LifeSpan Developmental Trauma

   Neglect and Trauma

Title:   What the Literature Tells Us.         

Author(s):   Razza, Nancy J., Private Practice, Holmdel, NJ, US;

Tomasulo, Daniel J., New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ, US

Source:   Healing trauma: The power of group treatment for people with

intellectual disabilities. Razza, Nancy J.; Tomasulo, Daniel J.; pp.

21-37. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2005. xi,

227 pp.

Abstract:   (from the chapter) This chapter focuses on the research

literature in the field of intellectual disabilities. It is generally

recognized in the field of intellectual disabilities that the mental

health needs of people with mental retardation have traditionally been

neglected. In fact, this neglect is an apparent correlate of a

wide-ranging neglect for the health care of people with mental

retardation. A report by former U.S. Surgeon General David Satcher

(Monday Morning, 2002) declares that health care in general, across the

entire spectrum of medical needs, is still sorely lacking for people

with mental retardation. Fortunately, however, the mental health needs

of people with intellectual disabilities have been drawing concern over

the past two decades. An evolution in our thinking about people with

intellectual disabilities has led to a growth in treatment efforts and

research studies on therapeutic advances with this population.

  _____ 

Title:   Group Treatment for Trauma and Sexual Abuse Survivors With

Intellectual Disabilities.       

Author(s):  Razza, Nancy J., Private Practice, Holmdel, NJ, US;

Tomasulo, Daniel J., New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ, US

Source:  Healing trauma: The power of group treatment for people with

intellectual disabilities. Razza, Nancy J.; Tomasulo, Daniel J.; pp.

71-90. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2005. xi,

227 pp.

Abstract:  (from the chapter) This chapter focuses on the group

treatment model for trauma survivors with intellectual disabilities.

Sexual abuse, the most common form of trauma for women in the general

population, is much more common for women with intellectual

disabilities. Men with intellectual disabilities seem to be at somewhat

higher risk for sexual abuse than men in the general population. At the

same time, men with intellectual disabilities are less likely than

nondisabled men to experience service-related trauma (through combat,

police work, and the like). Finally, people with intellectual

disabilities, like many people from the general population, are often

subjected to traumatic experiences in the form of abuse (both sexual and

nonsexual) and neglect during childhood.

  _____ 

Title:   Somatoform dissociation, reported abuse and animal defence-like

reactions.     

Author(s):  Nijenhuis, Ellert R. S., Outpatient Department Mental

Health Care Drenthe, Assen, Netherlands, e.nijenhuis@home.nl;

van der Hart, Onno, Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht

University, Utrecht, Netherlands;

Kruger, Karlien, Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University,

Utrecht, Netherlands;

Steele, Kathy, Metropolitan Psychotherapy Associates, Atlanta, GA, US

Address:  Nijenhuis, Ellert R. S., Outpatient Department Mental

Health Care Drenthe, PO Box 30007, 9400 RA, Assen, Netherlands,

e.nijenhuis@home.nl 

Source:  Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 38(9), Sep

2004. pp. 678-686.

Publisher:   United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing

Abstract:  Tested the hypotheses that among general psychiatric

outpatients, somatoform dissociation is associated with posttraumatic

stress symptoms and with reported potentially traumatizing events,

especially with events that involve bodily threat from a person, also

when reported age at onset, duration and subjectively rated impact of

potentially traumatizing events are considered. Administration of

self-report questionnaires evaluating the severity of somatoform and

psychoform dissociation, posttraumatic stress-symptoms, and reported

traumatizing events, using samples of consecutive and unselected

psychiatric outpatients (n = 153). Somatoform dissociation was strongly

correlated with posttraumatic stress symptoms and with reported

cumulative traumatization as assessed with two different self-report

trauma questionnaires. Among a wide range of trauma types, bodily threat

from a person best predicted somatoform dissociation. Emotional neglect

and age further improved the prediction, but emotional neglect and abuse

did not predict somatoform dissociation when interpersonal threat to the

body was not reported. Somatoform dissociation was also best predicted

by bodily threat when reported age at onset, duration and subjective

impact of reported traumatization were included in the analyses. This

retrospective study suggests that recurrent interpersonal bodily threat

may evoke animal defence-like psychobiological systems manifesting as

somatoform dissociation and that this type of threat is often

accompanied by emotional neglect. These hypotheses should now be tested

in prospective studies.   

  _____ 

Title:   The Search for Fuller Mutuality and Self Experiences in a

Women's Psychotherapy Group.     

Author(s):  Gagerman, Janice R., California State

University-Sacramento, Chico, CA, US, gagerman@csus.edu

Address:   Gagerman, Janice R., California State University

Sacramento #262, 1430 Esplanade, Suite 17-C, Chico, CA, US,

gagerman@csus.edu 

Source:  Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol 32(3), Fal 2004. Special

issue: Culture and Psychoanalytic Theory. pp. 285-306.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:  This article examines the reconnection experience of

four women, mutually sharing their feelings, thoughts, and implicit

relational knowing of each other within the group treatment setting.

Initially, Carol, Marcia, Helen, and Nancy were in a six-month

psychotherapy group, describing and recounting their histories and life

narratives of rape, abuse, neglect, and generally traumatic childhoods.

Four years later, they met again, "just to see how everyone was doing."

The social worker hired a camera-woman to film the five hours of this

re-engaging group process. What emerged was a dynamic example of

intersubjectivity, affect attunement, emotional regulation, and the

power of mutuality and intrinsic responsiveness.

  _____ 

Title:   Dissociative experiences in obsessive-compulsive disorder and

trichotillomania: Clinical and genetic findings.       

Author(s):  Lochner, Christine, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit

on Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of

Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Seedat, Soraya;

Hemmings, Sian M. J.; Kinnear, Craig J.; Corfield, Valerie A.;

Niehaus, Dana J. H.; Moolman-Smook, Johanna C.; Stein, Dan J.

Address:  Lochner, Christine, MRC Unit on Anxiety Disorders,

Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063,

Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa, 7505

Source:  Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol 45(5), Sep-Oct 2004. pp. 384-391.

Publisher:   Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:  A link between dissociation proneness in adulthood and

self-reports of childhood traumatic events (including familial loss in

childhood, sexual/physical abuse and neglect) has been documented.

Several studies have also provided evidence for an association between

dissociative experiences and trauma in patients with various psychiatric

disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline

personality, dissociative identity and eating disorders. Based on the

relative paucity of data on dissociation and trauma in

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and trichotillomania (TTM), the

primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between

trauma and dissociative experiences (DE) in these two diagnostic groups.

Furthermore, the availability of clinical and genetic data on this

sample allowed us to explore clinical and genetic factors relevant to

this association. A total of 110 OCD and 32 TTM patients were compared

with respect to the degree of dissociation (using the Dissociative

Experiences Scale [DES]) and childhood trauma (using the Childhood

Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]). Patients were classified on the DES as

either "high" (mean DES score ≥ 30) or "low" (mean DES score < 30)

dissociators. Additional clinical and genetic factors were also explored

with chi-square and f tests as appropriate. A total of 15.8% of OCD

patients and 18.8% of TTM patients were high dissociators. OCD and TTM

groups were comparable on DES and CTQ total scores, and in both OCD and

TTM groups, significant positive correlations were found between mean

DES scores and mean CTQ subscores of emotional abuse, physical abuse,

sexual abuse, and physical neglect. In the OCD group, high dissociators

were significantly younger than low dissociators, and significantly more

high dissociators than low dissociators reported a lifetime (current and

past) history of tics (P < .001), Tourette's syndrome (P=.019), bulimia

nervosa (P=.003), and borderline personality disorder (P=.027). In the

TTM group, significantly more high dissociators than low dissociators

reported (lifetime) kleptomania (P=.005) and depersonalisation disorder

(P=.005). In the Caucasian OCD patients (n=114), investigation of

genetic polymorphisms involved in monoamine function revealed no

significant differences between high and low dissociator groups. This

study demonstrates a link between childhood trauma and DE in patients

with OCD and TTM. High dissociative symptomatology may be present in a

substantial proportion of patients diagnosed with these disorders. High

dissociators may also be differentiated from low dissociators on some

demographic features (e.g., lower age) and comorbidity profile (e.g.,

increased incidence of impulse dyscontrol disorders). Additional work is

necessary before conclusions about the role of monoaminergic systems in

mediating such dissociation can be drawn.

  _____ 

Title:   Hidden Self-Harm: Narratives from Psychotherapy.

Author(s):  Best, Ron, University of Surrey Roehampton, United

Kingdom

Source:  British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, Vol 32(3), Aug 2004.

pp. 440.

Publisher:  United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis

Reviewed Item:   M. Turp (2003). Hidden Self-Harm: Narratives from

Psychotherapy; London: Jessica Kingsley ISBN 1-85302-901-7  

  _____ 

Title:   Posttraumatic stress disorder in adopted children from Romania. 

Author(s):  Hoksbergen, R. A. C., Utrecht U, Faculty of Social

Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands, R.Hoksbergen@fss.uu.nl;

ter Laak, J., Utrecht U, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht,

Netherlands[

van Dijkum, C., Utrecht U, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht,

Netherlands;

Rijk, S., Utrecht U, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands;

Rijk, K., Utrecht U, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands;

Stoutjesdijk, F., Utrecht U, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht,

Netherlands

Address:   Hoksbergen, R. A. C., Dept of Adoption/Non-Genetic

Parenthood, Utrecht U, Heidelberglann 2, 3584 CS, Utrecht, Netherlands,

R.Hoksbergen@fss.uu.nl      

Source:  American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol 73(3), Jul 2003. pp.

255-265.

Publisher:  US: Educational Publishing Foundation

Abstract:  This follow-up study of 80 Romanian children showed that

16 (20%) of the children exhibited posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

The same children got scores in the clinical range on the Child Behavior

Checklist (CBCL). These PTSD children could be differentiated from the

remaining children by psychosocial but not by physical health variables.

Children showing characteristics of PTSD stood out from the other

subjects because of their scores on the Externalization dimension and

excessive attention-seeking on the CBCL. The findings indicated that

these Romanian adoptees exhibited survivor behavior. A substantial

number of these adopted children require aftercare by adoption

specialists from the time they arrive in Dutch families. It seems

plausible that the high incidence of PTSD characteristics was related to

extreme physical and social neglect occurring in the orphanages.

  _____ 

Title:   Co-occurring forms of child maltreatment and adult adjustment

reported by Latina college students.        

Author(s):   Clemmons, John C., Department of Psychology, University

of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, US;

DiLillo, David, Department of Psychology, University of

Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, US;

Martinez, Isaac G., Department of Psychology, Our Lady of the Lake

University, San Antonio, TX, US;

DeGue, Sarah, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,

Lincoln, NE, US;

Jeffcott, Michelle, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of

Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, US

Address:  DiLillo, David, Department of Psychology, University of

Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, PO Box 880308, Lincoln, NE, US      

Source:  Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 27(7), Jul 2003. pp. 751-767.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:  This study had two primary objectives: First, to examine

the nature and co-occurrence of various forms of child maltreatment

(sexual, physical, emotional, and witnessing violence) reported by

Latina college students, and second, to explore coexisting maltreatment

types and acculturation status as possible contributors to long-term

adjustment difficulties. Participants were 112 Latina undergraduate

students categorized by the number of childhood maltreatment types

experienced (0, 1, or 2 or more) and acculturation level (1 to 5). The

possible effects of co-occurring forms of maltreatment, in conjunction

with acculturation status, were investigated with respect to

participants' reported trauma symptomatology. Data were collected using

self-report measures. Nearly three out of 10 participants (29%)

experienced more than one type of child maltreatment and, as expected,

these individuals reported greater trauma symptomatology than those

reporting either a single type of maltreatment or no maltreatment at

all. Those who reported multiple types also endured more severe

maltreatment than did respondents who experienced a single type. This

investigation documents a large degree of overlap among various forms of

self-reported childhood maltreatment within a Latina college population.  

  _____ 

Title:  Adaptación preliminar del instrumento Multidimensional Trauma

Recovery and Resilience (MTRR) en una muestra de madres maltratadoras

fisicas con historia de maltrato fisico y madres no maltratadoras con

historia de maltrato fisico.   

Translated Title:  Adaptation of the Multidimensional Trauma

Recovery and Resilience (MTRR) in a Chilean sample.      

Author(s):   Haz, Ana María, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia

Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile;

Castillo, Ramón, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica

de Chile, Santiago, Chile;

Aracena, Marcela, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica

de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Address:  Haz, Ana María, Escuela de Psicologia, Pontificia

Universidad Catolica de Chile, Vicuna Mackenna, 4860, Santiago, Chile  

Source:  Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 27(7), Jul 2003. pp. 807-820.

