to focus on appropriate stimuli; as attentional problems; as an inability to inhibit action when aroused (loss of impulse control); or as uncontrollable feelings of rage, anger, or sadness. The results of a study by McFarlane, Weber, and Clark (1993) of event-related potentials in people with PTSD illustrate these various effects.” Van der Kolk, Bessel, Alexander C. McFarlane, and Lars Weisaeth, eds. 1996. Traumatic stress: The effects o overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York and London: Guilford Press. .p. 187 Self-Mutilation Eating Disorders Substance Abuse Dissociation ________________
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Attachment
Attachment and Traumatic Loss
Title: Attachment across the life cycle. Author(s)/Editor(s): Parkes, Colin Murray; Stevenson-Hinde, Joan; Marris, Peter Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: Tavistock/Routledge; 1991, (viii, 307) Abstract/Review/Citation: It has long been suspected that many of the common psychiatric and social problems of adult life have their roots in the early relationship between the child and its mother. Out of the infant's first experiences of attachment stem expectations and assumptions which will colour all subsequent relationships--for good or ill. To explain this simple observation, and to examine the part which these patterns of attachment play in the causation of psychiatric and social problems, a body of knowledge has sprung up which owes much to the pioneering work of the late John Bowlby. This volume draws together recent theoretical contributions, research findings, and clinical data from seventeen psychiatrists, psychologists, sociologists, and ethologists from four countries. Their work has confirmed the importance of the earlier work and extended it to look at attachment throughout the life cycle. New findings add to our understanding of topics as diverse as agoraphobia, pathological grief, disorders of 'holding,' family dynamics, depression, and the special vulnerability of people who grow up in an 'enterprise culture.' The most significant research falls into three categories: studies which throw light on the nature of attachment, studies which elucidate various patterns of attachment, and studies which show how our understanding of attachments can enlighten our clinical management of psychiatric problems. The book has been divided into three parts to cover these types of study. Notes/Comments: List of contributors Introduction Part I: The nature of attachment The roots and growing points of attachment theory Inge Bretherton Attachments and other affectional bonds across the life cycle Mary D. Salter Ainsworth Perspectives on attachment Robert A. Hinde and Joan Stevenson-Hinde The attachment bond in childhood and adulthood Robert S. Weiss The social construction of uncertainty Peter Marris Part II: Patterns of attachment Attachment quality as an organizer of emotional and behavioral responses in a longitudinal perspective Klaus E. Grossmann and Karin Grossmann Attachment patterns in children of depressed mothers Marian Radke-Yarrow Metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and singular (coherent) vs. multiple (incoherent) model of attachment: Findings and directions for future research Mary Main Effects on infant-mother attachment of mother's unresolved loss of an attachment figure, or other traumatic experience Mary D. Salter Ainsworth and Carolyn Eichberg Part III: Clinical applications Failure of the holding relationship: Some effects of physical rejection on the child's attachment and inner experience Juliet Hopkins The application of attachment theory to understanding and treatment in family therapy John Byng-Hall Insecure attachment and agoraphobia Giovanni Liotti Loss of parent in childhood, attachment style, and depression in adulthood Tirril Harris and Antonia Bifulco Attachment, bonding, and psychiatric problems after bereavement in adult life Colin Murray Parkes Postscript by John Bowlby Index examines attachment behavior across the life span; discusses early attachment behavior in relation to adult psychopathology ========================================
Title: Effects on infant-mother attachment of mother's unresolved loss of an attachment figure, or other traumatic experience. Author(s)/Editor(s): Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter; Eichberg, Carolyn G. Source/Citation: Attachment across the life cycle., New York, NY, US: Tavistock/Routledge; 1991, (viii, 307), 160-183 Source editor(s): Parkes, Colin Murray (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: represents part of a collaborative study . . . which focused on a sample of 50 white, middle-class infants and their mothers, in an attempt to gain further knowledge of antecedent and concurrent factors correlated with quality of attachment of the infants to their mothers, especially factors pertaining to the parents, including those involved in marital relations and maternal attachments / we are interested in the following / the extent to which infant disorganization is associated with mother's loss of an attachment figure through death, considering the whole range of lost figure and the mother's age at which the loss occurred / especially, we are interested in the extent to which infant disorganization is associated with mother's unresolved mourning for a lost attachment figure in comparison with mourning that has been resolved / factors in the mother's experience that are associated with resolved mourning in comparison with mourning which is unresolved / maternal experiences other than unresolved mourning that are associated with infant disorganization / hypothesis that disorganized infant behavior under mild stress is attributable to maternal behavior that is directly or indirectly frightening to the infant ========================================
Title: The crisis of paternal suicide: Case of Cathy, age 4 1/2. Author(s)/Editor(s): Hurley, Dermot J. Source/Citation: Play therapy with children in crisis: A casebook for practitioners., New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press; 1991, (xviii, 460), 237-253 Source editor(s): Webb, Nancy Boyd (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: describes the course of treatment for children who have lost a parent through suicide and who are considered to be in a traumatic grief state / one case is discussed in which a combination of nondirective play therapy and a semistructured play situation decreases the child's resistance as the working through proceeds / children and loss / process of therapy ========================================
Title: Forensic neuropsychology: Legal and scientific bases. Author(s)/Editor(s): Doerr, Hans O.; Carlin, Albert S. Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press; 1991, (xii, 242) Abstract/Review/Citation: With the dramatic growth of neuropsychology in recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of neuropsychological assessment in legal proceedings. Thus, it is not unlikely for today's practicing behavioral and clinical neuropsychologists to find their data, their reports, and themselves drawn into the legal system. Written by a team of distinguished neuropsychologists and physician-attorneys, "Forensic Neuropsychology" is an indispensable road map to the legal system for neuropsychologists who are--or might become--participants in forensic issues. It offers a timely and authoritative exploration of the medicolegal complexities involved in such testimony. This book was written for practicing behavioral and clinical neuropsychologists, but may also be useful to trial attorneys who seek familiarity with the language and the reasoning process of neuropsychology. Notes/Comments: Part I. Neuropsychology and the law: Structure and process The legal base in forensic neuropsychology Lee S. Glass The discovery process: Deposition, trial testimony, and hearing testimony G. Andrew H. Benjamin and Alfred Kaszniak Issues in initial contact: Neuropsychologist-attorney-patient Hans O. Doerr Part II. Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological perspectives Neuropathology and pathophysiology of trauma and toxicity Jan E. Leestma Neurological and neuropsychiatric assessment of brain injury Gary J. Tucker and Vernon M. Neppe Part III. Interpreting the findings Estimating premorbid ability and preexisting neuropsychological deficits Robert S. Wilson and Glenn T. Stebbins Consequences of prescription and nonprescription drug use Albert S. Carlin Psychopathology and neuropsychological deficit M. Alan J. Finlayson and Daniel R. Bird Psychogenic factors influencing neuropsychological performance: Somatoform disorders, factitious disorders, and malingering C. Munro Cullum, Robert K. Heaton and Igor Grant Part IV. Prognosis, remediation, and cost Traumatic brain injury in adults: Recovery and rehabilitation David J. Fordyce Estimating cost of care and economic loss in brain injury Margaret A. West and David Knowles Appendix. Commonly asked questions in testimony Index discusses legal & medical issues in forensic neuropsychology ========================================
Title: Homelessness as psychological trauma: Broadening perspectives. Author(s)/Editor(s): Goodman, Lisa A.; Saxe, Leonard; Harvey, Mary Source/Citation: American Psychologist: Special Issue: Homelessness; Vol 46(11) Nov 1991, US: American Psychological Assn; 1991, 1219-1225 Abstract/Review/Citation: Most mental health literature on homelessness has focused on characteristics that may be risk factors for homelessness. L. Goodman et al argue that homelessness itself is a risk factor for emotional disorder and use the construct of psychological trauma--focusing on social disaffiliation and learned helplessness--to understand the potential effects of homelessness. Psychological trauma is likely among homeless individuals and families for 3 reasons: (1) The sudden or gradual loss of one's home can be a stressor of sufficient severity to produce symptoms of psychological trauma. (2) The conditions of shelter life may produce trauma symptoms. (3) Many homeless people--particularly women--become homeless after experiencing physical and sexual abuse and consequent psychological trauma. Research suggests that negative psychological responses to traumatic events can be prevented or mitigated by a supportive and empowering posttrauma environment. The implications of trauma theory for improving the psychosocial conditions of homeless people are discussed. ========================================
Title: From post-traumatic stress disorder to cultural bereavement: Diagnosis of Southeast Asian refugees. Author(s)/Editor(s): Eisenbruch, Maurice Source/Citation: Social Science & Medicine; Vol 33(6) 1991, United Kingdom: Elsevier Science Ltd.; 1991, 673-680 Abstract/Review/Citation: Argues, based on research with 47 Cambodian adolescent refugees fostered in group care in Australia and 32 placed in foster families in the US, that cultural bereavement (CB), by mapping the subjective experience of refugees, gives meaning to the refugee's distress; clarifies the structure of the person's reactions to loss; frames psychiatric disorder in some refugees; and complements psychiatric diagnostic categories. CB includes the cultural interpretation of symptoms commonly found among refugees that resembles posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CB may identify those people who have PTSD on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria but whose condition is a sign of normal, even constructive, rehabilitation from devastatingly traumatic experiences. CB should be given appropriate status in the nosology. ========================================
Title: Post-traumatic stress disorder and severe head injury. Author(s)/Editor(s): McMillan, T. M. Source/Citation: British Journal of Psychiatry; Vol 159 Sep 1991, England: Royal College of Psychiatrists; 1991, 431-433 Abstract/Review/Citation: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is described following a road traffic accident in which the patient, an 18-yr-old woman, suffered a severe head injury. The stress reaction was associated with intrusive thoughts and avoidance of cognitive and physical events associated with consequences of the accident. The condition was successfully treated by behavioral intervention. It seems clear that PTSD can occur even where there is loss of consciousness and organic amnesia for the event and its immediate sequelae. ========================================
Title: After the earth shook: Children's stress symptoms 6-8 months after a disaster. Author(s)/Editor(s): Bradburn, Isabel S. Source/Citation: Advances in Behaviour Research & Therapy; Vol 13(3) 1991, US: Pergamon Press Inc; 1991, 173-179 Abstract/Review/Citation: Studied 22 children's (aged 10-12 yrs) response to an earthquake 6-8 mo after the event, particularly Ss' traumatic stress-related symptoms and factors mediating individual response. Principal variables examined were (1) experience of and proximity to loss of life and severe property damage, (2) family reactions, and (3) psychological vulnerability to having an adverse response, based on previous experience of psychological trauma. Measures administered during interview included a posttraumatic stress reaction index for children. Ss reported experiencing traumatic stress-related symptoms that appeared associated with the seismic event. Ss who lived closer to a heavily damaged area were more likely to experience a greater degree of stress than Ss who lived farther away. ========================================
Title: Post-traumatic stress disorder in families. Author(s)/Editor(s): Brende, Joel O.; Goldsmith, Richard Source/Citation: Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy; Vol 21(2) Sum 1991, US: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991, 115-124 Abstract/Review/Citation: When one or more members of a family are traumatized, the entire family can suffer from posttraumatic symptoms. Unfortunately, this may go unrecognized by the family, friends, and professionals. A cycle of posttraumatic victimization and fragmentation of family integrity can lead to disastrous consequences. The posttraumatic phases leading to such a destructive outcome are illustrated in 4 case studies involving a young adult child's suicide, combat trauma and loss, combat trauma, and child's witness of parental suicide. Treatment of the traumatized family includes psychoeducational, psychodynamic, systemic, behavioral, and spiritual interventions. ========================================
Title: Traumatic stress: A theory based on rapid loss of resources. Author(s)/Editor(s): Hobfoll, Stevan E. Source/Citation: Anxiety Research; Vol 4(3) Dec 1991, US: Gordon & Breach Publishing Group Harwood Academic Publishers; 1991, 187-197 Abstract/Review/Citation: Applied S. E. Hobfoll's (1988) Conservation of Resource (COR) stress theory to the instance of traumatic stress (TS). COR theory posits that stress occurs when resources are threatened or lost, or when individuals invest resources without gaining adequate resources in return. TS results in rapid resource depletion when it occurs. The rapidness of resource loss is related to the fact that traumatic stressors (1) often attack people's basic values, (2) often occur unexpectedly, (3) make excessive demands, (4) are outside of the realm for which resource utilization strategies have been developed, and (5) leave a powerful mental image that is easily evoked by cues associated with the event. Recent empirical findings (e.g., S. E. Hobfoll et al) suggest some merit in the application of COR theory for a better understanding of the process, mechanics, and outcome of TS. ========================================
Title: Variaciones sobre un texto./ Variations on a text. Author(s)/Editor(s): Galvez, Adolfo P. Source/Citation: Revista Uruguaya de Psicoanalisis; No 72-73 Mar 1991, Uruguay: Asociacion Psicoanalitica Del Uruguay; 1991, 203-209 Abstract/Review/Citation: Comments on L. M. Porras de Rodriquez's article (1991) regarding the special form of mourning experienced by a psychoanalyst as a consequence of the death of 2 patients in analysis with him/her. The present author derives from Porras de Rodriguez's examples some general applications to the problematics of all analysts faced by this type of situation that cannot be conceptually related to mourning situations outside the analysis. When a psychoanalyst is confronted with traumatic events of this type, he/she does not know what type of bond between him/her and the patient has been broken, and the loss involved does not admit of the usual social alleviations of a common bereavement. (0 ref) ========================================