Publisher:   Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:  Objective: Adaptation of the Multidimensional Trauma

Recovery and Resilience (MTRR) in a Chilean sample. Method: Participants

were 80 mothers drawn from two large metropolitan areas (Santiago and

Temuco). Sample participants (in a case control design) were redivided

in two groups: 40 mothers identified as physical abusers with history of

physical child abuse and 40 mothers identified as nonabusers with

history of physical child abuse. Groups were matched on 5

sociodemographic variables. Reliability analysis, item analysis, and

group comparisons on the 8 scales of the instrument were performed.

Results: Interrater agreement level was .79 (Kendall's W coefficient)

and the internal consistency as measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient

was 75. Twenty-five items (26.3%) significantly discriminated between

the groups. Group comparison tests (Wilcoxon Rank-sum Test) also

indicated that six of the eight domains discriminated between the

groups. Conclusion: In our sample, the instrument has reliable results

which discriminate between the studied groups. These preliminary

findings support future work toward the development of a Chilean version

of this instrument.

  _____ 

Title:   Managing the Aftermath of Serious Case Reviews.

Author(s):  King, Sue, suemking@btinternet.com

Address:   King, Sue, 2 Burlington Road, Leicester, United Kingdom,

LE2 3DD, suemking@btinternet.com

Source:  Child Abuse Review, Vol 12(4), Jul-Aug 2003. pp. 261-269.

Publisher:  US: John Wiley & Sons

Abstract:  Whenever a child dies, and abuse or neglect are known or

suspected to be a factor in the death, each agency involved is required

to carry out an individual review and a composite review is prepared by

the local Area Child Protection Committee (ACPC). This article describes

the development of training delivered on behalf of an ACPC which had

recent experience of several serious case reviews. The ACPC Training

Subcommittee identified the need to explore ways of 'managing the

aftermath' of the process. The focus would be on helping staff in their

own agencies and in the multiagency network to recover and to move

forward. Participating in the workshop were a small group of

representatives from social services, health, education, housing and the

police, together with the Chair of the ACPC. I had frequently worked

with participants who wanted to explore how to supervise staff who had

recently been involved in serious incidents of child maltreatment. My

response to these requests had drawn on trauma and resilience theories

and it was to these that I returned in planning this workshop. The

training offered opportunities for participants to consider the

theoretical understandings and to relate these to their own experiences

in their different organizations.

  _____ 

Title:   Developmental Assessment of the Internationally Adopted Child:

Challenges and Rewards.     

Author(s):   Weitzman, Carol Cohen, Child Study Center, Yale

University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US,

carol.weitzman@yale.edu

Address:   Weitzman, Carol Cohen, Yale University, New Haven, CT,

US, carol.weitzman@yale.edu        

Source:  Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry, Vol 8(3), Jul 2003.

Special issue: ADOPTION AND FOSTERING. pp. 303-313.

Publisher:  US: Sage Publications  

Abstract:   Each year approximately 17,000 children are adopted into

the USA from a variety of countries around the globe. Most of these

children have been reared in orphanages and have suffered varying

degrees of emotional deprivation, substandard health care and nutrition,

neglect, trauma and loss. Research suggests that length of

institutionalization is the greatest predictor of the risk for

developmental delay and mental health problems. Specialized clinics have

been developed to evaluate the unique needs of the internationally

adopted child. This article focuses on key elements and challenges of

the developmental evaluation of the internationally adopted child

including: (i) reviewing the pre-adoptive medical record and/or video,

(ii) interviewing adoptive parents, and (iii) performing comprehensive

assessments of newly arrived adoptees. A review of research findings is

discussed and applying available and limited research to clinical

assessments is considered.

  _____ 

Title:   Disorders of Attachment in Adopted and Fostered Children:

Recognition and Treatment. 

Author(s):  Howe, David, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United

Kingdom, d.howe@uea.ac.uk;

Fearnley, Sheila, Keys Attachment Centre, Rossendale, United Kingdom

Address:  Howe, David, School of Social Work and Psychosocial

Studies, University of East Anglia, Elizabeth Fry Building, Norwich,

United Kingdom, NR4 7TJ, d.howe@uea.ac.uk      

Source:  Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry, Vol 8(3), Jul 2003.

Special issue: ADOPTION AND FOSTERING. pp. 369-387.

Publisher:  US: Sage Publications

Abstract:  This article briefly reviews a small number of outcome

studies for adopted and fostered children, concentrating particularly on

the progress of older-placed children. A transactional model of

children's development is introduced to explain the different pathways

taken by children post placement. In this model transactions occur

between children and their social environment which co-determine their

developmental progress. The model is applied to children placed for

adoption and foster care who have had a pre-placement history of abuse,

neglect or rejection. Many of these children are also diagnosed as

suffering a disorder of attachment. These disorders are the result of

early relational trauma experienced in the context of an attachment

relationship. The disturbed behaviours of many of these children place

great demands on the parenting capacities of adoptive parents and foster

carers. The therapeutic work of the Keys Attachment Centre, which

specializes in treating children with disorders of attachment, is

outlined. A case example is given illustrating the types of behaviour

associated with attachment-disordered children and the kinds of

intervention developed by therapists specializing in this field. 

  _____ 

Title:   "Childhood adversity and the endogenous versus nonendogenous

distinction in women with major depression": Reply.        

Author(s):   Harkness, Kate L.; Monroe, Scott M.

Source:   American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 160(6), Jun 2003. pp.

1188-1189.

Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn

Abstract:  Replies to comments made by R. D. Levitan and S. V. Parikh in

reference to the original article by K. L. Harkness and S. M. Monroe, which

investigated the relationship between depression subtype and different

levels of childhood adversity and examined the relative contribution of

different types of childhood adversity to depression subtypes. We thank

Levitan and Parikh for their thoughtful comments regarding our article

and for giving us the opportunity to discuss the association of

childhood adversity to depression subtypes. They note that our report of

a significant association of childhood adversity to endogenous

depression is inconsistent with their relation of early trauma to

atypical but not endogenous depression (Levitan et al., 1998). This

confused us because Dr. Levitan and colleagues did not assess endogenous

or atypical depression subtypes. Another key difference in methods is

that Levitan et al simply coded abuse as present or absent, while we

distinguished gradations in trauma severity. We were limited in our

ability to illuminate the relation of childhood adversity to syndrome

development across and within episodes. We urge researchers to pursue

longitudinal studies examining this question.

  _____ 

Title:   Childhood Trauma and Depression: Comment.      

Author(s):  Levitan, Robert D.; Parikh, Sagar V.

Source:  American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 160(6), Jun 2003. pp. 1188.

Publisher:  US: American Psychiatric Assn

Abstract:  Comments on the article by K. L. Harkness and S. M.

Monroe, which investigated the relationship

between depression subtype and different levels of childhood adversity

and examined the relative contribution of different types of childhood

adversity to depression subtypes. The present authors reviewed the

Harkness and Monroe study and they are skeptical of these new findings

in view of critical exclusions in their data collection, including a

lack of consideration of atypical depression and overly narrow inclusion

criteria. Given the links between atypicality and early trauma, the

sampling procedure of Harkness and Monroe becomes problematic in that

individuals with chronic depression and many with a "comorbid

exclusionary diagnosis" were excluded from consideration in their study.

Another issue relates to the cross-sectional nature of their study, in

that many patients with recurrent depression have a fluctuation of

neurovegetative symptoms over time. In sum, it may be that in a

heterogeneous group of individuals with major depression, particularly

high rates of trauma will be found in those with atypical symptoms,

while in a more homogeneous group with nonchronic illness without

certain comorbidities, a link with endogenous symptoms will emerge.    

  _____ 

Title:   Researchers probe depression in children.  

Author(s):  Voelker, Rebecca

Source:  JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol 289(23),

Jun 2003. pp. 3078-3079.

Publisher:  US: American Medical Assn  

Abstract:  Researchers have attempted to determine whether

depression in children really is the same disorder as in adolescents and

adults, or if there are important differences. What they are finding is

a mixed picture. One element that some experts say distinguishes

depression in very young children is abuse, neglect, and a variety of

psychiatric illnesses in parents. Some researchers suggest that genetic

vulnerability coupled with early trauma during a critical period of

development can lead to changes in the brain that set the stage for

depression. A list of depressive symptoms that may be more common in

children and adolescents is presented. It is noted that the use of

antidepressant medications in children and adolescents has emerged as

one of the most prominent treatment issues in the last decade. Even

though research has shown the efficacy of some antidepressant

medications as well as cognitive-behavioral therapy in children, a wide

range of unanswered questions in etiology, treatment, and prevention

remain. The use of magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain structure

abnormalities that may be associated with early onset depression is also

discussed. 

  _____ 

Title:   Risk factors for and functions of deliberate self-harm: An

empirical and conceptual review.    

Author(s):  Gratz, Kim L., U Massachusetts, Boston, MA, US,

klgratz@aol.com

Address:  Gratz, Kim L., Dept of Psychology, U Massachusetts,

Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, US, klgratz@aol.com   

Source:   Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, Vol 10(2), May 2003.

pp. 192-205.

Publisher:  United Kingdom: Oxford Univ Press  

Abstract:  Given the clinical importance of deliberate self-harm

and the need for further research informing the treatment and prevention

of this behavior, a review of the extant literature on the risk factors

for and functions of self-harm is needed. In this article, I review

empirical and theoretical literature on the following potential risk

factors for self-harm: childhood sexual and physical abuse, neglect,

childhood separation and loss, security of attachment to caregivers, and

emotional reactivity and intensity. Literature on the emotion regulating

function of self-harm behavior is also reviewed. Future research is

needed on the interaction of individual and environmental risk factors

in the development of self-harm, as well as on the experientially

avoidant function of this behavior.

  _____ 

Title:   Cerebral infarct in head injury: Relationship to child abuse.        

Author(s):     Ransom, Galen H., U Michigan, Dept of Medicine, Ann

Arbor, MI, US;

Mann, Frederick A., U Washington, Dept of Radiology, Seattle, WA, US;

Vavilala, Monica S., U Washington, Dept of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, US;

Haruff, Richard, U Washington, Dept of Pathology, King County Medical

Examiner's Office, Seattle, WA, US;

Rivara, Frederick P., U Washington, Harbowview Injury Prevention &

Research Ctr, Dept of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, US

Address:   Rivara, Frederick P., Depts of Pediatrics &

Epidemiology, Harbowview Injury Prevention & Research Ctr, U Washington,

Box 359960, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, US  

Source:  Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 27(4), Apr 2003. pp. 381-392.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:  Background: To determine whether CT-detected cerebral

infarct in young children is associated more often with abuse or

unintentional head injury. Methods: Retrospective case-control study of

injured children under age 6 who had abnormal initial head CT scans and

who were admitted to the only Level I pediatric trauma center in

Washington State for closed head injury (CHI) from January 1, 1992 to

December 31, 1998. Results: Fifteen children developed cerebral infarct

after CHI during the 7 year period. These cases were compared to 53

controls (those who did not develop infarct). After adjusting for the

presence of SDH and for severity of injury, patients with infarcts were

six times more likely to have been abused than patients without infarcts

(OR 6.1; 95% CI, 1.02-36.0). Conclusions: Cerebral infarct after CHI

appears to result more frequently from abuse than unintentional injury

in young children.  

  _____ 

Title:   An investigation of trauma-centered inpatient treatment for

adult survivors of abuse.     

Author(s):  Wright, David C., Homewood Health Ctr, Guelph, ON,

Canada;

Woo, Wendi L., Homewood Health Ctr, Guelph, ON, Canada;

Muller, Robert T., York U, La Marsh Ctr for Research on Violence &

Conflict Resolution, Dept of Psychology, Toronto, ON, Canada;

Fernandes, Cheryl B., York U, La Marsh Ctr for Research on Violence &

Conflict Resolution, Dept of Psychology, Toronto, ON, Canada;

Kraftcheck, Erin R., York U, La Marsh Ctr for Research on Violence &

Conflict Resolution, Dept of Psychology, Toronto, ON, Canada

Address:   Wright, David C., Homewood Health Ctr, 150 Delhi St.,

Guelph, ON, Canada, N1E 6K9        

Source:  Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 27(4), Apr 2003. pp. 393-406.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:  Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine a

comprehensive inpatient treatment program in a group therapy modality

designed for adult survivors of childhood abuse with posttraumatic

stress disorder (PTSD). Method: One hundred and thirty-two formerly

abused individuals completed clinician-administered and

self-administered measures of PTSD symptomatology at admission and

discharge. All participants experienced a range of physical, sexual,

and/or emotional abuse as children prior to the age of 17. Approximately

one-third of these individuals also completed measures at 3-months

postdischarge and 1-year postdischarge. Data were collected using a

clinician-administered PTSD measure and self-administered PTSD measure

at admission and discharge. On admission, all participants met criteria

for a diagnosis of PTSD. Results: Analyses revealed that the program was

effective in reducing symptoms from admission to discharge.