Title: Le tombeau vide, douleur de l'oubli./ The empty grave, the pain of forgetting. Author(s)/Editor(s): Guttieres-Green, Litza Source/Citation: Revue Francaise de Psychanalyse; Vol 55(4) Jul-Aug 1991, France: ; 1991, 855-870 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses a symptom that affects many analysands at different stages of their analysis, namely, the loss of their past. The author calls this phenomenon painful amnesia. Unlike the easily-bearable oblivion of childhood memories, painful amnesia is experienced by the S as a harrowing feeling of psychic discontinuity. The S does not doubt his/her own identity or actions (as in traumatic amnesia), but perceives his personal history as having been swallowed by a "black hole" or an empty grave. These states appear to be associated with a diffuse narcissistic disorder. (English, German & Spanish abstracts) ========================================
Title: Demences traumatiques./ Traumatic dementia. Author(s)/Editor(s): le Gall, D.; Aubin, G.; Dupont, R.; Joseph, P. A., et al Source/Citation: Confrontations Psychiatriques; No 33 1991, France: Specia Rhone-Poulenc Rorer; 1991, 203-222 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses characteristics of traumatic dementia in the context of a functional definition for dementia that considers personality disorders and loss of social independence. The frequency of traumatic dementia, clinical characteristics and progressive aspects, clinical diagnosis and paraclinical diagnosis, and treatment are considered. Neurological and psychological examinations and the importance of family interviews in establishing a diagnosis of traumatic dementia are also described. (English abstract) ========================================
Title: Incest "rediscovered." Author(s)/Editor(s): Panken, Shirley Source/Citation: Psychoanalytic Review; Vol 78(4) Win 1991, US: Guilford Publications; 1991, 547-565 Abstract/Review/Citation: This record replaces PA record 79:20179 to correct an erroneous sentence in the original abstract. Argues that many studies show an unfortunate tendency to exaggerate the long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse on victims, using L. DeSalvo's (1989) analysis of the effects of incest on Virginia Woolf as an example. Woolf's emotional oscillations were not due to sexual violence in her family as alleged by DeSalvo, but to traumatic deprivation, imprinted during infancy and early childhood, in feeling excluded from the maternal orbit. DeSalvo's attribution of Woolf's suicide to both childhood sexual abuse and psychoanalysis is disputed. Rather, Woolf's suicide is seen as the result of her cyclothymic predisposition and characterological depression, diminution of closeness in her intimate relationships, loss of self-esteem, and fear of loss of her writing powers. ========================================
Title: Psychological issues in relocation: Response to change. Author(s)/Editor(s): Hausman, Marcia S.; Reed, James R. Source/Citation: Journal of Career Development: Special Issue: Spouse relocation: Issues and challenges; Vol 17(4) Sum 1991, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1991, 247-258 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses emotional and cognitive processes involved in relocation, focusing on an individual's characteristic way of perceiving and handling stressful events and how a person typically copes with separation and loss. Internal factors (beliefs about events, beliefs about emotions, and impact on families) are outlined and discussed. People may experience feelings of loss, helplessness, anxiety, and anger. When the stress of a relocation continues beyond a reasonable time, individuals experiencing excessive psychological discomfort should seek professional help. Framing the experience as a normal reaction to a traumatic or crisis event can help individuals find ways to maintain both a sense of security and meaning, and to regain a sense of perspective. ========================================
Title: Estrategias de Sobrevivencia do Ponto de Vista Psicanalitico./ Strategies for survival from a psychoanalytic perspective. Author(s)/Editor(s): Szekacs, Judit Source/Citation: Percurso: Revista de Psicanalise; Vol 3(7)[2] 1991, Brazil: Instituto Sedes Sapientiae, Comissao Coordenadora do Departamento de Psicanalise; 1991, 14-17 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses, from the Hungarian psychoanalyst's perspective, specific psychodynamic phenomena occurring in members of the 2nd post-WWII generation. Although the 2 clinical cases presented involve Hungarians, the mostly transgenerational determinants of their psychopathologies transcend ethnicity. Children of victims, or survivors, of the Holocaust and/or raised under Commmunism, suffer from identity and identification problems and could be classified nosographically as borderlines. One of the 2 female patients used ego-splitting as a defense strategy against the telescoping-of-generations effects of her mother's loss of her parents in the Holocaust. The other S could not help her "mediocrity syndrome," the traumatic legacy of the Communist persecution of her parents for belonging to the politically suspect intellectual elite. (0 ref) ========================================
Title: Holocaust survivors: Coping with post-traumatic memories in childhood and 40 years later. Author(s)/Editor(s): Mazor, A.; Gampel, Y.; Enright, R. D.; Orenstein, Ruth Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 3(1) Jan 1990, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1990, 1-14 Abstract/Review/Citation: Interviewed 15 Holocaust survivors who were 6-16 yrs old at the beginning of World War II. 13 had been imprisoned in concentration camps, and 2 had been in hiding. The main issues refer to responses to war memories immediately after the war and 40 yrs later, victims' feelings and attitudes toward the persecutor, attitudes of survivors' children to their parents' experience, and coping styles immediately and 40 yrs after the war. For most persons, the reactivation of memories and the need to document their experiences enhances, in a limited scope, the recognition of their loss and brings some relief; it also discloses new ways for these adults to comprehend their traumatic past. ========================================
Title: Common ground: An analytic break and its consequences. Author(s)/Editor(s): Hernandez, Max Source/Citation: International Journal of Psycho-Analysis; Vol 71(1) 1990, England: Institute of Psychoanalysis; 1990, 21-29 Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes a 2-yr analytical process with a 28-yr-old woman that included a planned 5-mo break at the end of the 1st year. The separation was experienced through feelings of abandonment and as a violent push giving rise to a damaging and traumatic fall. The therapist related this experience to the trauma of a heart operation the S had as a baby. Despite the difficulties of the separation from the therapist, the S seemed to be able to maintain the continuity of the therapeutic relationship. Analysis allowed the S to symbolize her painful experiences of separation and loss, as well as the traumatic effects of her heart surgery. (French, German & Spanish abstracts) ========================================
Title: Neuropsychological deficits in symptomatic minor head injury patients after concussion and mild concussion. Author(s)/Editor(s): Leininger, Bruce E.; Gramling, Sandy E.; Farrell, Albert D.; Kreutzer, Jeffrey S., et al Source/Citation: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry; Vol 53(4) Apr 1990, England: BMJ Publishing Group; 1990, 293-296 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined 53 symptomatic patients with minor head injury referred for neuropsychological evaluation 1-22 mo after injury. Ss performed significantly poorer than 23 uninjured controls (aged 19-60 yrs) on 5 of 8 neuropsychological tests, including a category test, an auditory verbal learning test, and both copy and memory trials of the Complex Figure Test. Ss who lost consciousness during injury obtained test scores similar to Ss who experienced disorientation or confusion but no loss of consciousness. The differences obtained between minor head injury Ss and controls seemed to be a genuine consequence of traumatic brain injury. ========================================
Title: Neuropsychological assessment and brain imaging technologies in evaluation of the sequelae of blunt head injury. Author(s)/Editor(s): Shores, Arthur; Kraiuhin, Claudia; Zurynski, Yvonne; Singer, Andrew, et al Source/Citation: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry; Vol 24(1) Mar 1990, Australia: Blackwell Science Asia; 1990, 133-138 Abstract/Review/Citation: Reports the case of a 43-yr-old man with a traumatic amnesic syndrome who experienced only a brief loss of consciousness following head injury. Four yrs after this injury, results on psychometric assessment were normal. Evoked response potentials were normal, and a neurological examination and computerized tomography (CT) scans did not help explain amnesic symptoms. The S had no history of alcohol abuse, but the S's neuropsychological profile was that of a Korsakoff-like amnesia with frontal lobe (FL) features. There was evidence of extensive FL damage and bilateral FL dysfunction. The case highlights the need in head trauma cases to go beyond routine indicators to more specialized evaluations. ========================================
Title: Post-traumatic stress disorders: Psychosocial aspects of the diagnosis. Author(s)/Editor(s): Horowitz, Mardi J. Source/Citation: International Journal of Mental Health; Vol 19(1) Spr 1990, US: ME Sharpe Inc; 1990, 21-36 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the cardinal signs and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with an emphasis on the most important key experience: loss of control over the representation of ideas, images, and/or emotions, or loss of volitional control of behavior. People complain of unbidden images and nightmares, of broken sleep and intolerable pangs of emotion following traumatic events. Compulsive reenactments of traumatic events are signs rather than symptoms, because the person is often unaware of the pattern that can be observed by the clinician. A case example is given to illustrate this. ========================================
Title: Traumatic neurosis in children. Author(s)/Editor(s): Glenn, Jules Source/Citation: The neurotic child and adolescent., Northvale, NJ, US: Jason Aronson, Inc; 1990, (xii, 435), 59-74 Source editor(s): Etezady, M. Hossein (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: propose that we restrict the term [trauma] to overwhelming stimulation beyond the individual's capacity to deal with by his usual psychic mechanisms / I will adhere to this definition, but I will discuss other usage as well / historical considerations / trauma and its consequences / clinical example: stimulation from without / clinical example: parental loss / clinical example: stimulation from within / other views of trauma / differentiating the effects of trauma and other pathogenic effects / resolution of trauma / adaptive aspects ========================================
Title: Parents' unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? Author(s)/Editor(s): Main, Mary; Hesse, Erik Source/Citation: Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention., Chicago, IL, US: The University of Chicago Press; 1990, (xix, 507), 161-182 The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation series on mental health and development. Source editor(s): Greenberg, Mark T. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: discuss a significant connecting link between these two central areas of inquiry, that is, an association between unresolved loss of attachment figures (or other attachment-related trauma) as experienced by the parent, and the infant's failure to fit to one of the traditional, organized Strange-Situation response categories / this is in essence the discovery of a second-generation effect of unresolved loss of attachment figures, with the infants of parents who are judged unresolved with respect to this potentially traumatic experience being found to fit to a new (fourth) infant attachment category now termed "disorganized/disoriented" ========================================
Title: Object loss due to death of parent or sibling. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gardner, Richard A. Source/Citation: Stressors and the adjustment disorders., New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1990, (xix, 693), 23-42 Wiley series in general and clinical psychiatry. Source editor(s): Noshpitz, Joseph D. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: the death of a parent is one of the greatest traumas that can befall a child / if it occurs early in life, it will leave an indelible trace on the total course of a child's life / although the loss of a sibling is not as traumatic, it too can play a significant role in the child's subsequent development / present the factors that play a role in determining a child's mode of adjustment to these traumas / preventive and therapeutic aspects of such adjustment are also discussed ========================================
Title: The childhood experience of the borderline patient. Author(s)/Editor(s): Ogata, Susan N.; Silk, Kenneth R.; Goodrich, Sonya Source/Citation: Family environment and borderline personality disorder., Washington, DC, US: American Psychiatric Press, Inc; 1990, (xiv, 159), 87-103 Progress in psychiatry series. Source editor(s): Links, Paul S. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: attempt to identify systematically the type and frequency of early stressful, and possibly traumatic, familial events and the family environment of borderline patients, comparing their experiences with a nonborderline, depressed group / the study addresses the following questions / do borderline patients experience a greater frequency of a variety of separation- and loss-related events than do depressive patients / do borderline patients experience a greater frequency of stressful, abusive, and traumatic events than do depressive patients / are the family environments of borderline patients more unstable than those of depressive patients, featuring greater conflict and disorganization, and less cohesion and personal growth / do borderline patients recall their families as more problematic during their adolescent years, when issues of separation-individuation are speculated to become magnified for the family, than during the childhood period, as compared with depressive patients ========================================
Title: Person and situation correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder among POW survivors. Author(s)/Editor(s): Sutker, Patricia B.; Bugg, Franlynn; Allain, Albert N. Source/Citation: Psychological Reports; Vol 66(3, Pt 1) Jun 1990, US: Psychological Reports; 1990, 912-914 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined person and situation characteristics that may be associated with development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 193 male former prisoners of war. Ss were identified as PTSD-positive or PTSD-negative based on their responses to diagnostic interviews. PTSD-positive Ss were characterized by greater confinement weight loss, lower socioeconomic status (SES), greater psychological and biological hardship, and lower military rank compared with PTSD-negative Ss. A discriminant function based on these 4 variables correctly classified 75% of the Ss. Data support a relationship between person and situation variables and psychopathological symptoms in predicting risk for PTSD. ========================================