Additionally, treatment gains were maintained at 1-year postdischarge.

Conclusion: The findings of this investigation suggest that the current

intensive inpatient group treatment program appears to reduce PTSD

symptoms effectively for a sample of adult survivors of abuse.

  _____ 

Title:   Defining the boundaries of child neglect: When does domestic

violence equate with parental failure to protect?  

Author(s):  Kantor, Glenda Kaufman, U New Hampshire, Durham, NH, US;

Little, Liza, U New Hampshire, Durham, NH, US

Source:   Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol 18(4), Apr 2003. Special

issue: Children and domestic violence. pp. 338-355.

Publisher:  US: Sage Publications

Abstract:  Child maltreatment does not exist in isolation from

other forms of family violence. Notably, research supports the

connection between wife abuse and child maltreatment, and research on

the possible consequences to children exposed to domestic violence has

influenced a redefinition of child maltreatment legislation and policy.

Recently, some states have considered and passed legislation making

witnessing of domestic violence, per se, a form of criminal child abuse.

This article explores conceptual discontinuities in official definitions

of child maltreatment in relation to domestic violence failure to

protect matters by drawing on data from legislative reviews, child

protective services, and individual-level definitions. Implications for

policy, practice, and research are addressed.

Conference:   Symposium on Responding to Domestic Violence-Exposed

Children: Research Informing Practice and Policy, Dec, 2000, University

of Southern California, Violence Intervention Program, Pasadena, CA, US        

  _____ 

Title:   Concluding observations.    

Author(s):  Conte, Jon R., U Washington, WA, US;

Savage, Suzanne B., U Washington, WA, US

Source:   Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol 18(4), Apr 2003. Special

issue: Children and domestic violence. pp. 452-468.

Publisher:   US: Sage Publications

Abstract:  The summit on traumatized children of battered women

hosted by the University of Southern California (December 2000),

provided an opportunity for discussion on how research can inform policy

and practice to promote the best response for children who are exposed

to partner violence. As the articles in this volume illustrate, the

professional awareness of children who are exposed to partner violence

has dramatically increased. Research has recently extended child abuse

literature through research on children who experience partner violence.

Until relatively recently, these children were seen as a subject of

concern because of mistaken notions that they were harmed by maternal

neglect. As new innovations in practice and formulations from research

are developed, conceptual frameworks about child abuse and domestic

violence face the need to change in view of these new developments. The

articles in this volume are examples of the increasingly sophisticated

and practice-oriented research in this area. Consequently, this article

highlights some of the main points of the summit by focusing on the

recommendations and main concerns expressed both at the summit and in

the articles in relation to methodology, intervention, policy, and

theoretical models. 

  _____ 

Title:   Abusive head trauma in Maine infants: Medical, child protective,

and law enforcement analysis.       

Author(s):   Ricci, Lawrence, The Spurwink Child Abuse Program,

Portland, ME, US;

Giantris, Amy, Yale-New Haven Medical Ctr, Dept of Pediatrics, New

Haven, CT, US;

Merriam, Phyllis, Maine Dept of Human Services Bureau of Child & Family

Services, Augusta, ME, US;

Hodge, Sandra, Maine Dept of Human Services Bureau of Child & Family

Services, Augusta, ME, US;

Doyle, Tim, Maine State Police, Augusta, ME, US

Address:  Ricci, Lawrence, The Spurwink Child Abuse Program, 17

Bishop Street, Portland, ME, US     

Source:  Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 27(3), Mar 2003. pp. 271-283.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract: Collected and compared the results of medical, child

protective, and law enforcement evaluation of a sample of Maine children

who were victims of abusive head trauma (AHT). A retrospective chart

review was conducted of medical, child protective, and law enforcement

records of all AHT victims admitted to two tertiary care hospitals in

Maine or seen by the state medical examiner from 1991 to 1994. Nineteen

children (age range 2 weeks to 17 months) were identified as victims of

AHT (out of a total of 94 head trauma admissions) accounting for 20

hospitalizations during the study period. There was a history of prior

injury in 30%, history of prior medical evaluations for possibly abuse

related problems in 65%, while, on presentation, 75% had evidence or

history of prior injury. The hospitals notified child protective

services (CPS) in all 20 cases and correctly identified abuse in 18

(90%). Parental risk factors for abuse identified in CPS records

included substance abuse (53%), domestic violence (42%), criminal

history (32%), unrealistic expectations (42%) and attachment problems

(32%). Law enforcement results suggest that a primary suspect for AHT is

the caretaker alone with the child at symptom onset.

  _____ 

Title:   Examining parent-child relationships in forensic attachment

assessments: A construct validity investigation of the Marschak

Interaction Method Rating System .

Author(s): Backman, Toni Lee, Alliant International U, Fresno, US

Source:  Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences &

Engineering, Vol 63(8-B), Mar 2003. pp. 3900.

Publisher:  US: Univ Microfilms International

Abstract:  This study investigated the ability of the Marschak

Interaction Method Rating System (MIMRS) to examine parent-child

relationships, particularly with respect to parent-child attachment, in

forensic attachment assessments. Conducted by mental health

professionals, forensic attachment assessments are legal evaluations

examining the relationship between a child and a parent figure or

potential parent figure. Juvenile, family, and dependency court judges

request these assessments to assist them in making life-altering

placement decisions regarding children who have been removed from their

homes as a result of abuse, neglect, or both. While the cornerstone of

the attachment assessment is the examination of the parent-child

relationship, prior to this investigation no measure of parent-child

relationships existed that was validated for use in forensic

evaluations. This void is likely to have contributed to the inconsistent

and often ineffective procedures currently utilized in these

assessments. High interrater reliability using the type 3,1 intraclass

correlation coefficient was achieved with both a clinical forensic

population of mothers and their biological children aged 1 to 5 (n = 20)

where the children had been removed from their homes as a result of

abuse or neglect (or both) and were involved in completing an attachment

assessment ( r = .88) and with a nonforensic population of mothers and

their children (n = 17) where the children had never experienced such

relationship trauma (r = .82). Internal consistency using Cronbach's

alpha was .96 for the MIMRS as a whole and between .89 and .90 for the

three subscales (Parent, Child, Relational/Emotional). Convergent

validity, as indicated by a moderately positive correlation (r = .60)

between the MIMRS and the mother-sorted Attachment Q-sort, supports the

ability of the MIMRS to measure parent-child attachment. Finally, the

MIMRS demonstrated strong construct validity with respect to its ability

to reliably differentiate between a clinical forensic population and a

nonforensic population, where the children are expected to have

healthier parent-child relationships as a whole. Although preliminary,

these findings support the use of the MIMRS in forensic attachment

assessments and suggest that the MIMRS may prove to be the new standard

in examining parent-child relationships in such evaluations.

  _____ 

Title:   The effects of childhood trauma on drug and alcohol abuse in

college students.     

Author(s):  Jelley, Harvey Henry, Fordham U., US

Source:   Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences &

Engineering, Vol 63(8-B), Mar 2003. pp. 3919.

Publisher:  US: Univ Microfilms International

Abstract:   This study proposed to investigate whether childhood

trauma predicted college drinking and drug use. The issue of whether

specific types of maltreatment (e.g., sexual abuse and physical abuse)

were related to college alcohol and substance abuse was also examined.

Pathways to drug and alcohol abuse were examined using three theoretical

models: the Self-Medication Model, the Diatheses-Stress Model, and the

Peer Influence Model. The study's participants were 143 undergraduates

comprised of 94 females and 49 males. They were administered self-report

questionnaires that measured the effects of childhood trauma on drug and

alcohol abuse as mediated by depression, PTSD, social skills and as

moderated by stress level. The study found that emotional abuse was

associated with drug abuse and that physical neglect was associated with

alcohol abuse. Childhood trauma was highly associated with depression

and PTSD. Emotional abuse was found to be mediated by depression and

PTSD in predicting drug abuse scores. Some of the study's other findings

were that emotional abuse, physical abuse, and emotional neglect were

significantly associated with self-esteem, emotional abuse was

significantly associated with social sensitivity and emotional neglect

was significantly associated with social control. Emotional abuse was

mediated by self-esteem in predicting drug abuse scores. Gender by

childhood trauma interactions on the effects of drug and alcohol use

were examined; there were significant effects of emotional abuse by

gender, physical abuse by gender, sexual abuse by gender and physical

neglect by gender. It had been hypothesized that the results of this

study would confirm that childhood trauma would be associated with

greater drinking and drug use in college students, this was only

partially supported. However other symptomatologies such as PTSD,

self-esteem and social skills may play a more important role in the

development of drug and alcohol problems and thus be better indicators

of individuals at risk.  

  _____ 

Title:   Trauma, Uncontrollable Events, and the Challenge of Meeting the

Needs of Children and Families.      

Author(s):   Cantor, Pamela, Children's Mental Health Alliance, NY, US;

Lewis, Owen, Children's Mental Health Alliance, NY, US;

Houser, Jessica, Children's Mental Health Alliance, NY, US

Source:  International Journal of Mental Health, Vol 32(1), Spr 2003. pp.

54-66.

Publisher:  US: ME Sharpe

Abstract: The authors describe the work of the Children's Mental

Health Alliance (CMHA) in establishing community-based, mental health

interventions in two diverse settings. The first setting was post-Soviet

Eastern Europe, and a multiyear, multistage project was created to

educate mental health and allied professionals and establish

community-based, multidisciplinary teams to treat and prevent child

abuse and neglect. The second setting was post- September 11, 2001, in

New York City in which CMHA conducted, in collaboration with the New

York City Board of Education, a needs assessment study and went on to

organize crisis training for all New York City Board of Education

superintendents, district offices, and twelve school district crisis

teams. CMHA subsequently went on to elaborate a model comprehensive

school reform and mental health program. Lessons learned from

establishing community-based intervention in these diverse settings are

discussed.

  _____ 

Title:   Development and validation of a brief screening version of the

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.    

Author(s):  Bernstein, David P., Fordham U, Dept of Psychology,

Bronx, NY, US;

Stein, Judith A., U California Los Angeles, Dept of Psychology, Los

Angeles, CA, US;

Newcomb, Michael D., U Southern California, Dept of Psychology, Los

Angeles, CA, US;

Walker, Edward, U Washington School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry,

Seattle, WA, US;

Pogge, David, Four Winds Hosp, Dept of Psychology, Ketonah, NY, US;

Ahluvalia, Taruna, Four Winds Hosp, Dept of Psychology, Ketonah, NY, US;

Stokes, John, Four Winds Hosp, Dept of Psychology, Ketonah, NY, US;

Handelsman, Leonard, Duke U School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry,

Durham, NC, US;

Medrano, Martha, U Texas, San Antonio Health Sciences Ctr, Dept of

Psychiatry, San Antonio, TX, US;

Desmond, David, U Texas, San Antonio Health Sciences Ctr, Dept of

Psychiatry, San Antonio, TX, US;

Zule, William, U Texas, San Antonio Health Sciences Ctr, Dept of

Psychiatry, San Antonio, TX, US

Address:   Bernstein, David P., Fordham U, Dept of Psychology,

Dealy Hall, 3rd Floor, Bronx, NY, US

Source:   Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 27(2), Feb 2003. pp. 169-190.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:  The goal of this study was to develop and validate a

short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (the CTQ-SF) as a

screening measure for maltreatment histories in both clinical and

nonreferred groups. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the

70 original CTQ items were used to create a 28-item version of the scale

(25 clinical items and 3 validity items) and test the measurement

invariance of the 25 clinical items across 4 samples: 378 adult

substance abusing patients from New York City, 396 adolescent

psychiatric inpatients, 625 substance abusing individuals from southwest

Texas, and 579 individuals from a normative community sample. Results

showed that the CTQ-SF's items held essentially the same meaning across

all 4 samples (i.e., measurement invariance). Moreover, the scale

demonstrated good criterion-related validity in a subsample of

adolescents on whom corroborative data were available. These findings

support the viability of the CTQ-SF across diverse clinical and

nonreferred populations.   

  _____  

Title:   Suicide attempt and self-mutilation among Turkish high school

students in relation with abuse, neglect and dissociation.