Title: Parental response to child sexual abuse trials involving day care settings. Author(s)/Editor(s): Burgess, Ann W.; Hartman, Carol R.; Kelley, Susan J.; Grant, Christine A., et al Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 3(3) Jul 1990, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1990, 395-405 Abstract/Review/Citation: Compared the stress responses of 65 mothers (aged 26-43 yrs) and 46 fathers (aged 30-45 yrs) to child sexual abuse by whether or not their child testified against defendants from a day care center. Ss completed the SCL-90 (Revised) impact of events scale and a life events survey. Parents of 17 testifying children presented higher symptoms of psychological distress than parents of 50 nontestifying children sexually abused in day care centers. The reported stress was higher in fathers than mothers. Following disclosure of their child's sexual abuse, parents of testifying children experienced significantly more negative life events (e.g., death in family, loss of income, partner separation). Factors accounting for the strong response in parents over time are identified. ========================================
Title: The double death: The loss of the analyst in the analytic hour. Author(s)/Editor(s): Savitz, C. Source/Citation: Journal of Analytical Psychology; Vol 35(3) Jul 1990, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.; 1990, 241-260 Abstract/Review/Citation: Uses Ovid's myth of Orpheus and Eurydice as a metaphor for the precariousness of recovering lost psychic life in the transference. After Orpheus's 2nd loss of Eurydice, Orpheus no longer has access to the Underworld, to his own interior and suffering, or to the lyre (the symbolic). This parallels the clinical moment in which a rupture between patient and analyst is not repaired but, instead, a further injury that reaches traumatic proportion occurs. The patient is then forced to reinstitute a splitting or dissociative process, as in earlier trauma, to defend against intolerable pain with the analyst. It is the analytic present that has the capacity to bridge the distance between the splits in the psyche. ========================================
Title: Object loss and pathological consequence: A study in the psychological treatment of loss and self-injury. Author(s)/Editor(s): Birner, Louis Source/Citation: Psychotherapy Patient; Vol 6(3-4) 1990, US: Haworth Press Inc; 1990, 223-238 Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes the course of a 2nd period of treatment of a 44-yr-old Black female who had undergone numerous losses in adulthood after having survived a traumatic childhood. Therapy consisted of freeing the patient from negative introjects representing the lost persons and supporting a change in her negative relationship with her son. Treatment phases are defined and countertransference reactions are explored. For therapy to be successful with such patients, the therapist must be in touch with his/her own personal tragedies and attempts at the mastery of sorrowful life events. ========================================
Title: Separation, widowhood, and divorce. Author(s)/Editor(s): Natchez, Gladys Source/Citation: Psychotherapy Patient; Vol 6(3-4) 1990, US: Haworth Press Inc; 1990, 81-88 Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes the author's experience in coping with multiple losses. Reactions to loss through separation and divorce and loss through death are compared. While significant differences exist, both are traumatic wounds that need time for healing and emotional support. ========================================
Title: Holocaust messages from the past. Author(s)/Editor(s): Mor, Naomi Source/Citation: Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal: Special Issue: First world conference of family therapy: II; Vol 12(5) Oct 1990, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1990, 371-379 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the impact of the Holocaust on the functioning of the survivors in the role of parents and on the 2nd generation. Typical characteristics of survivor parents include overprotection, insecurity, separation anxiety, guilt, as well as excessive expectations of their children. While building new families, many of the survivors are haunted by memories of traumatic events, specifically the loss of former families, spouses, and children. The offspring are often committed to a heritage they cannot understand, which they absorb either by overexposure or through the protective cover of silence. ========================================
Title: The Rorschach and traumatic loss: Can the presence of traumatic loss be detected from the Rorschach? Author(s)/Editor(s): Cerney, Mary S. Source/Citation: Journal of Personality Assessment; Vol 55(3-4) Win 1990, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1990, 781-789 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the Rorschach protocols of 48 inpatients, comparing those of Ss who experienced traumatic loss in childhood or early adolescence with those of controls without such a history. Results validate the hypothesis that victims of early trauma have a distinguishing Rorschach profile. Implications for the study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the problems of physical and sexual abuse are discussed. ========================================
Title: Defining trauma: Terminology and generic stressor dimensions. Author(s)/Editor(s): Green, Bonnie L. Source/Citation: Journal of Applied Social Psychology: Special Issue: Traumatic stress: New perspectives in theory, measurement, and research; Vol 20(20, Pt 2) Nov 1990, US: Bellwether Publishing; 1990, 1632-1642 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses vague and/or confusing terminology that is employed in research and clinical work in the area of "traumatic stress." Appropriate terminology for each aspect of the stress process is suggested. These aspects are (1) input from the environment in the form of an event, (2) perception and immediate appraisal of that event, and (3) psychological reactions to the event. Eight generic stressor dimensions (e.g., severe physical injury, sudden loss of a loved one, exposure to the grotesque) are suggested that cut across different types of traumatic events, along with research supporting the association of these dimensions with stress responses. ========================================
Title: Screening for traumatic stress: A scale for use in the general population. Author(s)/Editor(s): Norris, Fran H. Source/Citation: Journal of Applied Social Psychology: Special Issue: Traumatic stress: New perspectives in theory, measurement, and research; Vol 20(20, Pt 2) Nov 1990, US: Bellwether Publishing; 1990, 1704-1718 Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents a short instrument for detecting the occurrence and impact of traumatic events as well as information about perceived losses, threats, and rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) associated with each event. Two assumptions underlie the scale. These are that it is important to (1) assess rates of impairment within specific event-defined populations (e.g., crime victims) rather than (or in addition to) assessing those rates in the population at large and (2) quantify stressful experiences generically, using descriptors such as loss, scope, and threat that are not unique to any one event. ========================================
Title: Reconsidering the attribution_adjustment relation following a major negative event: Coping with the loss of a child. Author(s)/Editor(s): Downey, Geraldine; Silver, Roxane C.; Wortman, Camille B. Source/Citation: Journal of Personality & Social Psychology; Vol 59(5) Nov 1990, US: American Psychological Assn.; 1990, 925-940 Abstract/Review/Citation: Field studies have not yet conclusively established how attributions affect adjustment to unanticipated traumatic events. This may be due, in part, to the adoption of several untested assumptions in most prior research. It has usually been assumed that attributional issues are important to people who experience a traumatic event, that such concern is adaptive, and that specific attributions (e.g., self-blame) influence subsequent adjustment. These assumptions were tested with longitudinal data collected over 18 mo from 124 parents whose children died of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. By 3 wks postloss, 45% of parents were not concerned with attributional issues. These parents were less distressed and less likely to blame themselves or others for the death. Longitudinal analyses did not support the assumption that attributions influence subsequent adjustment. Rather, attributions to oneself or others appear to be symptomatic of distress. ========================================
Title: Grief and group recovery following a military air disaster. Author(s)/Editor(s): Bartone, Paul T.; Wright, Kathleen M. Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 3(4) Oct 1990, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1990, 523-539 Abstract/Review/Citation: Of the 248 soldiers killed in the 1985 crash of a chartered US Army jetliner at Gander, Newfoundland, 189 came from a single Army battalion. To gain a better understanding of psychological aspects of group adjustment to collective traumatic loss, a naturalistic case study was made of this battalion over the 6 mo following the crash. Results suggest 4 relatively distinct psychosocial phases of unit recovery, each lasting about 4-6 wks: (1) numb dedication; (2) anger-betrayal; (3) stoic resolve; and (4) integration. A reconstitution plan that intermixed replacements with veterans facilitated integration and unit recovery. Despite some individual differences, the general response pattern indicates a group-level phenomenon of adaptation to collective trauma that includes both intrusion and denial. ========================================
Title: Emotional stress and multiple sclerosis. Author(s)/Editor(s): Danto, Bruce L. Source/Citation: Loss, Grief & Care; Vol 4(3-4) 1990, US: Haworth Press Inc; 1990, 75-88 Abstract/Review/Citation: Highlights the relationship between emotional stress and the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) and presents the cases of 5 White patients (aged 26-64 yrs) to illustrate the nature of such a relationship. Four Ss presented evidence of a passive-dependent type of personality, the intensity of which became aggravated by the onset of MS. All Ss showed problems of sexual maladjustment and sexual immaturity. Four Ss used a "happy-go-lucky" type of superficial personality attribute to mask the sadness and depression evident in their histories. Ss did not display any neurological symptoms or signs before the emotional stress that preceded the onset of their disease. It is concluded that more attention should be paid to the emotionally traumatic history of MS patients and to the management of such patients. ========================================
Title: Enduring sadness: Early loss, vulnerability, and the shaping of character. Author(s)/Editor(s): Cohen, Donald J. Source/Citation: Psychoanalytic Study of the Child; Vol 45 1990, US: Yale Univ. Press; 1990, 157-178 Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes the psychoanalyses of a boy and a man who suffered from early disruptions in their families. The child entered analysis at age 7 yrs, and the adult entered at age 31 yrs. Their fathers played prominent roles as caregivers during prolonged periods and buffered the traumatic loss of their mothers. Both Ss had family histories of depression, and both developed depressive and characterological difficulties marked by disturbances in the regulation of aggression, with sadistic and masochistic features. Their early childhoods and experience of recurrent loss, longing, and anger were reconstructed during psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis was therapeutically useful in relieving acute symptoms and in helping both Ss move ahead in their development. Aspects of the development of character are described, with emphasis on the roles of loss and the representation of aggression. ========================================
Title: Animal alters: Case reports. Author(s)/Editor(s): Hendrickson, Kate M.; McCarty, Teresita; Goodwin, Jean M. Source/Citation: Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders; Vol 3(4) Dec 1990, US: Ridgeview Inst; 1990, 218-221 Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents 5 cases of women with multiple personality disorder (MPD) that included 1 or more animal alters of differing complexity. In some cases, development of the animal alter could be traced to childhood traumata involving (1) being forced to act or live like an animal, (2) witnessing animal mutilation, (3) being forced to engage in or witness bestiality, or (4) experiencing the traumatic loss of or killing of an animal. Clinical clues to the animal alter phenomenon that emerged during therapy were over-identification with an animal, hearing animal calls, excessive fears of animals, excessive involvement with a pet, and cruelty to animals. Therapeutic work with animal alters may be helpful or necessary preliminary to retrieval of underlying memories about the torture or killing of animals or human beings and can be essential to the integration of such memories and to self-forgiveness. ========================================
Title: Psychic disorders in victims of the Armenian earthquake: The data of examination at medical institutions of Moscow. Author(s)/Editor(s): Liberman, Yu. I.; Moroz, I. B.; Mikhailova, I. V.; Morozova, V. P., et al Source/Citation: Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova; Vol 90(5) 1990, Russia: Izdatel'stvo 'Medicina'; 1990, 42-46 Abstract/Review/Citation: Screened victims of the earthquake in Armenia to determine the frequency of mental disorders accompanying physical injuries. Human subjects: 211 Armenian preschool and schoolage children, adolescents, and adults (aged 3-72 yrs) (earthquake victims). The incidence of severe somatic pathology (i.e., multiple fractures, infections, wounds, burns, spinal injuries) and traumatic factors (i.e., blood loss, lack of information about relatives, and worry about the future) was studied in all Ss. Other Ss were studied 2 wks after the earthquake by clinical and psychological observation to determine their mental state. (English abstract) ========================================
Title: Problemes psychologiques et psychiatriques poses par la greffe de moelle osseuse./ Psychological and psychiatric problems created by bone-marrow transplantation. Author(s)/Editor(s): Alby, Nicole Source/Citation: Annales Medico-Psychologiques; Vol 148(1) Jan 1990, Argentina: Masson Services; 1990, 78-81 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the long-term psychological problems of bone-marrow transplantation survivors. Although real psychiatric pathologies are rare, problems of such patients include stressful socioprofessional readjustment problems; complex psychological interactions with the bone-marrow donor, to whom patients feel they owe their life; and traumatic alterations in physical appearance (e.g., hair loss, excessive weight loss, and facial trait distortions caused by corticoid therapy). Individual and family counseling and psychiatric monitoring of these patients are particularly vital in the immediate post-hospital-release period. One clinical example illustrates this theme. (0 ref) ========================================
Title: Le traumatisme psychique./ The psychic trauma. Author(s)/Editor(s): Ferrand, Martine; Faltot, Michel Source/Citation: Annales Medico-Psychologiques; Vol 148(3) Mar 1990, Argentina: Masson Services; 1990, 312-313 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the phenomenon of traumatic neurosis, which predates psychoanalysis and is still used in psychiatry, despite its ambiguity and its openness to different interpretations. Two case histories illustrate the apocalyptic eruption into the psyche of a massively traumatic experience that causes both somatic conversion symptoms and depersonalization. The Ss suffered psychic traumas (the discovery, within a 20-yr interval, of both parents hanged and the death of a hero-worshipped brother, respectively) to which they reacted with loss of language and the start of a severe psychosis. ========================================