Author(s):  Zoroglu, Suleyman Salih, Gaziantep U, Medical Faculty,

Dept of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Gaziantep, Turkey,

zoroglus@hotmail.com;

Tuzun, Umran, Istanbul U, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Dept of Child &

Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey;

Sar, Vedat, Istanbul U, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Dept of Psychiatry,

Istanbul, Turkey;

Tutkun, Hamdi, Gaziantep U, Medical Faculty, Dept of Psychiatry,

Gaziantep, Turkey;

Savas, Haluk Asuman, Gaziantep U, Medical Faculty, Dept of Psychiatry,

Gaziantep, Turkey;

Ozturk, Mucahit, Istanbul U, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Dept of Child &

Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey;

Alyanak, Behiye, Istanbul U, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Dept of Child &

Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey;

Kora, Meltem Erocal, Istanbul U, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Dept of Child

& Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey

Address:   Zoroglu, Suleyman Salih, Gaziantep U, Tip Fakultesi,

Cocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi ABD, Kolejtepe, Hastanesi, Turkey, 27070,

zoroglus@hotmail.com        

Source:  Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, Vol 57(1), Feb 2003. pp.

119-126.

Abstract:  Examined (1) the frequency of childhood abuse and

neglect and its relationship with attempted suicide, self-mutilation and

dissociation; and (2) the potential impact of dissociation on

self-destructive behaviors of adolescents in Turkey. A questionnaire

consisting of items about abuse, neglect, self-mutilation and suicide

attempt and the Turkish Version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale

were given to 862 high school students (aged 14-17 yrs). The rates of

suicide attempt and self-mutilative behaviors were 10.1% and 21.4%,

respectively. Abused or neglected groups (34.3%) had 7.6-fold higher

suicide attempts and 2.7-fold higher self-mutilation behaviors. The

logistic regression model showed that each type of trauma and

dissociation contributed to suicide attempts and self-mutilation, but

dissociation was the most powerful. Suicidal and self-destructive

adolescents should precisely be evaluated for abuse, neglect and

dissociation in clinical practice.

  _____ 

Title:   Childhood trauma and adult prostitution behavior in a

multiethnic heterosexual drug-using population.   

Author(s):  Medrano, Martha A., U Texas Health Science Ctr, Dept of

Psychiatry, San Antonio, TX, US, medranom@uthscsa.edu;

Hatch, John P., U Texas Health Science Ctr, Dept of Psychiatry, San

Antonio, TX, US;

Zule, William A., Research Triangle Inst, Research Park, NC, US;

Desmond, David P., U Houston, Graduate School of Social Work, Houston,

TX, US

Address:  Medrano, Martha A., Dept of Psychiatry, U Texas Health

Science Ctr, San Antonio, TX, US, medranom@uthscsa.edu       

Source:  American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, Vol 29(2), 2003. pp.

463-486.

Publisher:  US: Marcell Dekker

Abstract:   A cross-sectional study of the association between

severity of childhood trauma and adult prostitution behaviors was

conducted among 676 heterosexual drug addicts in San Antonio, Texas.

Three hundred and fifty eight women and 338 men taking part in a

national multisite program for AIDS prevention research completed the

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire as part of a comprehensive risk behavior

assessment. Women addicts in the sample were less educated, more likely

to be in a common-law relationship, living with someone of the opposite

sex or separated, and had lower incomes in comparison to men addicts.

Among male subjects, higher educational levels and older age were

positively associated with prostitution activities. Single female

subjects were three times more likely to engage in selling sex than

married subjects. Single women with higher incomes were more likely to

be prostituting than single women with lower incomes. Black women

reporting severe degrees of emotional abuse, emotional neglect, or

physical neglect were more likely to engage in prostitution behavior

than Hispanic or white women with similar levels of trauma. Black men

with a history of childhood physical abuse were more likely to use

prostitutes than Hispanic or white men. 

  _____ 

Title:   Sehnsucht und Destruktion: Zeitgefühl und Selbstkohärenz in der

Behandlung eines mehrfach traumatisierten Jungen.        

Translated Title:  Yearning and destruction: Sense of time and

sense of self-coherence in the treatment of a multiple traumatized boy.

Author(s):  Ahlheim, Rose

Address:   Ahlheim, Rose, An der Schaferbuche 3, D-35039, Marburg,

Germany       

Source:  Analytische Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapie, Vol 34(2),

2003. pp. 205-223.

Publisher:  Germany: Brandes & Apsel

Abstract:  The article describes the treatment of a foster child at

the beginning of puberty. The boy showed a lack of feeling of continuity

after frequent changes of primary objects. This was true for his

orientation in time as well as for his feeling of self-coherence:

particularly hate and destructiveness were experienced by the boy as

strange and not belonging to his self. The boy could use therapy and

transference fantasies for finding some continuity in his life story and

for tackling with irritating aspects of his early childhood, even

perhaps for integrating some of them. The question whether progress made

in therapy will last cannot be answered. Any effort, however, has to be

made to prevent the most severe consequences of early neglect and

maltreatment.

  _____ 

Title:   Self-report inventories for the assessment of children.    

Author(s):   Feindler, Eva L., Long Island U/CW Post Campus,

Brooklyn, NY, US;

Rathus, Jill H., Long Island U/CW Post Campus, Dialectical Behavioral

Therapy (DBT) Program , Family Violence Program, Brookville, NY, US;

Silver, Laura Beth, National Development & Research Inst, Inc, Inst for

Research on Youth at Risk, New York, NY, US

Source:  Assessment of family violence: A handbook for researchers and

practitioners. Feindler, Eva L.; Rathus, Jill H.; et al; pp. 125-227.

Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2003. xxii, 580

pp.   

Abstract:  (from the chapter) Provides self-report inventories for

the assessment of children. Inventories include the following items:

Abusive Sexual Exposure Scale, Adolescent Dissociative Experience

Survey, Angie/Andy Child Rating Scale, Assessing Environments Scale,

Checklist of Sexual Abuse and Related Stressors, Child Abuse and Trauma

Scale, Child Dissociative Checklist, Child Post-Traumatic Stress

Reaction Index, Child Sexual Behavior Inventory I, Child's Reaction to

Traumatic Events Scale, Child Dissociative Predictor Scale, Childhood

Trauma Questionnaire, Children's Impact of Traumatic Events Scale B

Revised, Conflicts in Relationships Questionnaire, Emotional and

Physical Abuse Questionnaire, Exposure to Abuse and Supportive

Environments-Parenting Inventory, Family Environment Questionnaire,

Feelings and Emotions Experienced During Sexual Abuse, History of

Victimization Form, Multidimensional Neglect Scale, Negative Appraisals

of Sexual Abuse Scale, Parent Perception Inventory, Parent's Perceptions

Questionnaire, Teacher's Perceptions Questionnaire, Parent's Report on

the Child's Reaction to Stress Scale, Personal Safety Questionnaire,

Responses to Childhood Incest Questionnaire, Sexual Abuse Exposure

Questionnaire, Sexual Abuse Fear Evaluation.

  _____ 

Title:   Child maltreatment.  

Author(s):  Wekerle, Christine, U Toronto, Dept of Psychiatry,

Toronto, ON, Canada;

Wolfe, David A., U Western Ontario, Dept of Psychology, London, ON,

Canada

Source:  Child psychopathology (2nd ed.). Mash, Eric J. (Ed); Barkley,

Russell A. (Ed); pp. 632-684. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, 2003.

xiv, 802 pp.

Abstract:  (from the chapter) This chapter is oriented toward the

importance of the parent-child relational context and the developmental

traumatology model of child maltreatment. First, the chapter presents

the historical context, definitions, and epidemiology of maltreatment.

Next, each type of child maltreatment is discussed in terms of its

influence on domains in child development (physical, cognitive,

socioemotional). Salient themes that cut across maltreatment types

(e.g., dissociation, self-blame) are then presented, along with relevant

empirical findings. Theoretical perspectives, including a greater

discussion of developmental traumatology theory (e.g., M. D. DeBellis

and F. Putnam, 1994; DeBellis, 2001) and posttraumatic stress disorder

(American Psychiatric Association, 2000), are highlighted. Finally,

etiology and future directions are presented.

  _____ 

Title:   Childhood Abuse History, Secondary Traumatic Stress, and Child

Welfare Workers.     

Author(s):   Nelson-Gardell, Debra, School of Social Work, University

of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, US;

Harris, Deneen, School of Social Work, University of Alabama,

Tuscaloosa, AL, US

Address:  Nelson-Gardell, Debra, University of Alabama, School of

Social Work, Box 870314, Tuscaloosa, AL, US      

Source:  Child Welfare, Vol 82(1), Jan-Feb 2003. pp. 5-26.

Publisher:   US: Child Welfare League of America

Abstract: Social workers are exposed to trauma vicariously through

the trauma of their clients. This phenomenon, called secondary traumatic

stress, vicarious traumatization, or compassion fatigue, presents a risk

of negative personal psychological consequences. Based on a sample of

166 child welfare workers and using standardized measures, the study

findings document the link between a personal history of primary trauma,

childhood abuse or neglect, and the heightened risk for secondary

traumatic stress in child welfare workers.

  _____ 

Title:   Promoting stability and well-being among families who adopt

children out of foster care: Examining the role of formal and informal

support.       

Author(s):   Houston, Doris Marie, U Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, US

Source:   Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities &

Social Sciences, Vol 64(3-A), 2003. pp. 1093.

Publisher:  US: Univ Microfilms International

Abstract:  In recent years, adoption has emerged as the preferred

long-term familial arrangement for children in foster care who cannot

safely reside with their families of origin due to neglect or abuse.

Although youth who have survived such early life traumas can aptly be

described as resilient, the families who adopt them must be equipped

with the skills, resources, and supports needed to help their children

overcome certain emotional, physical and developmental challenges that

can strain family life (Barth & Berry, 1988; Berry, 1990; Groze, 1994;

Partridge, Homby & McDonald, 1986; Smith & Howard, 1994). Child welfare

agencies have traditionally assumed primary responsibility for preparing

and supporting adoptive families. However, recent studies suggest that

supports provided by extended family, other adoptive parents, mental

health providers, school systems and other community-based helpers may

hold the key to a smooth adoption transition (Kramer & Houston, 1998).

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which formal and

informal support from agency and non-agency sources contributes to the

stability and well-being of adoptive children and families. The results

of this three-year longitudinal assessment revealed significant pre- to

post-adoption differences in families' use of and satisfaction with

helping resources. At the pre-adoption stage families' contact with

formal adoption agency helpers was most predictive of post-adoption

stability. At the post-adoption stage however, contact with informal and

non-agency helpers was more significantly associated with family

well-being. The study also found that despite persistent struggles with

child behavioral, educational and health problems, parents experienced

significant reductions in perceived social support from pre-to

post-adoption. These findings suggest a shift may be needed in the way

supports for adoptive families are conceptualized and provided. Whereas

traditional models of adoption support tend to be short-term,

crisis-oriented and agency-focused, this study highlights the need for

an ecologically-based model of adoption support that takes into account

the evolving needs of adoptive families who are more likely to avoid

family crises if they have access to supports from a host of informal

and formal resources that include indigenous social networks, adoption

agencies, and community-based helpers.

  _____ 

Title:   Child maltreatment, family characteristics and adult adjustment:

Mediating and moderating processes.       

Author(s):  Higgins, Daryl J., School of Psychology, Deakin U--Waurn

Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC, Australia, dhiggins@deakin.edu.au;

McCabe, Marita P., School of Psychology, Deakin U--Melbourne Campus,

Burwood, VIC, Australia, martitam@deakin.edu.au;

Ricciardelli, Lina A., School of Psychology, Deakin U--Melbourne Campus,

Burwood, VIC, Australia, lina@deakin.edu.au

Address:  Higgins, Daryl J., School of Psychology, Deakin U,

Geelong, VIC, Australia, 3217, dhiggins@deakin.edu.au   

Source:   Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, Vol 6(2), 2003.

pp. 61-86.

Publisher:  US: Haworth Press    

Abstract:  Two alternate processes that may explain the

relationship between child maltreatment, childhood family

characteristics and adult adjustment (mediation and moderation) were

tested using retrospective data from a community sample (N=175). The

levels of five different types of child maltreatment did not mediate the

relationship between childhood family variables and adult adjustment. In

contrast, family background played a mediating role in the relationship

between maltreatment and adjustment. Evidence of moderation was found in

tile interactions between different maltreatment types in predicting

adjustment. Partial support was found for the moderating influence of

family factors on the relationship of maltreatment to adjustment.

  _____ 

Title:   No Safe Place: Assessing Spatial Patterns of Child Maltreatment

Victimization. 

Author(s):  Paulsen, Derek J., Department of Criminal Justice and

Police Studies, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, US,

Derek.Paulsen@eku.edu

Address:  Paulsen, Derek J., Department of Criminal Justice and

Police Studies, Eastern Kentucky University, Stratton 467, 521 Lancaster

Avenue, Richmond, KY, US, Derek.Paulsen@eku.edu       

Source:   Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, Vol 8(1-2), 2003.

pp. 63-85.