Title: Neuropsychology of behaviour disorders following brain injury. Author(s)/Editor(s): Burgess, Paul W.; Wood, Rodger Llewellyn Source/Citation: Neurobehavioural sequelae of traumatic brain injury., Philadelphia, PA, US: Taylor & Francis; 1990, (xv, 359), 110-133 Source editor(s): Wood, Rodger Llewellyn (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: offers a neuropsychological model for construing behaviour changes and the emergence of conduct disorders / based on an information-processing model of frontal control (Shallice 1982, 1988) they descibe how the loss of monitoring and regulating functions can lead to a reduction of executive control by the frontal system, allowing behaviour and emotional feelings to operate without any controlling or directing influences ========================================
Title: Les modifications post-traumatiques de la representation de soi au Test du Rorschach./ Post-traumatic changes in self-representation in the Rorschach test. Author(s)/Editor(s): de Mol, Jacques Source/Citation: Bulletin de la Societe du Rorschach et des Methodes Projectives de Langue Francaise; No 34 Jun 1990, France: Bulletin de la Societe du Rorschach et de Methodes Projectives de Langue Francaise; 1990, 77-84 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the polymorphous effects of a head injury on the totality of a victim's personality. The anxieties centered on physical, intellectual, and psychic integrity may turn into an objectal-loss-anxiety which only complicates the initial situation, consequently changing the victim's self-image. While it may be possible to identify a subjective syndrome common to all head injuries, their modes of expression differ considerably. The Rorschach test can explain this difference by illuminating the psychodynamics of head injury situations and evaluating the associated affective regression. This study also considers the Ss' reorganization capabilities that may facilitate the "cicatrization" of the narcissistic wound induced by the trauma. ========================================
Title: Job loss vs. failure to find work as psychological stressors in the young unemployed. Author(s)/Editor(s): Winefield, Anthony H.; Tiggemann, Marika Source/Citation: Journal of Occupational Psychology; Vol 62(1) Mar 1989, England: British Psychological Society; 1989, 79-85 Abstract/Review/Citation: Three samples of 15-17 yr old unemployed school-leavers in Australia were followed up for 1, 2, and 3 yrs, respectively, after an initial survey taken while they were still in school. Ss were drawn from a total of 138 Ss who had lost a full-time job and 252 Ss who had never had a full-time job. Interest focused on possible differences between those Ss who had been continuously unemployed since leaving school and those who had become unemployed following job loss. The 2 groups did not differ consistently on any of the psychological measures used; moreover, there was no evidence of an overall decline in psychological well-being. It is concluded that job loss, as opposed to failure to find a job, is not in itself a traumatic experience for the young person. ========================================
Title: Vulnerability, stress, and resilience in the early development of a high risk child. Author(s)/Editor(s): Masten, Ann S.; O'Connor, Mary J. Source/Citation: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry; Vol 28(2) Mar 1989, US: Williams & Wilkins Co.; 1989, 274-278 Abstract/Review/Citation: Illustrates the power of a developmental perspective on psychopathology for conceptualizing and planning treatment for a 30-mo-old girl at risk for schizophrenia who was admitted for inpatient evaluation with growth failure and psychosocial retardation. Her history suggested that adverse environmental experiences, particularly the traumatic loss of primary caregivers around age 15 mo, resulted in symptoms consistent with the clinical picture of anaclitic depression and associated psychosocial dwarfism. Intervention in the form of hospitalization and placement by prescribed adoption into a favorable caregiving environment produced dramatic recovery in growth and psychological functioning. Follow-up data document sustained positive development 3.5 yrs later. ========================================
Title: Assessment of symptoms in adult survivors of incest: A factor analytic study of the Responses to Childhood Incest Questionnaire. Author(s)/Editor(s): Edwards, Patrick W.; Donaldson, Mary A. Source/Citation: Child Abuse & Neglect; Vol 13(1) 1989, US: Elsevier Science Inc; 1989, 101-110 Abstract/Review/Citation: Tested the factor validation of the Response to Childhood Incest Questionnaire (RCIQ [M. A. Donaldson and R. Gardner, 1985]), a self-report instrument designed to assess a range of commonly reported symptoms experienced by adult survivors of incest. 104 women (aged 17-54 yrs) who had experienced childhood or adolescent incest completed the RCIQ. A factor analysis of the RCIQ items revealed 7 factors that corresponded to hypothesized stress response themes experienced by survivors of traumatic events. These factors include Vulnerability and Isolation, Fear and Anxiety, Anger and Betrayal, Reaction to the Abuser, Sadness and Loss, and Powerlessness. Four factors corresponded to the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Intrusive Thoughts, Avoidance and Intrusive Emotions, Detachment, and Emotional Control and Numbness. (French & Spanish abstracts) ========================================
Title: Startle modulation in children with posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s)/Editor(s): Ornitz, Edward M.; Pynoos, Robert S. Source/Citation: American Journal of Psychiatry; Vol 146(7) Jul 1989, US: American Psychiatric Assn; 1989, 866-870 Abstract/Review/Citation: Startle responses to bursts of white noise were recorded as blink reflexes 17-21 mo after a traumatic event in 6 children (aged 8-13 yrs) with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and in 6 normal control children. A 7th child with PTSD was studied on 4 occasions during the 2 years following a stressful event (ages 7-9 yrs). The startle responses were modulated by nonstartling acoustic prestimulation in order to study the inhibitory and facilitatory modulation of a startle reaction by brainstem mechanisms. Ss with PTSD experienced a significant loss of the normal inhibitory modulation of startle responses, suggesting that the traumatic experience had induced a long-lasting brainstem dysfunction. ========================================
Title: Brief group psychotherapy at retirement. Author(s)/Editor(s): Salvendy, John T. Source/Citation: Group; Vol 13(1) Spr 1989, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1989, 43-57 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examines the dynamics of aging and the relevant literature, discusses the conceptual issues involved, and describes techniques employed with 58 49-83 yr olds (retired at least 2 mo) who were primarily self- or family-referred to a 12-wk group dealing with retirement aftereffects. Goals included encouraging the acceptance of aging and dealing with traumatic events of retirement (e.g., sense of isolation, loss of self-esteem). Techniques integrated primarily cognitive, interpersonal, and insight-oriented approaches in response to patients' needs for reality testing and corrective feedback about their perceptions of themselves and how others saw them. Suggestions commonly made in the group included the development of hobbies and interests, new friendships, and a warning about not putting all of one's eggs in one basket. ========================================
Title: Psychosocial impact of disasters: Victims of the Baldwin Hills fire. Author(s)/Editor(s): Maida, Carl A.; Gordon, Norma S.; Steinberg, Alan; Gordon, Gail Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 2(1) Jan 1989, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1989, 37-48 Abstract/Review/Citation: A major fire occurred in the Baldwin Hills community of Los Angeles that resulted in the destruction of 50 homes. The life of this Black middle-class community was seriously disrupted by this fire. 25 victims of the fire were interviewed using a modified version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement (DIS/DS) and the Impact of Event Scale of M. Horowitz et al (see record 1980-26834-001). Ss reported on their emotional, psychosomatic, and physical health problems resulting from the fire. Additional information included victims' opinions of media coverage of the event, attribution of blame for its occurrence, and perception of community disruption. Results suggest that exposure to the event is significantly related to the number of posttraumatic stress symptoms as reported on the DIS/DS, and that depression symptoms, which were widespread, were correlated with the extent of loss. ========================================
Title: Intrachiasmal hemmorhage: A cause of delayed post-traumatic blindness. Author(s)/Editor(s): Crowe, Neil W.; Nickles, Thomas P.; Troost, Todd; Elster, Allen D. Source/Citation: Neurology; Vol 39(6) Jun 1989, US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1989, 863-865 Abstract/Review/Citation: Reports the case of a 49-yr-old man, who suffered complete delayed visual loss after frontal head trauma but recovered partial vision. It is suggested that the S developed hemorrhage and edema within his optic nerves and chiasm resulting in delayed visual function. ========================================
Title: Understanding women in distress. Author(s)/Editor(s): Ashurst, Pamela; Hall, Zaida; Christie, George; Gorell-Barnes, Gill; Knowles, Jane; Pawson, Mike; Pines, Dinora Source/Citation: Florence, KY, US: Taylor & Francis/Routledge; 1989, (x, 237) Abstract/Review/Citation: This important book is based on the authors' extensive personal experience of helping women in distress. As befits a work written by professionals, the aim is to help the reader to understand, not to pass judgement. This book will be valuable, not only to professionals, but to all those who seek to understand more about their fellow human beings and about themselves. This book is based on our personal and extensive clinical experience of both men and women. We have only included material with which we are daily familiar; it is therefore not comprehensive. Four chapters have been contributed by other colleagues, all of whom are experts in their own field. Chapter 1 gives an account of how distress is caused and is translated into symptoms; and how it can be relieved by psychotherapy. The remainder of Part One is devoted to the consideration of the biological, familial, and social influences and the psychological factors promoting the development of a woman's identity throughout the various stages of her life experience as daughter, adolescent, young woman, wife, and mother. The factors promoting or militating against satisfactory bonding between mother and child, and the consequences of its failure--leading to rejection, unhappiness, and psychopathology--are dealt with in some detail. Part Two describes the various deviations from and failures of this normal development and the life traumas that threaten feminine identity. We have so ordered the chapters that they more or less reflect the sequence of events in a woman's life cycle, in order that various traumatic aspects of a woman's life experience can be clarified and explored. Throughout this book we have tried to illustrate our theme with clinical examples from our practice. This book is planned to be readable and easily understood, so that it is accessible to a lay audience. We hope, nevertheless, that doctors, medical students, and other professional caregivers will acknowledge it as a serious attempt to promote good psychiatric practice. Notes/Comments: Notes on authors and contributors Foreword by James Birley Introduction Part one: Womanhood Understanding distress: The development and relief of symptoms Woman's role and identity: Biological and sociological influences The development of feminine identity and sexuality On becoming a mother: Psychodynamic issues of adolescence, mating and parenthood Dinora Pines Bonding and rejection Part two: Distressed womanhood Hungry womanhood: Eating disorders Womanhood despoiled: Childhood sexual abuse Lesbian womanhood Childless womanhood Barren womanhood: Psychological aspects of infertility George L. Christie and Mike Pawson Motherhood thwarted: Miscarriage, stillbirth, and adoption Motherhood bereft: Loss of a child Motherhood disappointed: The imperfect child Motherhood depressed Perverse womanhood: Physical and psychological child abuse Bereft womanhood: Bereavement and widowhood Pairing and parting: Divorce and second marriage Single motherhood Jane Knowles Stepmotherhood Gill Gorell-Barnes Femininity assaulted: Hysterectomy, gynaecological malignancy and mastectomy Coda: Distress comprehended Bibliography Index ========================================
Title: The anniversary syndrome as related to late-appearing mental illnesses in hospitalized patients. Author(s)/Editor(s): Hilgard, Josephine R. Source/Citation: Psychoanalysis and psychosis., Madison, CT, US: International Universities Press, Inc; 1989, (xxi, 585), 221-247 Source editor(s): Silver, Ann-Louise S. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: the Chestnut Lodge experience with hospitalized psychotic patients / Frieda [Fromm-Reichmann] as my supervisor / Frieda as a person / Harry Stack Sullivan / the anniversary syndrome / symptoms in a parent may be precipitated when the parent's child reaches the age at which the parent had a traumatic episode in childhood / the anniversary reactions are related to, though different from, symptoms aggravated recurrently on a birthday, death day, or other fixed dates / anniversary reactions precipitated by children / hospitalized adolescent schizophrenia and adult schizophrenia in anniversary cases / establishing the reality of the anniversary syndrome / varied manifestations of the anniversary syndrome in the hospitalized sample / the metropolitan community study / circumstances faced by the family following the loss of the mother or father / lifetime development of the anniversary syndrome and implications for therapy ========================================
Title: Traumatic moment, basic dangers and annihilation anxiety. Author(s)/Editor(s): Hurvich, Marvin S. Source/Citation: Psychoanalytic Psychology; Vol 6(3) Sum 1989, US: Educational Publishing Foundation; 1989, 309-323 Abstract/Review/Citation: Contends that annihilation anxiety (ANA [i.e., fear of being overwhelmed or annihilated]) is a correlate of Freud's traumatic moment, constitutes a basic danger, and should be included in the series of fear of loss of the object, loss of love, castration, and superego censure. Traumatic and signal anxiety are conceptualized as 2 points in a series of potential responses, and it is assumed that mental representations of the early state of helplessness (originally preverbal) can later be anticipated. Major implications of ANA noted by Freud and later psychoanalysts are reviewed and are found to reflect fears of disintegration of the ego and of the self. Key factors that increase the likelihood of ANA are identified as traumatic experiences, ego weaknesses, and threats to self-cohesion. The prevalence of ANA at various levels of psychopathology, compared with other anxiety contents, is discussed. ========================================
Title: Antecedents of loneliness: A factorial analysis. Author(s)/Editor(s): Rokach, Ami Source/Citation: Journal of Psychology; Vol 123(4) Jul 1989, US: Heldref Publications; 1989, 369-384 Abstract/Review/Citation: Developed a model of the antecedents of loneliness based on the content analysis of verbatim reports of loneliness experiences provided by 526 Ss (aged 16-84 yrs). According to the model, 8 factors (inadequate social support system, social alienation, troubled relationships, mobility/change, loss, crisis, developmental deficits, and personal shortcomings) are subsumed under 3 clusters (relational deficits, traumatic events, and characterological and developmental variables). The loss of an important person or relationship as well as an inadequate support system were the most common causes of loneliness. Loneliness is a potent fact of individual experience and is an aspect of many psychological and sociological factors studied as causes of social and individual problems. The inclusion of loneliness as a factor in the analysis of human problems may lead to new insights into the treatment of maladjusted human functioning. ========================================