Publisher:  US: Haworth Press

Abstract:  Little is known about spatial patterns of child

maltreatment. The purpose of this exploratory research is to analyze the

spatial patterns of child maltreatment victimization and their

ecological causes. Specifically, this research seeks to determine the

answer to three important questions regarding the spatial nature of

child maltreatment victimization: First, are child maltreatment

victimizations concentrated within certain parts of a city? Second, are

there different spatial patterns for child abuse, child neglect, and

juvenile assault victimization locations? Finally, how well does

ecological theory explain the incidence of child abuse, child neglect,

and juvenile assault victimization at the neighborhood level?

  _____ 

Title:   Religion-Related Child Physical Abuse: Characteristics and

Psychological Outcomes.     

Author(s):  Bottoms, Bette L., University of Illinois, Chicago, IL,

US, bbottoms@uic.edu;

Nielsen, Michael, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, US;

Murray, Rebecca, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, US;

Filipas, Henrietta, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, US

Address:   Bottoms, Bette L., University of Illinois, Department of

Psychology, (m/c 285), 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, US,

bbottoms@uic.edu   

Source:  Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, Vol 8(1-2), 2003.

pp. 87-114.

Publisher:  US: Haworth Press

Abstract:  Religious beliefs can foster, encourage, and justify

child abuse, yet religious motivations for child abuse and neglect have

been virtually ignored in social science research. In this paper, we

compare victims' retrospective reports of religion-related child

physical abuse to other reported cases of child physical abuse. We

describe in statistical detail the nature and circumstances of the

abuse, characteristics of victims and perpetrators, and the spiritual

and psychological impact of the abuse. Results indicate that although

the basic characteristics of religion-related physical abuse are similar

to non-religion-related physical abuse, religion-related abuse has

significantly more negative implications for its victims' long-term

psychological well-being.

  _____ 

Title:   The Role of Health Care Professionals in the Response to Child

Victimization. 

Author(s): Palusci, Vincent J., DeVos Children's Hospital, Spectrum

Health, Grand Rapids, MI, US, Palusci@msu.edu

Address:   Palusci, Vincent J., Michigan State University College

of Human Medicine, DeVos Children's Hospital Child Protection Team, 100

Michigan Street, MC-178, Grand Rapids, MI, US, Palusci@msu.edu        

Source:  Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, Vol 8(1-2), 2003.

pp. 133-171.

Publisher:  US: Haworth Press

Abstract:   This chapter serves as an introduction to the many roles

of health care professionals in the assessment, care, and treatment of

child victimization. It concentrates on those professionals caring for

the physical health of victims of child abuse and neglect, although

there are many similarities between child maltreatment and other family

violence victims. In reviewing the health impact of maltreatment and the

historical contributions of health care professionals, it discusses the

roles that health care disciplines play in clinical care, training,

research, and advocacy and their interaction with the community's child

welfare, legal, and criminal justice systems.

  _____ 

Title:  Children with Disabilities: Abuse, Neglect, and the Child

Welfare System.      

Author(s):  Bruhn, Christina M., University of Illinois, Chicago,

IL, US, bruhn@uiuc.edu

Address:   Bruhn, Christina M., Children and Family Research

Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2 North LaSalle

Street, Suite 1700, Chicago, IL, US, bruhn@uiuc.edu      

Source:   Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, Vol 8(1-2), 2003.

pp. 173-203.

Publisher:  US: Haworth Press

Abstract: Children in out-of-home care due to abuse and neglect

are at disproportionately high risk for disabling conditions. The

reasons for the over-representation of children with disabilities in the

child welfare system are reviewed and discussed in this chapter. Factors

discussed include impact of abuse and neglect, the impact risk factors

such as exposure to community and domestic violence and poverty, risk of

abuse or neglect associated with disability, and child welfare system

factors. In addition, the need for greater efficacy in identification of

disability, identification of service needs, and linkage with and

delivery of services to serve the needs of children with disabilities in

out-of-home care is addressed Recommendations for policy review at State

and Federal levels are offered along with direction for future research.   

  _____ 

Title:   Preface.       

Author(s):  Mullings, Janet L., Sam Houston State University,

Huntsville, TX, US;

Marquart, James W., Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, US;

Hartley, Deborah J., College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State

University, Huntsville, TX, US

Source:   Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, Vol 8(1-2), 2003.

pp. xxv-xxxii.

Publisher: US: Haworth Press      

Abstract:   Introduces the current issue of the Journal of

Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma (Vol 8[1-2]. Child victimization is

a serious and on-going problem in the United States and throughout the

world. In 2000, an estimated 900,000 children were victims of abuse and

neglect in the United States. New and different responses to child

maltreatment will have to be developed and implemented in response to

the increasingly diverse contexts and situations within which

maltreatment occurs. Emerging trends in adult-child boundary violations

are explored within this volume from a cross-section of disciplines,

including law, sociology, criminal justice, psychology, and health

services. The selections analyze issues critical to child maltreatment

and offer intriguingly different perspectives of present and future

issues related to child abuse.  

  _____ 

Title:   Preface.       

Author(s):  Mullings, Janet L.; Marquart, James W.;

Hartley, Deborah J.

Source:   Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, Vol 8(3), 2003.

Special issue: The Victimization of Children: Emerging Issues Part II.

pp. xxiii-xxx.

Publisher:  US: Haworth Press

Abstract:  Child victimization is a serious and on-going problem in

the United States and throughout the world. In 2000, an estimated

900,000 children were victims of abuse and neglect in the United States.

New and different responses to child maltreatment will have to be

developed and implemented in response to the increasingly diverse

contexts and situations within which maltreatment occurs. Emerging

trends in adult-child boundary violations are explored within this

volume from a cross-section of disciplines, including law, sociology,

criminal justice, psychology, and health services. The selections

analyze issues critical to child maltreatment and offer intriguingly

different perspectives of present and future issues related to child

abuse.   

  _____ 

Title:   Treatment for perinatal disturbance.        

Author(s):     Raphael-Leff, Joan, Centre for Psychoanalytic Studies,

University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom,

jraphael_leff@compuserve.com

Address:   Raphael-Leff, Joan, Centre for Psychoanalytic Studies,

University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, United Kingdom, CO435Q,

jraphael_leff@compuserve.com      

Source:   Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Vol 15(1), 2003.

pp. 49-53.

Abstract:  The perinatal period of transition to parenthood is one

of heightened passions, which revive the expectant and new parents' own

early experiences, and particularly unresolved emotional issues. For

many deprived parents close contact with an infant reactivates old

grievances at this time of vulnerability, which may manifest in

syndromes of self-pity or in fury and vengefulness over past

humiliations. Unprocessed dissatisfactions tend to erupt in disruptive

or repetitious behaviours, which inevitably affect the baby in their

care. In addition, childbearing in societies undergoing transition, like

South Africa, may be fraught with extra stresses. These include

socio-economic disadvantages and social adversity arising from

geographical relocation and breakdown of traditional patterns, and

psychological distress due to past or current experiences of physical or

emotional trauma and neglect and relationship difficulties. Two tables

are presented--of risk indicators and treatment guidelines, which may be

applied during the perinatal period to minimise postnatal disturbance.

Health workers with minimal training can be effective in screening and

in some cases, delivering prophylactic or postnatal care to people at

potential risk.

Conference:   Infant Mental Health Conference, Apr, 2002, Cape Town,

South Africa  

  _____ 

Title:   The problem with pleasure.  

Author(s):  Migdow, Janet, Options Counseling, Chicago, IL, US,

Jexpander@aol.com

Address:  Migdow, Janet, 3232 West Victoria, Chicago, IL, US,

Jexpander@aol.com  

Source:   Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, Vol 4(1), 2003. pp. 5-25.

Publisher:   US: Haworth Press  

Abstract:   Survivors of severe, chronic childhood trauma present

for therapy with a wide range of symptomatology that interferes with

daily functioning. Fragmentation and posttraumatic stress disorder

disrupt the capacity for integrated and satisfying relationship

development, which affects the social, professional, and intimate lives

of survivors. This paper addresses the problem with pleasure--that

pleasurable stimuli are often not experienced as such by survivors. It

is posited that clinical attention to the problem with pleasure may

significantly enhance therapy, engendering substantial gains in

resiliency that may allow some survivors to more easily over come the

circumstances of extreme neglect and abuse. This paper discusses four

primary domains that are affected and that have implication for problems

with pleasure: excitation and hyperarousal states, the capacity for

self-soothing and the problem of numbing, skill development and skill

deficit, and core belief systems and attendant script decisions. The

author states that by understanding more fully the interconnection

between these capacities and deficits, therapeutic work with survivors

can be enhanced, with greater engagement of their resiliency, and

hastening their recovery through the restoration of pleasure.

Conference:   Illinois Chapter of International Association for the

Study of Dissociation, 2000, Chicago, IL, US       

Conference Notes:    This paper was presented at the aforementioned

conference as well as at Treating Trauma at Northwestern U, Evanston,

IL, 2000, 2001, and 2002.

  _____ 

Title:   Disorganized Attachment, Development of Dissociated Self States,

and a Relational Approach to Treatment.   

Author(s):  Blizard, Ruth A., Institute for the Psychoanalytic Study

of Trauma and Dissociation, Vestal, NY, US, rblizard@pronetisp.net

Address:   Blizard, Ruth A., Institute for the Psychoanalytic Study

of Trauma and Dissociation, P.O. Box 129, Vestal, NY, US,

rblizard@pronetisp.net        

Source:   Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, Vol 4(3), 2003. Special issue:

Theoretical Approaches to Dissociative Processes. pp. 27-50.

Publisher:  US: Haworth Press

Abstract:  This model proposes that the double bind inherent in

abuse by a primary caretaker are likely to generate two or more

dissociated self states, with contradictory working models of

attachment. In contrast, because dissociated state ensuing from

extra-familial trauma can be expected to have been constructed around

fear. Because relationships within the family of origin appear at least

as important as trauma in the development of dissociated self state,

this has important implications for treatment of child abuse survivors.

D attachment may result from several parental behavior: abuse, neglect,

frightening, intrusive or insensitive manner; and disrupted affective

communication. Longitudinal research demonstrates that D attachment in

infancy predicts dissociation in childhood and early adulthood. A

relational approach to therapy calls for consideration of attachment

issues in creating the frame for therapy and tailoring treatment to the

individual trauma survivor. The therapist can serve as a relational

bridge between dissociated self state, allowing the patient to

internalize a working model of the therapeutic relationship. This

interaction provides a vehicle for integrating dissociated self state

and opportunity for development of more flexible, adaptive models of

being with others.  

  _____ 

Title:   Psychoanalytic perspectives on traumatic repetition.      

Author(s):  Gleiser, Kari A., National Center for PTSD, VA Medical

Center, VT, US, Kari.Gleiser.97@Alum.Dartmouth.org

Address:   Gleiser, Kari A., National Center for PTSD, VA Medical

Center, 215 Main Street, White River Junction, VT, US,

Kari.Gleiser.97@Alum.Dartmouth.org

Source:   Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, Vol 4(2), 2003. pp. 27-47.

Publisher:  US: Haworth Press

Abstract:  Much research has explored processes of repetition in

trauma survivors, from early notions of repetition compulsion to recent

path analytic models of revictimization. However, a rift exists in the

current literature: a tendency for empirical and social/cognitive

theoretical perspectives to dismiss or neglect psychoanalytic and

psychodynamic theories, while psychoanalytic theorists tend to eschew

empirical validation. This paper reviews psychoanalytic perspectives on

repetition and re-enactment in the hopes of achieving a deeper

understanding of repeated patterns in trauma survivors. The paper

focuses on the well-documented phenomenon in which survivors of

childhood sexual abuse are frequently sexually revictimized in

adolescence and adulthood, exploring ways in which psychoanalytic

perspectives may inform and complement existing theories and empirical

models. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of dissociation.

Finally, the paper highlights several possible avenues where future

attempts at theoretical integration may lead to fruitful research.

  _____ 

Title:   Characteristics of child maltreatment, psychological

dissociation, and somatoform dissociation of Canadian inmates.  

Author(s):  Dietrich, Anne, amdma@telus.net

Address:    Dietrich, Anne, 540-750 Cambie Street, Vancouver, BC,

Canada, V6B 2P2, amdma@telus.net        

Source:   Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, Vol 4(1), 2003. pp. 81-100.

Publisher:  US: Haworth Press

Abstract:   Data are presented on childhood maltreatment

characteristics, psychological dissociation, somatoform dissociation,

and offense types with a sample of 93 Canadian inmates (mean age 34

yrs). The present study includes findings based on the Child

Maltreatment Interview Schedule-Short Form (CMIS-SF), Detailed

Assessment of Posttraumatic States (DAPS), Multidimensional Dissociation

Inventory (MDI), Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ-20), and

indices of violent and sexual offending during adulthood. Results show

that women reported more childhood sexual abuse (CSA) than men, and men

committed more violent and sexual offenses than women. Inmates reported

more trauma-related dissociation (DAPS) and more MDI dissociation

compared to normative data for these instruments; however, inmates had

lower somatoform dissociation scores when compared to published means of

dissociative disorder, somatoform disorder, and eating-disorder

patients. Inmates with CSA histories had higher SDQ-20 scores than those

who did not. No differences were found between sex offenders and non-sex

offenders in terms of probable PTSD, probable DID, MDI scales, or the

SDQ-20. Results are discussed in terms of treatment implications for

incarcerated individuals with histories of child maltreatment.

Conference:   Annual Meeting of the International Society for the

Study of Dissociation, Dec, 2001, New Orleans, LA, US   

  _____ 

Title:   The spiritual dimension of family life.         

Author(s):   Walsh, Froma, U Chicago, School of Social Service

Administration, Dept of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, US;

Pryce, Julia, U Chicago, School of Social Service Administration,

Chicago, IL, US

Source:   Normal family processes: Growing diversity and complexity (3rd

ed.). Walsh, Froma (Ed); pp. 337-372. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press,

2003. xvii, 678 pp.

Abstract: (from the chapter) Spiritual beliefs and practices have

anchored and nourished families and their communities throughout

history. At times of crisis and adversity, spiritual beliefs and

practices have fostered recovery from trauma, loss and suffering. Today,

the vast majority of families adopt some form of expression for their

spirituality. Yet mental health professionals and social scientists have

tended to neglect this vital dimension in their understanding of family

functioning and in the treatment of distress. This chapter briefly

examines the growing importance and diversity of religion and

spirituality for families and considers their influence in family coping

and resilience.    

  _____ 

Title:   Conflicted gender: The case of a woman who believed she was half

male and half female.

Author(s):  Kulish, Nancy, University of Detroit/Mercy, Detroit, MI,

US

Source:   Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Vol 58, 2003. pp. 60-84.

Publisher:   US: Yale Univ Press

Abstract:   Presents the case of a woman who had a fantasy that she

was half male and half female, which did not emerge until she was well

into her analysis. Initially, the analytic work focused on issues of

attachment and trust, as the patient was mute and despairing, and unable

to verbalize affects or put together a coherent story of her life.

Gradually over the course of her analysis, a history of severe emotional

neglect and trauma was pieced together-she had been left at the hospital

as a newborn because her mother had not wanted a girl. It was only after

the establishment of more comfortable and stable connection to the

analyst that the conflicts around gender and the boy/girl fantasy came

into focus. Two masturbation fantasies, a primitive, non-visualized

sensation of sexual insatiability with abdominal throbbing, and a more

traditional beating fantasy were also analyzed. The fantasy of being

both male and female, which was conscious since childhood, was both a

result of and a solution to more basic issues. It was a sign of problems

in integration of internal parental identifications, a shaky maternal

attachment, and difficulties in dealing with affect. The fantasy

reflected a profound sense of being unwanted and unloved and became a

narcissistic solution for these troubling feelings.

  _____ 

Title:   The "sweet and sour" of being lonely and alone.   

Author(s):  Spira, Lucille, APsaA Discussion Group, NY, US;

Richards, Arlene Kramer, New York Freudian Society, NY, US

Source:   Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Vol 58, 2003. pp. 214-227.

Publisher:  US: Yale Univ Press

Abstract:    This paper explores the question of why some lonely

people seem to forget what goes on in their treatment when they are away

from the analyst's presence. The authors look at loneliness from the

perspective of a female patient using the transference to attempt to

undo a childhood trauma of early abandonment and neglect. This woman

appeared child-like and helpless while she resisted using insight. A

dream highlights the unconscious wishes and fantasies that fueled her

stance in treatment. The premise is that by not allowing herself to use

her insights when out of the analyst's presence, she was maintaining

herself as the lonely abandoned child that she had been. Using her

treatment in this way seemed to assuage her pain while she waited for

the father of her fantasy. The price she paid for waiting was

loneliness, loss of self-esteem, and a life with few adult pleasures.

Her fantasy of cure followed a sequence from a deficit model, to a model

of internalization of bad objects, to a conflict model. The authors

believe that sequencing the view of her troubles in this way had a

therapeutic effect.

  _____ 

Title:   Il trauma psicologico infantile in Italia: Risultati preliminari

su un campione di 273 pazienti psichiatrici afferenti al Servizio

Sanitario Nazionale.  

Translated Title:  Childhood psychological trauma in Italy:

Preliminary findings on a psychiatric sample of 273 subjects attending

public psychiatric services.  

Author(s):  Fassone, Giovanni, III Clinica Psichiatrica, Università

di Roma, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy, g.fassone@idi.it;

Mazzotti, Eva, Dipartimento di epidemiologia e psicologia clinica,

Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy;

Trincia, Valeria, III Clinica Psichiatrica, Università di Roma, La

Sapienza, Rome, Italy;

Pasquini, Paolo, Dipartimento di epidemiologia e psicologia clinica,

Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy

Address:   Fassone, Giovanni, Ill Clinica Psichiatrica, Universita

di Roma, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy, g.fassone@idi.it        

Source:   Rivista di Psichiatria, Vol 38(1), Jan-Feb 2003. pp. 35-41.

Publisher:  Italy: Pensiero Scientifico

Abstract:   Presents preliminary findings on the frequency and

characteristics of childhood trauma experiences in a psychiatric sample,

through the administration of the Intervista sui Traumi Infantili (ITI).

Using the ITI, a multicentric study was conducted on a group of 273

psychiatric inpatients and outpatients attending public mental health

services in Italy. Trauma experiences, occurring from birth to 14 yrs

old, were categorized as follows: loss and/or separations, neglect,

physical abuse, witnessing familiar violence, and sexual abuse. The

results showed that 55% of Ss were exposed to at least 1 trauma

experience during childhood. The most frequent trauma experience was

neglect, occurring in 59% of those exposed, followed by witnessing

familiar violence and physical abuse. Witnessing familiar violence and

physical abuse were highly related in both sexes. The observations

arising from this study suggest that childhood trauma experiences are

common in psychiatric Ss. Preliminary findings on psychometric

characteristics of the ITI are highly satisfactory and suggest that this

instrument can easily and effectively be used in different clinical

settings.   

  _____ 

Title:   Psychological Trauma and Schizotypal Symptoms.

Author(s):  Berenbaum, Howard, University of Illinois at

Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology, Champaign, IL, US,

hberenba@uiuc.edu.;

Valera, Eve M., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department

of Psychology, Champaign, IL, US;

Kerns, John G., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department

of Psychology, Champaign, IL, US

Address:  Berenbaum, Howard, Department of Psychology, University

of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 East Daniel Street, Champaign, IL,

US, hberenba@uiuc.edu.     

Source:  Schizophrenia Bulletin, Vol 29(1), 2003. pp. 143-152.

Publisher: US: Superintendent of Documents

Abstract:   In a sample of 75 women recruited from the community, we

measured trauma/maltreatment history and symptoms of schizotypal

personality disorder, using both questionnaire and interview measures.

As hypothesized, individuals with histories of trauma/maltreatment had

elevated levels of schizotypal symptoms. Among types of

trauma/maltreatment, reported childhood neglect was especially strongly

associated with schizotypal symptoms. Although posttraumatic stress

disorder symptom severity, depression, dissociation, and difficulty

identifying one's emotions were all associated with schizotypal

symptoms, they could not account completely for the association between

trauma/maltreatment and schizotypal symptoms.

  _____ 

Title:   The European history of psychotraumatology.      

Author(s): Weisæth, Lars, U Oslo/HQ Defence Command Norway, Div of

Disaster Psychiatry, Oslo, Norway, lars.weisath@psykiatri.uio.no

Address:   Weisæth, Lars, Sognsvannsveien 21, Bygning 20, N-0320,

Oslo, Norway, lars.weisath@psykiatri.uio.no        

Source:   Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol 15(6), Dec 2002. pp. 443-452.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:  The history of European psychotraumatology shows that

opposing cultural, social, economic, and political forces have

influenced scientific development. Inevitably, the theories of traumatic

stress reflect the spirit of the age. Several of today's controversies

were already evident during World War I: the risk of reinforcing

evacuation and compensation syndromes by legitimizing diagnostic labels,

increased somatization when the psychological nature of the trauma or

symptom is not understood, and the deleterious effect of treating the

individual removed from his primary group setting. Towards the end of

the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century the

study of psychic trauma identified important intrapsychic phenomena,

and, consequently, there was a neglect of the external stressor.

  _____ 

Title:   Criminalizing abused girls.    

Author(s):  Simkins, Sandra, Defender Association of Philadelphia,

Juvenile Unit, Philadelphia, PA, US;

Katz, Sarah, U Pennsylvania, PA, US

Source:  Violence Against Women, Vol 8(12), Dec 2002. Special issue:

Women's use of violence in intimate relationships, part 2. pp.

1474-1499.

Publisher:  US: Sage Publications

Abstract:  Notes that the juvenile justice system routinely

criminalizes girls who are victims of extreme abuse. These girls often

act out in ways that cause them to be arrested. For many of these girls

there seems to be a significant link between the abuse and neglect they

have experienced, the lack of appropriate interventions or treatment,

and the behaviors that lead to their arrests. Courts focus on the girls'

aggressive actions, instead of the trauma they have endured and how that

trauma might be related to the crime for which they are charged. Because

the juvenile justice system fails to encompass an understanding of why

girls use force, the system fails to adequately address girls' needs.

This article depicts the cycle of trauma, aggression, misdiagnosis, and

inadequate treatment that is common in the juvenile justice system and

results in driving girls deeper into the system.

  _____ 

Title:   Home away from home: Factors associated with current functioning

in children living in a residential treatment setting.

Author(s):  Brady, Kristine Lynn, U South Dakota, Dept of

Psychology, Vermillion, SD, US;

Caraway, S. Jean, U South Dakota, Dept of Psychology, Vermillion, SD, US

Address:  Caraway, S. Jean, U South Dakota, Dept of Psychology,

414 Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, US

Source:  Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 26(11), Nov 2002. pp. 1149-1163.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science 

Abstract:  While recent research has focused on the impact of abuse

and other interpersonal traumas in childhood, little attention has been

given to the experiences of children who have been removed from their

homes. In addition to trauma, these children are likely to have had a

number of experiences that may impact their current functioning. The

purpose of this study was to provide descriptive information pertaining

to the unique characteristics of children in residential treatment

centers, and to examine preliminary factors believed to be associated

with current functioning. Participants included 41 children, aged 7-12

yrs old, recruited from 2 treatment centers in the rural Midwest.

Children were administered the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children and

participated in a brief interview. Each child's primary caregiver at the

facility completed the Child Behavior Checklist. Results of the

descriptive analyses painted a picture of chaotic childhood marked by

significant stress and trauma. Gender, child's satisfaction with current

discharge plan, and multiple traumatic experiences were found to be

associated with variations in symptomatology. Findings may assist

service providers and caregivers in understanding the unique experiences

of this population.

  _____ 

Title:   Childhood traumatic events and dissociative experiences in

patients with chronic headache and low back pain.        

Author(s):  Yücel, Basak, Dept of Psychiatry, Istanbul Medical

Faculty, Istanbul U, Istanbul, Turkey, byucel@superonline.com;

Özyalcin, Süleyman, Dept of Algology, Instanbul Medical Faculty,

Instanbul U, Istanbul, Turkey;

Sertel, H. Özlem, Dept of Algology, Instanbul Medical Faculty, Instanbul

U, Istanbul, Turkey;

Çamlica, Hakan, Inst of Oncology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul U,

Istanbul, Turkey;

Ketenci, Aysegül, Dept of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Instanbul

Medical Faculty, Istanbul U, Istanbul, Turkey;

Talu, Gül K., Dept of Algology, Instanbul Medical Faculty, Instanbul U,

Istanbul, Turkey

Address:  Yücel, Basak, Dept of Psychiatry, Istanbul Medical

Faculty, Istanbul U, Capa 34390, Istanbul, Turkey,

byucel@superonline.com     

Source:  Clinical Journal of Pain, Vol 18(6), Nov-Dec 2002. pp. 394-401.

Publisher:  US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins    

Abstract:  Examined the relationship between childhood traumatic

experiences and dissociative characteristics in women with chronic

headache and low back pain. 41 female patients with chronic headache

(aged 18-65 yrs) and 32 with chronic low back pain (aged 18-57 yrs)

completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Somatoform

Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ), and the Childhood Abuse and Neglect

Questionnaire. Results show no significant differences between the

headache and low back pain groups in terms of prevalence of history of

neglect; abuse; or sexual, physical, and emotional abuse separately. In

addition, no significant differences were found between the groups with

respect to the DES scores. However, analysis of the SDQ scores showed

that the neglect rate in the 2 groups differed significantly. According

to our findings, the neglect rate was higher in the headache group, thus

warranting further research to investigate the sensitivity of the SDQ

for neglect.