Title: Differentiating intervention strategies for primary and secondary trauma in post-traumatic stress disorder: The example of Vietnam veterans. Author(s)/Editor(s): Catherall, Donald R. Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 2(3) Jul 1989, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1989, 289-304 Abstract/Review/Citation: A model of treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) addresses 2 central psychological issues: (1) the conflict between ego forces oriented toward recalling and assimilating the traumatic material (thereby achieving ego integration) vs ego forces oriented toward repressing and avoiding the reexperience of the trauma (thereby defending against ego disintegration) and (2) the loss of self-cohesion that results from the breakdown between the trauma survivor's self and the social milieu. Clinicians are advised to use 2 different theoretical orientations (ego psychological and self psychological) in treating these 2 basic issues. ========================================
Title: Personality profiles of the morbidly obese. Author(s)/Editor(s): Grana, Anita S.; Coolidge, Frederick L.; Merwin, Michelle M. Source/Citation: Journal of Clinical Psychology: Special Issue: Post-traumatic stress disorder; Vol 45(5, Mono Suppl) Sep 1989, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1989, 762-765 Abstract/Review/Citation: Investigated the personality characteristics of 150 morbidly obese patients (100 pounds or more over ideal weight) who were aged 19-64 yrs. Ss were given the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and a new, self-report personality disorder inventory, the Coolidge Axis Two Inventory (F. L. Coolidge, 1984). The study attempted to determine whether particular personality variables could predict success or failure at weight loss 6 mo postsurgery. Results seem to demonstrate that both instruments were not able to predict the success or failure at weight loss of morbidly obese Ss following gastroplasty. ========================================
Title: A formulation of the psychodynamic purposiveness of a kidnapping: A brief report. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gochman, Eva G. Source/Citation: Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy; Vol 7(1) Spr-Sum 1989, US: International Universities Press Inc; 1989, 85-87 Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents the case of a young mother who lost custody of her 3-yr-old child because of neglect. She had a traumatic history, including alcohol abuse, and a schizoaffective disorder. The mother was seen in dyadic, mother and child, psychotherapy. She decided to allow her child to be adopted by the foster parents. Fearing loss of support from her mother, who opposed relinquishing the child, she changed her mind. She tried to kidnap her child and failed. This allowed her to continue her symbiotic relationship with her mother, and in freeing the child from his conflicts to accept the adoption. The mother's unconscious worked in the service of the child. ========================================
Title: Marital disruption and physical illness: The impact of divorce and spouse death on illness. Author(s)/Editor(s): Williams, J. Sherwood; Siegel, Judith P. Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 2(4) Oct 1989, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1989, 555-562 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined data from a national probability sample of 152 widowed, 263 divorced, and 1,741 married noninstitutionalized adults (aged 18+ yrs) to investigate the relationship between divorce and spouse death and illness. Both divorce and death of a spouse were meaningful predictors of illness; however, their potency as predictors was increased by the demographic variables of age, sex, income, and education. Ss perceived and responded to divorce and death of a spouse differently, depending on differences in demographic variables. The relationship between loss of a spouse and increased incidence of illness was strongly affected by age, with younger Ss (aged 18-29 yrs) having the strongest relationship. ========================================
Title: Cruelty, culture, and coping: Comment on the Westermeyer paper. Author(s)/Editor(s): Ochberg, Frank M. Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 2(4) Oct 1989, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1989, 537-541 Abstract/Review/Citation: Compares and contrasts refugee trauma as described by J. Westermeyer (see record 1990-15237-001) with the constructs of traumatization and victimization. Exposure to cruelty complicates the recovery process. It is also suggested that clinicians who treat Vietnam veterans are good candidates for training programs in cross-cultural care of Asian refugees because of their experience in dealing with the traumatic loss of culture. ========================================
Title: Le Moi et son objet narcissique./ The ego and its narcissistic object: II. Author(s)/Editor(s): Andreoli, Antonio Source/Citation: Revue Francaise de Psychanalyse; Vol 53(1) Jan-Feb 1989, France: ; 1989, 151-196 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examines the psychoanalytic concept of object loss. The development of this theme is traced in Freud's successive works. The repetition compulsion which hinders the successful development of the psychoanalytic process is conceptualized as the motion created within the Ego by the latter's magical identification relationship with the object of the traumatic experience of loss. Also discussed are the relationship between the ego, ideal, and ego-ideal; the suffering of mourning; the psychoanalytic concept of nostalgia; the death instinct; and transference resolution. (English, German & Spanish abstracts) (0 ref) ========================================
Title: Je ne veux pas me separer de mon bebe./ I don't want to be separated from my baby. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gitnacht, Maurizio Source/Citation: Revue Francaise de Psychanalyse; Vol 53(1) Jan-Feb 1989, France: ; 1989, 277-280 Abstract/Review/Citation: Relates the case history of a pregnant woman with a long history of psychiatric disorders who wanted to abort the fetus, allegedly due to 2 previous traumatic pregnancies. Under analysis, the patient recognized that, in reality, she feared separation from the baby she was carrying. Her positive transferential relationship with the analyst helped her experience a normal delivery. During subsequent analysis, she resolved her unconscious separation anxieties and fears of object loss. (0 ref) ========================================
Title: A propos du rapport de Jean Guillaumin. Quelques reflexions au sujet de la douleur./ Regarding Jean Guillaumin's report: Some reflections on the subject of suffering. Author(s)/Editor(s): Barbier, Andre Source/Citation: Revue Francaise de Psychanalyse; Vol 53(1) Jan-Feb 1989, France: ; 1989, 399-403 Abstract/Review/Citation: Expresses agreement with J. Guillaumin's (1989) views regarding the evolution of Freud's notion of suffering in psychoanalysis, which Freud described as linked to a libidinal hemorrhage caused by the loss of a love object. Topics addressed include (1) helplessness due to the object's absence, (2) repressed memories becoming traumatic in retrospect (by deferred action), (3) blurred demarcation lines between psychic and physical suffering, (4) the absent object cathexed with nostalgia, and (5) the distinction between anxiety and suffering. (0 ref) ========================================
Title: Divorce des parents, epreuve a surmonter pour l'enfant, cause ou facteur d'une possible decompensation psychopathologique./ Parents' divorce, an ordeal for the child, cause or factor of possible psychopathological breakdown. Author(s)/Editor(s): Beverina, M. Source/Citation: Annales Medico-Psychologiques; Vol 147(2) Mar-Apr 1989, Argentina: Masson Services; 1989, 210-214 Abstract/Review/Citation: Explores the effects of divorce on the children, in whom it can induce a psychopathological decompensation. Always traumatic, this event exceeds the child's defense mechanisms vis-a-vis the anxiety it generates. Although varying with the child's age and degree of psychological development, the effects of divorce are equally devastating, involving loss, work of mourning, changed cathexes, in addition to the prospect of an absent ather. The infant reacts with crying, eating and sleep disorders; the adolescent, with deviant behaviors and scholastic underachievement. Only the parents can reassure the child that their love and commitment are not affected by their personal separation. (0 ref) ========================================
Title: Eltern-, Mutter- oder Vaterverlust in der Kindheit und suizidales Verhalten im Erwachsenenalter./ Loss of mother, father, or both parents in childhood and suicidal behavior in adult life. Author(s)/Editor(s): Lange, Ehrig; Garten, Christine Source/Citation: Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie; Vol 41(4) Apr 1989, Germany: S. Hirzel Verlag; 1989, 218-223 Abstract/Review/Citation: Explores possible correlations between the traumatic effects of being raised in a broken home (whether due to death of one or both parents or divorce) and suicidal behavior in adulthood. Records of 170 suicides and 200 parasuicides were studied. Study results show 2.5 to 4 times more Ss raised in broken homes among suicides and parasuicides than among nonsuicidal controls. There was a high frequency of suicidal and parasuicidal cases with parental losses in which the father was the lost parent. (Russian & English abstracts) ========================================
Title: L'ansietat de separacio en el present de la situacio analitica./ Separation anxiety in the here-and-now of the analytic situation. Author(s)/Editor(s): Folch, Pere Source/Citation: Revista Catalana de Psicoanalisi; Vol 6(1) Spr 1989, Spain: Institut de Psicoanalisi de Barcelona; 1989, 55-64 Abstract/Review/Citation: Considers 2 of the main factors that determine the quality of separation anxiety: object loss and the character of psychic pain. Defensive avoidance of this anxiety is explained as a need to escape the traumatic immediacy of the present, which may lead to counterproductive collusions between analyst and patient. Separations that create anxiety in the analytic context are not only treatment interruptions, but also, more subtly, fluctuations in the emotional contact between analyst and patient. Clinical vignettes illustrate this theme. (Spanish & English abstracts) ========================================
Title: Elvira Walton e Lucia Ashton: Credibilita psicopatologica e artificio nell'uso della pazzia come fondementale nodo narrativo./ Elvira Walton and Lucy Ashton: Psychopathological verisimilitude and artifice in the use of insanity as the nucleus of a plot. Author(s)/Editor(s): Aversa, L.; Ciani, N.; Fioriti, G.; Marozza, M. I. Source/Citation: Archivio di Psicologia, Neurologia e Psichiatria; Vol 50(2) Apr-Jun 1989, Italy: Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; 1989, 386-388 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the psychopathological verisimilitude of the use of madness in 2 Italian operas, The Puritans and Lucia di Lammermoor. Theater critics regard as purely theatrical gimmicks, aimed at eliciting a strong emotional reaction in the spectators, the scenes in which the 2 heroines experience traumatic events of such power that they trigger madness in both. However, the mad scenes have both narrative and psychological credibility and fit into the symptomatology of the pathological work of mourning for the loss of love object according to Freud. This mourning involves not only depressive, but also maniacal, manifestations. ========================================
Title: Reflexions cliniques a propos de l'hospitalisation des vieillards en crise./ Clinical reflections regarding emergency hospitalizations of aged patients. Author(s)/Editor(s): Payre, Dominique; Streyaert, Michel Source/Citation: Psychologie Medicale: Special Issue: Studies by the University Hospital Research Center of Saint-Etienne; Vol 21(2) Feb 1989, France: Societe de Presse Medicale; 1989, 177-181 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the medical and psychosocial issues raised by emergency hospitalizations of psychogeriatric patients. A study was conducted with 295 patients (aged over 65 yrs) hospitalized on an emergency basis in the psychiatric department of a French hospital. The hospitalization itself constitutes a traumatic episode for patients because it is the final consummation of their families' rejecting attitudes and is sometimes compounded by the more-or-less-unconscious rejecting attitudes of the hospital's psychiatric staff. Patients may react with regression and total loss of autonomy and identity to this existential crisis and impasse. ========================================
Title: Quelques principes d'un traitement des alcooliques impulsifs./ Some principles regarding treatment of impulsive alcoholics. Author(s)/Editor(s): Vallee, Alain Source/Citation: Psychologie Medicale: Special Issue: Studies by the University Hospital Research Center of Saint-Etienne; Vol 21(2) Feb 1989, France: Societe de Presse Medicale; 1989, 247-251 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the problems involved in treating alcoholic patients whose impulsivity makes their withdrawal very difficult. Impulsive alcoholics drink to react to frustrations (frequently narcissistic in nature), dependency, depression, anxiety, professional problems, and other traumatic situations that induce stress and anxiety. Above all, these Ss experience a loss of competence. A treatment combining the drug alprazolam with medical, educational, and psychotherapeutic interventions has proved effective with these alcoholic patients. (English abstract) ========================================
Title: Second childhood: Hypno-play therapy with age-regressed adults. Author(s)/Editor(s): Shapiro, Marian Kaplun Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: W. W. Norton & Co, Inc; 1988, (xi, 229) Abstract/Review/Citation: In an engaging and clear style, this book describes and teaches an innovative psychotherapeutic method--hypno-play therapy. This method, solidly based in developmental theory, consists of the strategic use of play therapy with adults in a hypnotically induced aged-regressed state. In her introduction, the author describes the basis of this approach: "Hypno-play therapy is based on a simple axiom: If possible, fix the problem where it occurred. . . . Hypno-play therapy not only addresses the repair of the discrete tear in the fabric of early development--the single trauma, let us say--but also and importantly addresses the development of seriously impaired, repeatedly traumatized, and/or chronically deprived people. The first section, "A Context for Hypno-Play Therapy," places hypno-play therapy within the theoretical background of a developmental and interactional view of human beings. Section II then addresses "The Practice of Hypno-Play Therapy" with a variety of neurotic and character disorders. Numerous case examples demonstrate its effectiveness with patients suffering from long-term chronic depression, delayed grief stemming from childhood loss, character or personality disorders, phobias with their origins in childhood, and post-traumatic stress syndrome whose history can be traced to such events as child abuse and incest. The reader is given invaluable step-by-step guidance to the process, as well as ideas about handling anticipated problems. ========================================
Title: Remaining single into midlife: An investigation of early family relationships, traumatic experiences, idealism/perfectionism, and fear of loss. Author(s)/Editor(s): Cohen, Marilyn Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International; Vol 48(8-B) Feb 1988, US: Univ. Microfilms International; 1988, 2451 ========================================
Title: Briefe einer Emigrantin. Die Psychoanalytikerin Clara Happel an inhre Sohn Peter (1936-1945)./ A refugee's letters: From the psychoanalyst Clara Happel to her son, Peter (1936-sup-1945). Author(s)/Editor(s): Friedrich, Volker Source/Citation: Psyche: Zeitschrift fuer Psychoanalyse und ihre Anwendungen; Vol 42(3) Mar 1988, Germany: J.G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Nachfolger GmbH; 1988, 193-215 Abstract/Review/Citation: Traces the traumatic events and infrapsychic conflicts experienced by Jewish psychoanalyst Clara Happel, a refugee from Nazi persecution, as mirrored in excerpts from her letters to her son. Homesick for her native Germany, she never became acclimated to the American cultural environment. A growing psychotic depression over the loss of all her love objects, including her Americanized and estranged son, caused the disintegration of her psychic structure and her suicide. (English abstract) ========================================
Title: Crisis intervention strategies. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gilliland, Burl E.; James, Richard K. Source/Citation: Pacific Grove, CA, US: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co; 1988, (xviii, 488) Abstract/Review/Citation: The primary purpose of this book is to organize and present applied therapeutic counseling in general, and crisis intervention in particular, in such a way that it effectively deals with and describes actual strategies. It has been our experience that most of the clients who enter counseling or psychotherapy do so because of some sort of crisis in their lives. Although "preventive" counseling is an idealistic concept, personal crisis generally provides the impetus that impels the clients of the real world into personal contact with a helping person. We have endeavored to provide a perspective that puts you into the crisis situation as it is occurring, enabling you to experience what the crisis worker is experiencing. Intended as a core text for crisis intervention or practicum/field work courses in departments of counseling, psychology, social work, human services, or nursing. The book can also serve as a professional reference book for nurses, police officers, counselors, or others in the human services field, or as a training guide or curriculum for staff and volunteers in crisis intervention agencies, hospitals, mental health clinics, corrections organizations, churches, schools, convalescent centers, or seminaries. Gilliland and James' practical book offers readers a set of skills and strategies they can adapt to virtually any crisis situation. Drawing on their own experiences in teaching and counseling in crisis situations as well as from interviews with experts currently engaged in crisis intervention, the authors offer a book uniquely focused on "how, when, and what to do." Thorough, broad-based and research-oriented, the book incorporates, synthesizes, and integrates case handling strategies of these resource people in a comprehensive and dynamic way, offering readers a series of "best bets" for specific crisis situations. Throughout the book the authors encourage students to "try out," to experience, and to process cases and issues as they master skills and strategies and begin to incorporate their own feelings, thoughts, and behaviors into effective crisis intervention. Notes/Comments: Part one Crisis intervention theory and application Introduction Six steps in crisis intervention Counseling with difficult clients Part two Crisis categories: Going into the trenches Suicide: Strategies for assessment and intervention Counseling suicidal clients Women in crisis: Battering Institutional crises: Controlling violent behavior The violent geriatric client Crisis of severe physical limitation Post traumatic stress disorder Substance abuse Sexual assault Dynamics of rape and sexual abuse Dynamics of sexual abuse of children Hostage crisis: Negotiation strategies Personal loss: Bereavement, grief, and separation Part three Focus on improving the crisis worker or counselor Human service workers in crisis: Burnout Index Textbook ========================================
Title: Trauma, mourning, and adaptation: A dynamic point of view. Author(s)/Editor(s): Altschul, Sol Source/Citation: Childhood bereavement and its aftermath., Madison, CT, US: International Universities Press, Inc; 1988, (xxiii, 459), 3-15 Emotions and behavior monographs, No. 8. Source editor(s): Altschul, Sol (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: concept of trauma / definition / emphasized . . . that the adaptations to trauma are on a continuum from traumatic neurosis to mastery and growth / discussion of mourning and the types of reaction that children manifest when they have lost a parent by death during the formative years ========================================
Title: Parental death in childhood. Author(s)/Editor(s): Samuels, Arnold Source/Citation: Childhood bereavement and its aftermath., Madison, CT, US: International Universities Press, Inc; 1988, (xxiii, 459), 19-36 Emotions and behavior monographs, No. 8. Source editor(s): Altschul, Sol (Ed) Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160 Abstract/Review/Citation: focus upon the first 128 cases seen at the . . . Barr-Harris Center for the Study of Separation and Loss During Childhood / sample . . . was largely made up of families which had suffered traumatic losses with little time for anticipation of the death, for mobilization of personal and social resources, and for buffering, modulating, and integrating the parent's own feelings and emotions, let alone to do so in order to assist the child / play themes / regressive behaviors / case example[s] ========================================
Title: Healing the incest wound: Adult survivors in therapy. Author(s)/Editor(s): Courtois, Christine A. Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: W. W. Norton & Co, Inc; 1988, (xvi, 396) Abstract/Review/Citation: This book is a direct outgrowth of all of these experiences and the thousands of therapy hours I have spent with incest survivors in both individual and group treatment. I have made every attempt to present the state-of-the-art in terms of treatment, but a strong caveat must be made that our information is preliminary and much remains to be learned. At present, the therapy is grounded in available theory from the fields of feminism, traumatic stress/victimization, self development, and loss. The effectiveness of this therapy has strong clinical support, but is for the most part empirically untested. Its effectiveness for all survivors is certainly not documented. Nevertheless, this book provides a working model for incest treatment designed to provide healing for the incest wound and to move the victim from the status of victim to that of survivor and even beyond. The underlying philosophy of this book is that in order to heal the survivor must acknowledge the victimization and its reality, must understand it in the context of both the family and the larger culture, and must allow and experience the feelings associated with the trauma. This book is roughly divided into three sections. The first, comprised of Chapters 1 through 5, is a general introduction to incest by category, type, characteristics, and dynamics. In order to treat incest effectively, the clinician must be knowledgeable about how it develops in a family and its various permutations. Chapters 6 through 8 make up the second section of the book, which outlines the predominant symptoms and aftereffects associated with incest and their secondary elaborations. The third section is devoted to a discussion of incest therapy. General treatment strategies and techniques are presented as they pertain to both individual and group treatment. My goal is to offer the clinician comprehensive guidelines for working with adult victim/survivors of incest. The more clinicians know about incestuous abuse and its consequences, the more comfortable they will be in offering effective and healing treatment. Notes/Comments: Acknowledgments Introduction Section I: Incest characteristics and dynamics Incest: If you think the word is ugly . . . Incest characteristics and categories The dynamics of child sexual abuse and the incestuous family Parent-child incest Incest between other relatives Section II: Symptoms, aftereffects, and diagnosis Incest symptoms, aftereffects, and secondary elaborations Theories pertaining to aftereffects and treatment Presenting concerns and diagnosis Section III: Incest therapy Philosophy, process, and goals of incest therapy General treatment strategies and techniques The effects of abuse dynamics on the therapy process Group treatment Special populations Special problems and issues in treatment Special family issues Appendices A: Incest history questionnaire B: Books and audiovisual materials for incest survivors Bibliography Index ========================================
Title: Trauma in men: Effects on family life. Author(s)/Editor(s): van der Kolk, Bessel A. Source/Citation: Abuse and victimization across the life span., Baltimore, MD, US: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1988, (x, 270), 170-187 The Johns Hopkins series in contemporary medicine and public health. Source editor(s): Straus, Martha B. (Ed) Abstract/Review/Citation: the trauma response / post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) / learned helplessness / poor tolerance for physical arousal / loss of ability to articulate specific and differentiated emotions / tendency to experience emotions as physical states / fixation on (addiction to) the trauma / sex differences in response to trauma / the social context of traumatization / transmission of trauma to children / adolescence / trauma and the family ========================================
Title: Handbook of life stress, cognition and health. Author(s)/Editor(s): Fisher, Shirley; Reason, James Source/Citation: Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons; 1988, (xxxiii, 750) Abstract/Review/Citation: This handbook brings together work on the effect of life events on psychological and physical well being, with work on the role of life events in relation to abnormal behaviour and illness, in order to pursue the role of personal meanings and knowledge as mediating factors. Models of stress and illness based on sociological, psychological and psychobiological principles are described and the links with intervention and therapy are developed. Unlike other books on this subject, this volume combines work on specific stresses with work on cognitive factors in order to predict reaction--the book addresses the question of why some people become ill or mentally disturbed, and why others do not. This book will be essential reading for all those--researchers, students and practitioners in cognitive psychology, health psychology, behavioural and social medicine--who come in contact with people experiencing stressful life events. Class. Notes/Comments: List of contributors Preface [by] Shirley Fisher Acknowledgements Section IA: Specific life stresses Expectant parenthood Yona Teichman Stress in childhood and adolescence Ian Goodyer Leaving home: Homesickness and the psychological effects of change and transition Shirley Fisher Bereavement Frances Clegg Impending surgery Marie Johnston Victims of violence Ronnie Janoff-Bulman Environmental and nuclear threats Jennifer Brown Section IB: Stressful social contexts Marriage, separation and divorce Raymond Cochrane Family stress Abe Fosson Women's work and family roles: Sources of stress and sources of strength Janet E. Malley and Abigail J. Stewart Psychosocial factors in the workplace Rudolf H. Moos The experience of unemployment in social context David Fryer Section II: Life events and disorder Life events and mental disorder Eugene Paykel and D. Dowlatshahi Lethal stress: A social-behavioral model of suicidal behavior Marsha M. Linehan and Edward N. Shearin Life events, stress and addiction Fiona O'Doherty and John Booth Davies Stress and heart disease Bruce Boman Recent life changes and coronary heart disease: 10 years' research Richard Rahe Stress, disability and handicap Christina Knussen and Cliff C. Cunningham Anorexia nervosa Rachel Bryant-Waugh Personality, life stress and cancerous disease Cary L. Cooper Stress and diabetes Clare Bradley Section III: Cognitive factors which influence stress and health Stress and cognitive failure James Reason Explanation and adaptation in adversity Chris R. Brewin Early loss of parent and depression in adult life George W. Brown Trait anxiety and stress Michael W. Eysenck Learned resourcefulness, stress and self-regulation Michael Rosenbaum Putting the life back into 'life events': Toward a cognitive social learning analysis of the coping process Suzanne M. Miller and Adina Birnbaum Social support and stress: Perspectives and processes Jacques A. M. Winnubst, Bram P. Buunk and Frans H. G. Marcelissen Section IV: Social cognitive and biological models of stress and illness Stress, language and illness Richard Totman Life events, social cognition and depression Keith Oatley Psychobiological interaction in depression Paul Gilbert Life stress, control strategies and the risk of disease: A psychobiological model Shirely Fisher Psychobiological factors in stress and health Tom Cox Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology Peter Sterling and Joseph Eyer Section V: Cognitive developments with implications for coping and health Helping people cope with the long-term effects of stress Ian Howarth and Inez Dootjes Dussuyer Confiding traumatic experiences and health James W. Pennebaker Stress and mental control Daniel M. Wegner The costs and benefits of coping Wolfgang Schoenpflug and Wolfgang Battmann Author index Subject index ========================================
Title: Rebirth: The rehabilitation process. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gannon, Stephanie; Gold, Judy R. Source/Citation: Professional Psychology: Research & Practice; Vol 19(6) Dec 1988, US: American Psychological Assn.; 1988, 632-636 Abstract/Review/Citation: Rehabilitation psychology is an evolving discipline both in theory and in practice. Although the processes of mourning and of reintegrating an intact sense of self have been recognized as central to rehabilitation, developmental theory has not been applied to this complex transition. Because traumatic loss often reactivates early developmental issues, we have linked Mahler, Pine, and Bergman's (1975) theory of psychological birth, focusing on the mother-infant dyad, to the process of "rebirth" in rehabilitation. We conceptualized the team as mother and the patient as infant. Mahler et al.'s phases of symbiosis, practicing, rapprochement, and object constancy offer a framework for illuminating the therapeutic process of the team approach. Parallels between the acute in-patient rehabilitation experience and the separation-individuation process are drawn. This development, may strengthen our psychological understanding and interventions with this population. ========================================
Title: Major depression, anxiety disorders and mixed conditions: Childhood and precipitating events. Author(s)/Editor(s): Alnaes, Randolf; Torgersen, S. Source/Citation: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica; Vol 78(5) Nov 1988, US: Munksgaard Scientific Journals; 1988, 632-638 Abstract/Review/Citation: 298 nonpsychotic outpatients (aged 18-59 yrs) were divided into 4 groups: pure major depression, mixed depression/anxiety disorder, pure anxiety disorder, and other mental disorders. S reports of childhood losses, relation to parents, siblings and family climate, personality characteristics as children, and precipitating events were compared. Results show that on childhood experiences and precipitating events, the mixed group reported differently from all other groups. Ss with mixed depression/anxiety disorder remembered their childhood as being more traumatic, with a less satisfactory relationship to their parents. Prior to the onset of their disorder, these Ss experienced more conflicts with their partners. ========================================