  _____ 

Title:   Childhood trauma and neuroticism as an adult: Possible

implication for the development of the common psychiatric disorders and

suicidal behaviour.   

Author(s):  Roy, Alec, New Jersey Healthcare System, Dept of Veteran

Affairs, Psychiatry Service, East Orange, NJ, US

Address:   Roy, Alec, New Jersey Healthcare System, Dept of Veteran

Affairs, Psychiatry Service 116A, 385 Tremont Avenue, East Orange, NJ,

US     

Source:   Psychological Medicine, Vol 32(8), Nov 2002. pp. 1471-1474.

Publisher:  US: Cambridge Univ Press

Abstract:   Notes that neuroticism is an important personality

dimension associated with depressive and anxiety disorders. Both genetic

and social factors are thought to contribute to neuroticism. This study

examined whether early childhood adversity may be a determinant of

neuroticism. 532 abstinent substance dependent patients completed both

the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Eysenek Personality

Questionnaire (EPQ). The results indicate that there was a significant

relationship between total childhood trauma scores on the CTQ and

neuroticism scores on the EPQ. There were also significant relationships

between neuroticism and CTQ subscores for emotional abuse, physical

abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. It was

concluded that childhood trauma may be a determinant of neuroticism.

This may be one way in which childhood trauma plays a role in the

development of psychiatric disorders. The author suggests that general

population studies are needed.

  _____ 

Title:   Assessing adolescent mental health in war-affected societies:

The significance of symptoms.       

Author(s):   Jones, Lynne, U Cambridge, Ctr for Family Research, Dept

of Developmental Psychiatry, Cambridge, United Kingdom;

Kafetsios, Konstantinos, Anglia Polytechnic U, Dept of Psychology,

Cambridge, United Kingdom

Address:  Jones, Lynne, Cambridge U, Social & political Sciences

Faculty, Ctr for Family Research, Dept of Developmental Psychiatry, Free

School Lane, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 3RF

Source:   Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 26(10), Oct 2002. pp. 1059-1080.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:    Compared the use of self-report symptom checklists with

qualitative methods for assessing adolescent psychological well-being in

a war-affected society. A school-based sample of 337 13- to 15-year-olds

from two communities on opposite sides of the Bosnian conflict (183 from

Gorazde, 154 from Foca) completed the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist and the

Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. A gender balanced sub-sample of 40

adolescents was selected on the basis of their combined checklist

scores, including equal numbers of high and low scorers from each side.

Over the following 6 months this sub-sample was assessed with

qualitative methods that included narrative interviews of child and

parent, and participant observation. School marks were taken as a

measure of social function. Some children identified as "less well" by

qualitative methods denied having symptoms. Some children identified as

"well" had symptoms with no pathological significance for them. The

lifeline revealed that feeling "less well" could be more related to

post-war circumstances than war events. The two symptom checklist items

have shown good internal consistency and discriminant validity.

  _____ 

Title:  Utility of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children:

Distinguishing between PTSD and non-PTSD youth in residential treatment.

Author(s):  Finnerty, Bridget Mary, Chicago School Of Professional

Psychology, US

Source:   Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences &

Engineering, Vol 63(4-B), Oct 2002. pp. 2054.

Publisher:  US: Univ Microfilms International

Abstract:  The goal of the present study is to examine the effects

of trauma on youth and the effectiveness of a particular trauma measure

in distinguishing between youth who meet the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria

for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and youth who do not meet the

same criteria for PTSD. Various assessment measures have been created to

assess the presence of PTSD in youth. These measures are typically in

interview format, used with single incident trauma, include only partial

symptoms of PTSD and are designed for adolescent and adult populations.

This study used the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC), an

objective self-report measure of trauma which includes all diagnostic

criteria of PTSD (as described in DSM-IV) and is used with youth between

the ages of 8 and 17. To assess the sensitivity of this trauma measure

with individuals who have experienced domestic trauma of abuse and

neglect, I chose as the target population youth in the custody of the

state of Illinois and who resided in a residential treatment center. The

first group consisted of youth who met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD

and the second group consisted of youth who did not meet the criteria

for PTSD. Results showed a significant difference between the two groups

in mean scores on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children. The youth

who met the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD had significantly higher scores on

the TSCC than did the youth who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for

PTSD. Potential factors leading to these findings, as well as future

implications of this work, are discussed.

  _____ 

Title: Cognitive therapy of personality disorders in patients with

histories of emotional abuse or neglect.    

Author(s):  Bernstein, David P., Fordham U, Dept of Psychology,

Bronx, NY, US

Address:    Bernstein, David P., Fordham U, Dept of Psychology,

Dealy Hall, 3rd Floor, Bronx, NY, US

Source:    Psychiatric Annals, Vol 32(10), Oct 2002. pp. 618-628.

Publisher:  US: SLACK    

Abstract:   Much of the theoretical and empirical literature on

trauma and personality disorders has concerned the relationship between

child sexual abuse and borderline personality disorder. The impact of

other forms of maltreatment such as emotional abuse; emotional neglect,

physical abuse, and physical neglect has received far less attention.

This article presents a cognitive model of the relationship between

emotional maltreatment and personality disorders, using Jeffrey Young's

notion of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) as a conceptual framework;

discusses the types of maltreatment experiences, EMSs, and coping

mechanisms that contribute to the development of self-defeating behavior

patterns in patients with different types of personality disorders; and

presents a case (of a 27-yr-old woman) that illustrates many of these

issues, and briefly discusses the schematherapy treatment approach that

Young developed to treat patients with personality disorders.

Schema-focused cognitive therapy provides a conceptual model and set of

techniques that can help patients with histories of maltreatment recover

and lead more satisfying lives.

  _____ 

Title:  Adolescent sex offenders: A review of the literature.      

Author(s):  Veneziano, Carol, Southeast Missouri State U, Dept of

Criminal Justice, MO, US;

Veneziano, Louis, Southeast Missouri State U, Dept of Criminal Justice,

MO, US

Source:   Trauma Violence & Abuse, Vol 3(4), Oct 2002. pp. 247-260.

Publisher:   US: Sage Publications

Abstract:    Research over the past 20 yrs indicates that adolescent

sex offenders account for a significant number of child sexual abuse

perpetrators. Studies indicate that this group has a variety of severe

family problems, including neglect and physical and sexual abuse.

Academic and behavior problems, psychopathology, and social isolation

tend to characterize adolescent sexual offenders. The research also

indicates that juvenile sexual offenders are a heterogeneous population

with diverse characteristics and treatment needs. A number of typologies

have been developed to classify various types of offenders, but more

empirical research is needed. Because of the diversity of the

population, careful assessment is needed before treatment plans are

developed and implemented. Most treatment programs have been modeled

after treatment programs found to be effective with adult sex offenders,

but new programs are aimed more specifically at juveniles. Based on the

research, recommendations are made with respect to important target

areas for treatment.   

  _____ 

Title:   Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in adult

patients with binge eating disorder.

Author(s):  Grilo, Carlos M., Yale U School of Medicine, Dept of

Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, US;

Masheb, R. M., Yale U School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry, New Haven,

CT, US

Address:   Grilo, Carlos M., Yale U School of Medicine, Dept of

Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, US     

Source:   Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Vol 106(3), Sep 2002. pp.

183-188.

Publisher:  United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing

Abstract:  Examined the association between retrospective reports

of different types of childhood maltreatment and current personality

disorders (PDs) in patients with binge eating disorder (BED). A total of

116 consecutive out-patients (aged 23-59 yrs old) with DSM-IV BED were

assessed with diagnostic interviews and completed the Childhood Trauma

Questionnaire to assess childhood maltreatment in five domains

(emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and

physical neglect). 82% of patients reported some form of childhood

maltreatment and 30% met criteria for at least one PD. Emotional abuse

was significantly associated with cluster C PD overall and specifically

with avoidant PD. Conclusions suggest reports of emotional abuse--but

not other forms of maltreatment--were associated with greater likelihood

of a PDs in patients with BED.

  _____ 

Title:   Child abuse, dissociation, and core beliefs in bulimic

disorders.     

Author(s):   Hartt, Joanne, U Southampton, Dept of Psychology,

Southampton, United Kingdom;

Waller, Glenn, U London, St. George's Hosp Medical School, Dept of

Psychiatry, London, England

Address:   Waller, Glenn, U London, St. George's Hosp Medical

School, Dept of Psychiatry, Cranmer Terrace, London, England, SW17 0RE      

Source:   Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 26(9), Sep 2002. pp. 923-938.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:    This study of bulimic women examined the relationship

between the severity of four forms of reported child abuse (emotional

abuse, neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse) and bulimic pathology. In

addition, it investigated the relationship of abuse with dissociation

and core beliefs. A sample of 23 women (mean age 29.4 yrs) with bulimic

disorders completed standardized self-report measures of child abuse,

dissociation, core beliefs, and bulimic symptomatology. They also

completed diary records of bulimic behaviors. No dimensional

relationship was found between any form of child abuse and bulimic

pathology. However, within this group of bulimics, neglect and sexual

abuse were correlated with dissociation. In addition, a subset of core

beliefs was associated with child abuse, with different cognitive

profiles associated with each form of trauma. The findings need to be

interpreted with caution because of the small, heterogeneous sample

involved.

  _____ 

Title:   The Sexual and Physical Abuse Questionnaire (SPAQ): A screening

instrument for adults to assess past and current experiences of abuse. 

Author(s):  Kooiman, C. G., Leiden U Medical Ctr, Dept of

Psychiatry, Leiden, Netherlands;

Ouwehand, A. W., Leiden U Medical Ctr, Dept of Psychiatry, Leiden,

Netherlands;

ter Kuile, M.M., Leiden U Medical Ctr, Dept of Gynecology, Outpatient

Clinic of Psychosomatic Gynecology & Sexology, Leiden, Netherlands

Address:  Kooiman, C. G., Leiden U Medical Ctr, Dept of

Psychiatry, B1-P, Post Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, Netherlands  

Source:  Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 26(9), Sep 2002. pp. 939-953.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:   Reconstructed and validated a simple questionnaire to be

completed by adult respondents for the assessment of sexual and physical

abuse during childhood and later life, the Sexual and Physical Abuse

Questionnaire (SPAQ). The criterion validity of the questionnaire was

investigated in a population of psychiatric outpatients (n=134; 76

women; 58 men; mean age 39.4 yrs) using the Structured Trauma Interview

as gold standard for the assessment of sexual and physical abuse. All

questionnaires were returned fully completed. The measures of agreement

and the predictive measures of the questionnaire were satisfactory, in

particular with respect to experiences of sexual abuse. Positive

answering of the questionnaire increased the odds for sexual abuse by a

factor of 12-17.5, and negative answering of the questionnaire reduced

the odds by a third. The odds for physical abuse were increased by a

factor of 8 with positive answering of the questionnaire, and reduced by

a third with negative answering.

  _____  

Title:   Evaluating maltreated infants, toddlers, and preschoolers in

dependency court.   

Author(s):  Malik, Neena M., U Miami, Coral Gables, FL, US,

nmalik@miami.edu;

Crowson, Mary M., U Miami, Coral Gables, FL, US, jjgrants@jud11;

Lederman, Cindy S., Eleventh Judicial Circuit, Miami, FL, US;

Osofsky, Joy D., Louisiana State U Health Sciences Ctr, LA, US

Address:   Malik, Neena M., U Miami, Dept of Psychology, Psychology

Annex P.O. Box 249229, Coral Gables, FL, US, nmalik@miami.edu

Source:    Infant Mental Health Journal, Vol 23(5), Sep 2002. Special

issue: Infants in foster and kinship care. pp. 576-592.

Publisher:   US: John Wiley & Sons

Abstract:   Work in the child welfare system is rarely informed by

research, particularly in the court system. Resources are limited,

despite the fact that it is in juvenile dependency courts that the most

serious cases of maltreatment are heard and decisions made about the

safety and treatment of maltreated children. Although a disproportionate

number of dependent or foster children are infants and toddlers, courts

rarely have access to specialized expertise in understanding the needs

of young children. In this article, a court-based evaluation program

called PREVENT (Prevention and Evaluation of Early Neglect and Trauma)

is presented. The PREVENT protocol is described and the intervention

implications for the program are discussed.

  _____ 

Title:   Is domestic violence learned?: The contribution of five forms of

child maltreatment to men's violence and adjustment.     