Title: Hypno-play therapy with adults: Theory, method, and practice. Author(s)/Editor(s): Shapiro, Marian K. Source/Citation: American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis; Vol 31(1) Jul 1988, US: American Society of Clinical Hypnosis; 1988, 1-10 Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes "hypno-play" therapy as a technique combining hypnotic age regression and play therapy. By this method adults can work on childhood issues and traumatic events in much the same way they would have if they had been treated as children. A theoretical background of the co-relationship of therapist and patient is offered, and the method of hypno-play therapy is described. Three cases (2 adult females and 1 adult male) illustrate its application to the treatment of trauma, chronic depression, and schizoid character. Also discussed are problems in practice that include transference, resistance, undeveloped object constancy, loss, physical closeness, and multilevel functioning. ========================================
Title: The psychoanalysis of a patient with ulcerative colitis: The impact of fantasy, affect, and the intensity of drives on the outcome of treatment. Author(s)/Editor(s): Lefebvre, Paul Source/Citation: International Journal of Psycho-Analysis; Vol 69(1) 1988, England: Institute of Psychoanalysis; 1988, 43-53 Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes the clinical case of a 31-yr-old female with ulcerative colitis. Two unconscious fantasies are outlined, which are said to have fueled the resistance to progress because of their links with traumatic and disavowed affects and with libidinal and aggressive drives. The 1st fantasy described is that of the narcissistic impasse, in which the S could not orchestrate an optimal distance with the object, who always seemed perilously near or far. The 2nd fantasy, giving rise to the 1st, is that of the Faustian bargain, according to which the S repeated an infantile disposition to effect a trade-off with a needed but elusive ideal object, resulting in pathological splitting, a loss of sense of ownership of the psyche and soma, and eventual somatic vulnerability. (French, German & Spanish abstracts) ========================================
Title: Multisensory bridges in response to object loss during the Holocaust. Author(s)/Editor(s): Brenner, Ira Source/Citation: Psychoanalytic Review; Vol 75(4) Win 1988, US: Guilford Publications; 1988, 573-587 Abstract/Review/Citation: Argues that in response to traumatic loss, such as that experienced by children during the Holocaust, early developmentally appropriate sensory experiences may be revived in memory and organized. Thus they became available as building blocks or components of object relationships. Case reports of a child survivor who used both animate and inanimate objects (a cow, a doll) in an attempt to bridge the separation from her parents and of a woman, separated from her parents due to illness who recollected her father through multisensory links (smell, sound), are presented. Once reconstructed, the lost object became alive in transference, allowing for mourning and the reestablishment of the developmental sequence. ========================================
Title: Traumatic amputation in childhood: Functional and psychosocial aspects. Author(s)/Editor(s): Denton, John R. Source/Citation: Loss, Grief & Care; Vol 2(3-4) 1988, US: Haworth Press Inc; 1988, 1-10 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the types and causes of childhood amputations, the physical complications and problems that child amputees may face, and psychosocial problems of children and their families that may be revealed in counseling. It is noted that parents may continue to love their child but not be able to accept the limitations imposed by the amputation. Parent support and outreach groups are suggested as the best means of providing counseling and guidance. ========================================
Title: The bereaved twin. Author(s)/Editor(s): Woodward, Joan Source/Citation: Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae: Twin Research; Vol 37(2) 1988, Italy: Associazione Instituto de Genetica Medica e Gemellologia Gregorio Mendel; 1988, 173-180 Abstract/Review/Citation: Conducted a 3-yr study based on individual interviews with 219 bereaved identical and fraternal twins (aged 18-92 yrs) and assessed the lone twins' responses to the loss of their twin. 93 Ss reported severe effects due to the loss; 85 and 41 Ss reported marked and slight effects, respectively. 142 Ss described related nervous troubles, with over half of these being in the severe effect group. Correlations were found between severe response to loss and the following factors: and identical or same-sex twin loss, a particularly traumatic death, loss within the last 10 yrs, and the lone twin having no married partner. In some instances, the severity of grief increased with age. Eight themes important to the bereaved Ss (e.g., guilt, closeness, polarization) are discussed. ========================================
Title: Situational exposure and personal loss in children's acute and chronic stress reactions to a school bus disaster. Author(s)/Editor(s): Milgram, Norman A.; Toubiana, Yosef H.; Klingman, Avigdor; Raviv, Amiram, et al Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 1(3) Jul 1988, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1988, 339-352 Abstract/Review/Citation: Questionnaire data were obtained on 675 Israeli 7th graders 1 wk and 9 mo after a catastrophic school bus accident. Both acute and chronic stress reactions were more related to prior friendship with victims than to exposure to accident-related stressors. The effect of differential exposure on stress reactions in this accident was found to be slight when the effect of prior friendship was controlled. The incidence of moderate and severe stress reactions was high in the initial acute phase and decreased markedly by 9 mo. Professional help received and interest in future help were related to personal loss and to the extent of stress reactions both after 1 wk and 9 mo. Implications for disaster intervention are noted. ========================================
Title: Mediating effects of intrapersonal and social support on mental health 1 and 3 years after a natural disaster. Author(s)/Editor(s): Murphy, Shirley A. Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress: Special Issue: Progress in traumatic stress research; Vol 1(2) Apr 1988, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1988, 155-172 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the ability of self-efficacy and social support to mediate the effects of disaster stress on health 1 and 3 yrs following the volcanic eruption of Mt. St. Helens in 1980. A self-efficacy scale and an index of social support, both proposed by D. Coppel (1980), were administered to 155 loss participants in 1981 and to 101 of these Ss in 1983. Ss represented 5 magnitudes of loss. Interviews were conducted with 40 Ss who participated in both years. Three mental health outcomes were found: overall mental distress, depression, and somatization. Results show that self-efficacy was a significant predictor of all 3 health outcomes, whereas social support was not. Ss relied more heavily on self-reliant behaviors than on help-seeking behaviors. ========================================
Title: Helping families of homicide victims: A multidimensional approach. Author(s)/Editor(s): Masters, Rosemary; Friedman, Lucy N.; Getzel, George Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 1(1) Jan 1988, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1988, 109-125 Abstract/Review/Citation: The experiences of a New York City pilot program of outreach and counseling for 1,182 families of Brooklyn homicide victims suggest that surviving kin undergo the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Factors that prolong and complicate the recovery of homicide survivors include knowledge that the perpetrator may be alive and in some cases unpunished, and repeated confrontations with the criminal justice system. Survivors are also confronted with loss of (1) a family member, (2) illusions of safety and invulnerability, (3) a sense of trust in the surrounding community, and (4) a belief system. The psychodynamics of the guilt and rage experienced by survivors are examined. In presenting treatment options for survivors, it is suggested that professionals need to help clients accept, mourn, and adapt to each of the different types of loss they have endured. ========================================
Title: Seduction, castration, conviction./ Seduction, castration, conviction. Author(s)/Editor(s): Cournut, Jean Source/Citation: Revue Francaise de Psychanalyse; Vol 52(6) Nov-Dec 1988, France: ; 1988, 1321-1338 Abstract/Review/Citation: Suggests that Freud's (1894, 1925, 1937) theory on the traumatic origin of the psychoneurosis of defense remained consistent throughout his life. Exemplifying her theme with a case history from her practice, the author defines the stages of this evolution: (1) a prologue (only recognizable after the fact); (2) seduction (of a S incapable of discharging the influx of sexual excitation because of inadequate physical capabilities and unable to work it out psychically; (3) the traumatic castration complex (the narcissistically invested object loss); and (4) the analyst's conviction of the truth of his/her constructions, which may reproduce the traumatic anxieties of childhood. (English, German & Spanish abstracts) ========================================
Title: Epidemiology of PTSD in a national cohort of Vietnam veterans. Author(s)/Editor(s): Card, Josefina J. Source/Citation: Journal of Clinical Psychology; Vol 43(1) Jan 1987, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1987, 6-17 Abstract/Review/Citation: Surveyed a cohort of 1,500 men who completed high school in 1963 to compare the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 500 Vietnam veterans, 500 non-Vietnam veterans, and 500 nonveterans. At age 36 yrs, Vietnam veterans reported significantly more problems related to nightmares, loss of control over behavior, emotional numbing, withdrawal from the external environment, hyperalertness, anxiety, and depression than did their classmates. These problems were found to correspond closely to the disorder labeled PTSD. PTSD was associated with other family, mental health, and social interaction problems. Some environmental variables--such as the presence of a spouse or being a churchgoer--were associated with reduced levels of PTSD or with reductions in the degree of association between combat and PTSD. It is postulated that support factors can help some Vietnam veterans with PTSD. (17 ref)
Record #1. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: traumatic loss (1 of 988)
Title: Picking up the pieces after the sudden death of a therapist: Issues for the client and the "inheriting therapist". Author(s)/Editor(s): Beder, Joan Paper Number: 20030203 Source/Citation: Clinical Social Work Journal; Vol 31(1) Spr 2003, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2003, 25-36 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: The death of one's therapist can be considered a traumatic event for the patient. The closeness of the relationship between therapist and patient, especially if the relationship is long-term, makes the loss analogous to losing an intimate attachment. This article will explore the complexity of issues involved for the patient who loses a therapist due to sudden death and examines the issues for the "inheriting therapist" as well. Case examples will be used to highlight some of the more stressful areas of practice in this difficult transition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 17 Subject Descriptors: Clients Death and Dying Emotional Trauma Psychotherapeutic Processes Therapists Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention--3300 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) 320 Thirties (30-39 yrs) 340 Middle Age (40-64 yrs) 360 sudden death of therapist; traumatic event for patient; patient-therapist relationship; intimate attachment; stressful transition Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0091-1674 Vendor Numbers: 2002-11335-002 ======================================== Record #2. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: traumatic loss (2 of 988)
Title: The extramarital affair: A language of yearning and loss. Author(s)/Editor(s): Weil, Susanne M. Paper Number: 20030203 Source/Citation: Clinical Social Work Journal; Vol 31(1) Spr 2003, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2003, 51-62 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: This paper presents an extramarital relationship as an experience of self-enhancement, not of pathological conflict. It will suggest that the simultaneous relationship with the lover AND an empathically attuned therapist can be healing for the patient. It is seen as often an opportunity for essential developmental needs to be fulfilled when damaging failures in the bond between child and caretaker have restricted the vitalizing atmosphere of mutual influence that results in unrecognized subjectivity. Rather than viewed as a reality-escaping midlife enactment, these relationships can be better thought of as efforts to revisit the traumatic experiences that have created the organizing patterns that have limited a patient's self-development. An extramarital affair is often about yearning and loss and the freedom to enact one's own desire (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 24 Subject Descriptors: Emotional Development Experiences (Events) Extramarital Intercourse Psychodynamics Psychotherapeutic Processes Grief Interpersonal Interaction Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling--3310 Marriage & Family--2950 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Female 40 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 extramarital affair; self-enhancement; relationship with lover; traumatic experiences; developmental needs; yearning & loss Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0091-1674 Vendor Numbers: 2002-11335-003 ======================================== Record #3. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: traumatic loss (3 of 988)
Title: Predictors of psychosocial distress after suicide, SIDS and accidents. Author(s)/Editor(s): Dyregrov, Kari Nordanger, Dag Dyregrov, Atle Author Affiliation: Ctr for Crisis Psychology, Bergen, Norway Ctr for Crisis Psychology, Bergen, Norway Paper Number: 20030217 Source/Citation: Death Studies; Vol 27(2) Feb-Mar 2003, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis; 2003, 143-165 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: This article compares the outcome and predictors of psychosocial distress of parents bereaved by young suicides, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and child accidents. One objective is to explore whether suicide bereavement is more difficult for those left behind than other forms of bereavement. Data have been collected from 140 families, consisting of 232 parents. The results show that the similarities between the samples on outcome and predictors are more striking than the differences, which is explained by the common traumatic aspect of unexpected and violent deaths. One and a half years post-loss, 57-78% of the survivors scored above the cut-off levels for traumatic grief reactions. Although no significant differences are found between survivors of suicide and accidents, both groups evidence significantly greater subjective distress than the survivors of SIDS. Self-isolation is by far the best predictor of psychosocial distress in all three samples. Rather than focusing on the exceptional position of suicide survivors, it seems important to call attention to sudden and traumatic death in general as a factor to be associated with post-traumatic reactions and complicated mourning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 62 Subject Descriptors: Death and Dying Distress Grief Parents Accidents Sudden Infant Death Suicide Personality Traits & Processes--3120 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 psychosocial distress; sudden infant death syndrome; SIDS; young suicide; child accidents; parents; traumatic death; bereavement Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0748-1187 1091-7683 Vendor Numbers: 2003-04587-003 Correspondence Address: Dyregrov, Kari, Ctr for Crisis Psychology, Fabrikkgt 5 Bergen 5059 kari@krisepsyk.no ======================================== Record #4. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: traumatic loss (4 of 988)
Title: An archival study of eyewitness memory of the Titanic's final plunge. Author(s)/Editor(s): Riniolo, Todd C. Koledin, Myriah Drakulic, Gregory M. Payne, Robin A. Author Affiliation: Adams State Coll, Dept of Psychology, Alamosa, CO, US Adams State Coll, Dept of Psychology, Alamosa, CO, US Adams State Coll, Dept of Psychology, Alamosa, CO, US Paper Number: 20030317 Source/Citation: Journal of General Psychology; Vol 130(1) Jan 2003, US: Heldref Publications; 2003, 89-95 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: A handful of real-life studies demonstrate that most eyewitnesses accurately recall central details (i.e., the gist of what happened) from traumatic events. The authors evaluated the accuracy of archival eyewitness testimony from survivors of the Titanic disaster who witnessed the ship's final plunge. The results indicate that most eyewitness testimony (15 eyewitnesses of 20) is consistent with forensic evidence that demonstrates that the Titanic was breaking apart while it was still on the ocean's surface. Despite the methodological limitations of archival research, the authors provide evidence from a single-occurrence traumatic event (with a large-scale loss of life) that the majority of eyewitnesses accurately recall central details. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 25 Subject Descriptors: Emotional Trauma Legal Testimony Memory Witnesses Accidents Water Transportation Learning & Memory--2343 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 archival eyewitness testimony; eyewitness memory; Titanic; traumatic events Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0022-1309 Vendor Numbers: 2003-02083-011 Correspondence Address: Riniolo, Todd C., Medaille Coll, Dept of Psychology, 18 Agassiz Circle Buffalo NY 14214 tcriniol@yahoo.com ======================================== Record #5. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: traumatic loss (5 of 988)
Title: Impact of pre-injury factors on outcome after severe traumatic brain injury: Does post-traumatic personality change represent an exacerbation of premorbid traits? Author(s)/Editor(s): Tate, Robyn L. Paper Number: 20030324 Source/Citation: Neuropsychological Rehabilitation; Vol 13(1-2) 2003, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis/Psychology Press; 2003, 43-64 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents a brief overview of the literature on the effects of pre-injury variables on post-trauma psychosocial functioning, and makes specific examination of the effect of premorbid personality structure on the post-trauma personality in people with traumatic brain injury (TBI). A close relative of 28 people undergoing rehabilitation after TBI completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised (EPQ-R) and Current Behaviour Scale (CBS) regarding the injured person's personality and character. Data were collected on 3 occasions: Ratings about premorbid status were taken as soon as feasible after admission, and follow-up ratings regarding current status were made at 6 and 12 mo post-trauma. As a group, premorbid ratings indicated an unremarkable profile on the EPQ-R. Significant changes had occurred by 6 mo post-trauma, which were sustained at 12 mo post-trauma for both the EPQ-R and CBS. Yet none of the specific hypotheses regarding premorbid personality structure on the EPQ-R and post-trauma characterological deficits on the 2 CBS factors, Loss of Emotional Control and Loss of Motivation, was supported. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 75 Subject Descriptors: Personality Change Premorbidity Traumatic Brain Injury Neurological Disorders & Brain Damage--3297 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Inpatient 50 Adolescence (13-17 yrs) 200 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) 320 Thirties (30-39 yrs) 340 Middle Age (40-64 yrs) 360 traumatic brain injury; premorbid personality structure; post-trauma personality Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0960-2011 1464-0694 Vendor Numbers: 2003-02281-004 Correspondence Address: Tate, Robyn L., Rehabilitation Studies Unit, Dept of Medicine, U Sydney, Royal Rehabilitation Ctr, PO Box 6 Sydney NSW 1680 rtate@med.usyd.edu.au ======================================== Record #6. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: traumatic loss (6 of 988)
Title: The sculpture and the dust. Author(s)/Editor(s): Civin, Michael A. Paper Number: 20030331 Source/Citation: Contemporary Psychoanalysis; Vol 39(1) Jan 2003, US: WA White Institute; 2003, 125-134 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the treatment of a man in his late 60s, Ivo, an isolatively intellectual Hungarian sculptor who who had lived a traumatic life of loss due to the holocaust. The author uses metaphoric language to describe the psychotherapeutic processes that were involved in psychoanalysis with Ivo. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Emotional Trauma Experiences (Events) Holocaust Psychoanalysis Psychotherapeutic Processes Psychoanalytic Therapy--3315 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Aged (65 yrs & older) 380 psychotherapeutic processes; traumatic experiences; holocaust; treatment; psychoanalysis Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0010-7530 Vendor Numbers: 2003-01912-013 ======================================== Record #7. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: traumatic loss (7 of 988)
Title: The interpretation of an architect's dream: Relational trauma and its prevention. Author(s)/Editor(s): Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth Paper Number: 20030407 Source/Citation: Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture & Society; Vol 8(1) Spr 2003, US: Ohio State Univ Press; 2003, 51-56 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Relates the dreams of a patient in analysis as they describe the trauma shared by the patient and her analyst, the author, on September 11th, when the patient and analyst watched the World Trade Center buildings fall. The dream recaptured a situation in which something horrible and potentially traumatic happened but the patient's ego responded by expanding, taking the events in, and entering into a stage of benign regression which became a state of openness to another human being--in this case, the analyst. Such a regression cannot be entered into alone; another person, who is trusted or represents trust, must be either physically there or psychically there, completely available, an auxiliary ego protecting, housing, the threatened ego. The trauma experienced by many people on September 11th varied in intensity; but there was also much trauma prevention, a countersurge of relatedness in the surge of destruction and death, separation and loss. This trauma prevention is a kind of instinctual drive to connect, with people seeking emotional, relational shelter and allowing themselves to regress into dependency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 1 Subject Descriptors: Ego Emotional Trauma Psychoanalysis Psychotherapeutic Processes Terrorism Psychoanalytic Therapy--3315 Notes/Comments: Print Human 10 Female 40 US trauma prevention; World Trade Center; relational trauma; instinctual drive; threatened ego; patient-analyst boundaries; September 11 Autobiography/Personal Account 0100 ISSN: 1088-0763 Vendor Numbers: 2003-02465-008 ======================================== Record #8. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: traumatic loss (8 of 988)
Title: Long-term psychological outcome for non-treatment-seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey. Author(s)/Editor(s): Salcioglu, Ebru Basoglu, Metin Livanou, Maria Author Affiliation: U London, King's Coll London, Div of Psychological Medicine, Inst of Psychiatry, Section of Trauma Studies, London, United Kingdom U London, King's Coll London, Div of Psychological Medicine, Inst of Psychiatry, Section of Trauma Studies, London, United Kingdom Paper Number: 20030407 Source/Citation: Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease; Vol 191(3) Mar 2003, US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003, 154-160 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in 586 earthquake survivors (mean age 38.1 yrs) living in prefabricated housing sites a mean of 20 months after the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. The Screening Instrument for Traumatic Stress in Earthquake Survivors was used in assessment. The estimated rates of PTSD and major depression were 39% and 18%, respectively. More severe PTSD symptoms related to greater fear during the earthquake, female gender, older age, participation in rescue work, having been trapped under rubble, and personal history of psychiatric illness. More severe depression symptoms related to older age, loss of close ones, single marital status, past psychiatric illness, previous trauma experience, female gender, and family history of psychiatric illness. These findings suggest that catastrophic earthquakes have long-term psychological consequences, particularly for survivors with high levels of trauma exposure. These findings lend further support to the need for long-term mental health care policies for earthquake survivors. Outreach service delivery programs are needed to access non-treatment-seeking survivors with chronic PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 23 Subject Descriptors: Major Depression Natural Disasters Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Survivors Psychological Disorders--3210 Notes/Comments: Print Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Turkey posttraumatic stress disorder; PTSD; depression; non-treatment-seeking earthquake survivors Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0022-3018 Vendor Numbers: 2003-02536-005 Correspondence Address: Salcioglu, Ebru, Istanbul Ctr for Behavior Research & Therapy (ICBRT/DABATEM), Meselik Sok, 36/5, Siraselviler, Beyoglu Istanbul ======================================== Record #9. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: traumatic loss (9 of 988)
Title: Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Inventory of Traumatic Grief (ITG). Author(s)/Editor(s): Boelen, Paul A. Van Den Bout, Jan Keijser, Jos De Hoijtink, Herbert Author Affiliation: Utrecht U, Utrecht, Netherlands Mental Health Ctr Friesland, Dept of Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, Netherlands Utrecht U, Utrecht, Netherlands Paper Number: 20030414 Source/Citation: Death Studies; Vol 27(3) Apr 2003, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis; 2003, 227-247 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: The psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Inventory of Traumatic Grief (ITG) were investigated in 2 studies with bereaved adults who had suffered the loss of a first-degree relative. In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis indicated that the items of the ITG clustered together into one underlying factor. In addition, the internal consistency of the ITG and its short-term temporal stability were found to be high. In Study 2 it was found that the ITG exhibited adequate discriminative, concurrent, and construct validity. Furthermore, an ITG cutoff score for a diagnosis of traumatic grief was determined, with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 76%, providing evidence in favor of the predictive validity of the ITG. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 32 Subject Descriptors: Factor Structure Grief Inventories Test Reliability Test Validity Death and Dying Emotional Trauma Foreign Language Translation Personality Scales & Inventories--2223 Personality Traits & Processes--3120 Notes/Comments: Print Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Dutch version; Inventory of Traumatic Grief; reliability; validity; factor structure; bereaved Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0748-1187 1091-7683 Vendor Numbers: 2003-02208-002 Correspondence Address: Boelen, Paul A., Dept of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht U, P.O. Box 80140 Utrecht 3508 TC p.boelen@fss.uu.nl ======================================== Record #10. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: traumatic loss (10 of 988)
Title: AIDS-related grief and coping with loss among HIV-positive men and women. Author(s)/Editor(s): Sikkema, Kathleen J. Kochman, Arlene DiFranceisco, Wayne Kelly, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, Raymond G. Author Affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, US Medical Coll of Wisconsin, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Milwaukee, WI, US Medical Coll of Wisconsin, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Milwaukee, WI, US Medical Coll of Wisconsin, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Milwaukee, WI, US Paper Number: 20030421 Source/Citation: Journal of Behavioral Medicine; Vol 26(2) Apr 2003, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2003, 165-181 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: AIDS-related grief was examined and its association with coping among HIV-positive men and women explored. AIDS-related grief, psychological distress and coping were examined among a sample of 268 HIV-infected individuals, diverse with respect to gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Participants exhibited elevated scores on measures of grief reaction and psychological distress including depressive symptoms, anxiety, and traumatic stress related to their losses. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that severity of grief reaction was associated with escape-avoidance and self-controlling coping strategies, type of loss, depressive symptoms, and history of injection drug use. Interventions are needed to enhance coping and reduce psychological distress associated with the unique bereavement experienced by people living with HIV- and AIDS-related grief. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 31 Subject Descriptors: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Coping Behavior Grief Human Immunodeficiency Virus Depression (Emotion) Immunological Disorders--3291 Notes/Comments: Print Human 10 HIV/AIDS; grief; bereavement; coping; depressive symptoms Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0160-7715 Vendor Numbers: 2003-02967-006 Correspondence Address: Sikkema, Kathleen J., Div of Prevention & Community Research, The Consultation Ctr, Dept of Psychiatry, Yale U School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue New Haven CT kathleen.sikkema@yale.edu ======================================== Record #11. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: traumatic loss (11 of 988)
Title: Using drawing in short-term trauma resolution. Author(s)/Editor(s): Steele, William Paper Number: 20030428 Source/Citation: Handbook of art therapy., New York, NY, US: Guilford Press; 2003, (xvii, 461), 139-151 Source editor(s): Malchiodi, Cathy A. (Ed) Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160 Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents a structured trauma intervention that relies on reexposure to traumatic memories through drawing, developing a trauma narrative, and cognitive reframing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 20 Subject Descriptors: Art Therapy Drawing Emotional Trauma Narratives Repressed Memory Cognitive Therapy Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Art & Music & Movement Therapy--3357 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS
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