Author(s):     Bevan, Emma, Deakin U, School of Psychology, Waurn

Ponds, VIC, Australia;

Higgins, Daryl J., Deakin U, School of Psychology, Waurn Ponds, VIC,

Australia, dhiggins@deakin.edu.au

Address:    Higgins, Daryl J., School of Psychology, Deakin U,

Geelong, VIC, Australia, 3217, dhiggins@deakin.edu.au   

Source:   Journal of Family Violence, Vol 17(3), Sep 2002. pp. 223-245.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:  On the basis of a learning-theory approach to the

intergenerational transmission of violence, researchers have focused

almost exclusively on violent men's childhood experiences of physical

abuse and witnessing family violence (FV). Little consideration has been

given to the coexistence of other forms of child maltreatment or the

role of family dysfunction in contributing to violence. This study shows

the relationships between the level of child maltreatment (physical

abuse, psychological maltreatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and witnessing

FV), childhood family characteristics, current alcohol abuse, trauma

symptomatology, and the level of physical and psychological spouse abuse

perpetrated by 36 men (mean age 41.9 yrs) with a history of perpetrating

domestic violence who had attended counseling. Child maltreatment, low

family cohesion and adaptability, and alcohol abuse was significantly

associated with frequency of physical spouse abuse and trauma

symptomatology scores, but not psychological spouse abuse. Rather than

physical abuse or witnessing FV, childhood neglect uniquely predicted

the level of physical spouse abuse. Witnessing FV (but not physical

abuse) was found to have a unique association with psychological spouse

abuse and trauma symptomatology.

  _____ 

Title:   Self-rated childhood emotional neglect and CSF monoamine indices

in abstinent cocaine-abusing adults: Possible implications for suicidal

behavior.      

Author(s):   Roy, Alec, New Jersey Healthcare System, Dept of

Veterans Affairs, Psychiatric Service (116A), East Orange, NJ, US,

alec.roy@med.va.gov

Address:   Roy, Alec, alec.roy@med.va.gov    

Source:    Psychiatry Research, Vol 112(1), Sep 2002. pp. 69-75.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:  Non-human primate studies suggest that early

environmental influences may have an enduring effect on central

serotonin function. Therefore, it was decided to examine in humans

whether childhood trauma might be related to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

(5-HIAA) as an adult. A total of 29 withdrawn cocaine-dependent patients

(mean age 40.1 yrs) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. They

also had a lumbar puncture for determination of CSF concentrations of

5-HIAA. CSF concentrations of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid

(HVA) were also determined. Childhood emotional neglect scores showed

significant negative correlations with CSF levels of 5-HIAA and HVA, and

patients with emotional neglect scores above the median had

significantly lower CSF 5-HIAA and HVA levels than patients with

emotional neglect scores at or below the median. These findings suggest

the possibility that childhood trauma may have an effect on central

monoamine function as an adult.

  _____ 

Title:   The impact of culture upon child rearing practices and

definitions of maltreatment. 

Author(s):   Ferrari, Anne M., Coll of New Rochelle, Dept of

Psychology, New Rochelle, NY, US

Address:   Ferrari, Anne M., Coll of New Rochelle, Dept of

Psychology, 29 Castle Place, New Rochelle, NY, US        

Source:  Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 26(8), Aug 2002. pp. 793-813.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:  Assessed the relationship between a childhood history of

abuse that a parent may have experienced and the cultural

beliefs/factors that an individual may subscribe to with current

parenting behaviors and attitudes. It was hypothesized that cultural

factors would be more predictive of parenting behaviors and attitudes

than ethnicity as a demographic label. 150 parents (aged 19-60 yrs) of

Hispanic, African American and European American descent were surveyed.

Participants completed the Conflict Tactics Scale, a Familism Scale, a

Machismo Scale, a Valuing Children Scale, the Childhood Trauma

Questionnaire, and assigned seriousness ratings to vignettes depicting

child maltreatment. A history of childhood abuse was found to be

predictive of the use of both physical and verbal punishment by mothers,

but not for fathers. Cultural factors/beliefs were predictive of

fathers' parenting behaviors, but not mothers'. Ethnicity, as a

demographic variable, was a significant predictor of parenting behaviors

and attitudes for all parents, controlling for cultural factors. The

findings indicate that ethnicity is a complex factor, one demanding

further examination with regard to its components.

  _____ 

Title:   Childhood abuse and neglect in severely dependent female

addicts: Homogeneity and reliability of a Swedish version of the

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.    

Author(s):   Lundgren, Kata, U Örebro, Psychology Section, Dept of

Social Science, Örebro, Sweden;

Gerdner, Arne, Mid Sweden U, Dept of Social Work, Östersund, Sweden,

arne.gerdner@mh.se;

Lundqvist, Lars-Olov, U Örebro, Psychology Section, Dept of Social

Science, Örebro, Sweden

Source:   International Journal of Social Welfare, Vol 11(3), Jul 2002.

pp. 219-227.

Publisher:  United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing

Abstract:  Examined the factor structure and reliability of the

Swedish version (E.-M. Norberg, 1995) of the Childhood Trauma

Questionnaire (D. P. Bernstein et al, 1994, CTQ). 55 severely dependent

female drug addicts (mean age 34.7 yrs) with psychiatric comorbidity

currently undergoing compulsory residential treatment completed the CTQ,

including subscales for emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse,

emotional neglect, and physical neglect. Results show 94.5% of Ss had

experienced childhood abuse or neglect, and nearly 70% of the

experiences were self-categorized as severe. Factor analysis showed a

4-factor solution, corresponding to the subscales of emotional and

physical abuse combined, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical

neglect. In the 5-factor solution, the physical neglect subscale was

divided into 2 factors. Content analyses of these factors point to other

meanings than physical neglect. It is concluded that the Swedish

translation of the CTQ demonstrates high consistency and homogeneity in

4 of the 5 subscales. The CTQ is included.

  _____ 

Title:   A few thoughts about the mind, the brain, and a child with early

deprivation.   

Author(s):  Davies, Miranda

Source:   Journal of Analytical Psychology, Vol 47(3), Jul 2002. pp.

421-435.

Publisher:  United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing

Abstract:  Infant brain research is having an increasing impact on

child psychotherapy and our understanding of the neurobiological effects

of trauma and neglect. This paper outlines the 'experience-dependent'

nature of brain development in infancy and the concept of critical

periods in such development. The effects of deprivation on child

development are illustrated and case material from a child who was

institutionalized during his second year is used as a basis for posing

questions about the nature of the mind and the brain. In spite of his

deprivation, he was able to communicate imaginatively. A. N. Schore's

proposal for the use of early interventions is put forward to counter

discouragement that can be engendered by work with severely deprived

children.

  _____ 

Title:   'Psychogenic pain' and pain-proneness: Comments on 'childhood

victimization and pain in adulthood' K.G. Raphael et al., Pain

2001;92:283-293.    

Author(s):  Grzesiak, Roy C., UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Dept

of Psychiatry, Newark, NJ, US

Source:  Pain, Vol 98(1-2), Jul 2002. pp. 231-233.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:  Comments on the article by K. G. Raphael et al

concerning the effects of childhood victimization

on adult pain complaints. The study shows the difficulties of dealing

with psychogenic pain, lifetime history of major depression, and the

memory of childhood trauma. The authors' conclusion that early childhood

victimization and medically unexplained pain are not intrinsically

linked is certainly true; nonetheless, it is likely that early childhood

victimization leads to a psychological and neurobiological vulnerability

to something dysfunctional.

  _____ 

Title:  Reply to Dr. Grzesiak: 'Psychogenic pain' and 'pain proneness'

(comments on Raphael et al. Childhood victimization and pain in

adulthood. Pain 2001;92:283-293).

Author(s):   Raphael, K. G., U Medicine & Dentistry New Jersey, New

Jersey Medical School, Dept of Psychiatry, Newark, NJ, US,

raphaekg@umdnj.edu;

Widom, C. S., U Medicine & Dentistry New Jersey, New Jersey Medical

School, Dept of Psychiatry, Newark, NJ, US;

Lange, G., U Medicine & Dentistry New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School,

Dept of Psychiatry, Newark, NJ, US

Address:   Raphael, K. G., U Medicine & Dentistry New Jersey, New

Jersey Medical School, Dept of Psychiatry, 183 South Orange Avenue, BHSB

F-1512, Newark, NJ, US, raphaekg@umdnj.edu    

Source:   Pain, Vol 98(1-2), Jul 2002. pp. 233-234.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:   Responds to the comments of R. C. Grzesiak,

which discusses the authors' article (see record

2001-06751-028) concerning the effects of childhood victimization on

adult pain complaints. The authors acknowledged in their article some of

the study limitations noted by Grzesiak. The authors agree with Grzesiak

in other cases, but wonder how some concerns compromise the validity of

the study's conclusions. Findings like those of this study, which

question the assumed association between early childhood trauma and

medically unexplained pain symptoms, are likely to be viewed most

critically. 

  _____ 

Title:   Seeking refuge, losing hope: Parents and children in immigration

detention.     

Author(s):   Mares, Sarah, NSW Inst of Psychiatry, Child, Adolescent

& Family Psychiatry, Parramatta, NSW, Australia, Sarah@nswiop.nsw.edu.au;

Newman, Louise, NSW Inst of Psychiatry, Parramatta, NSW, Australia;

Dudley, Michael, U NSW, School of Psychiatry, Randwick, NSW, Australia;

Gale, Fran, U Western Sydney, Social & Human Sciences, NSW, Australia

Address:  Mares, Sarah, NSW Inst of Psychiatry, Locked Bag 7118,

Parramatta, NSW, Australia, BC 2150, Sarah@nswiop.nsw.edu.au         

Source:   Australasian Psychiatry, Vol 10(2), Jun 2002. pp. 91-96.

Publisher:  United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing

Abstract:  Records observations from a series of visits to 2 of

Australia's immigration detention centers and considers the mental

health consequences of Australia's policy of mandatory immigration

detention (ID) of asylum seekers for families and children. Families and

children were interviewed. Two vignettes are given to illustrate the

situation for families and children in ID. It is concluded that parents

and children in ID are often vulnerable to mental health problems before

they reach Australia. Experiences in prolonged ID add to their burden or

trauma, which has an impact not only on the individual adults and

children, but on the family process itself. Observations show that ID

profoundly undermines the parental role, renders the parent impotent and

leaves the child without protection or comfort in already unpredictable

surroundings where basic needs for safe play and education are unmet.

This potentially exposes the child to physical and emotional neglect in

a degrading and hostile environment and puts children at high risk of

the developmental psychopathology that follows exposure to violence and

ongoing parental despair. The authors suggest that psychiatrists have a

role in advocating for appropriate treatment of these traumatized and

vulnerable parents and children.

  _____ 

Title:   Adoption and the effect on children's development.        

Author(s):  Johnson, Dana E., johns008@umn.edu

Source:   Early Human Development, Vol 68(1), Jun 2002. pp. 39-54.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:   Discusses the effects of adoption on child development.

Adoption can affect child development in profound ways. Adoption is

clearly superior to institutionalization in promoting normal development

in children permanently separated from birth parents. Out of calamity

and loss, children recover partially or wholly in the areas of

intelligence, physical growth, and emotional development. They can

progress to become functionally and emotionally competent adults.

Adoption also reduces the effects of prenatal drug exposure. For

children suffering severe neglect or abuse in early life, an adoptive

family is a remarkable environment for healing emotional and physical

trauma and reversing developmental deficits.

  _____ 

Title:   Trauma, trauma-related distress, and perceived parental

dysfunction: Associations with severity of drinking problems in treated

alcoholics.    

Author(s):  Langeland, Willie, Amsterdam Inst for Addiction

Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands;

Van Den Brink, Wim, Amsterdam Inst for Addiction Research, Amsterdam,

Netherlands;

Draijer, Nel, Vrije U, Dept of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Address:   Van Den Brink, Wim, U Amsterdam, Academic Medical Ctr,

Div of Psychiatry, Tafelbergweg 25, 1105 BC, Amsterdam, Netherlands  

Source:   Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, Vol 190(5), May 2002. pp.

337-340.

Publisher:  US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Abstract:  Examined the relationship between childhood abuse and

alcohol problem severity in 155 treated alcoholics in an alcohol

treatment program. The author examined a broad spectrum of environmental

hazards (childhood abuse, perceived parental dysfunction, parental

alcohol problems, early parental loss, witnessing domestic violence, and

adult victimization), childhood abuse severity, and lifetime diagnosis

of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Findings suggest that the

severity of drinking problems in treated male alcoholics was related to

neither trauma nor childhood neglect. Among women, however, both

childhood dual abuse and perceived maternal dysfunction might be

associated with the severity of drinking problems.

  _____ 

Title:   The neurobiology of borderline personality disorder: The synergy

of "nature and nurture".      

Author(s):    Pally, Regina, U California, Los Angeles, CA, US

Address:   Pally, Regina, 11980 San Vincente B1, #810, Los Angeles,

CA, US

Source:   Journal of Psychiatric Practice, Vol 8(3), May 2002. pp.

133-142.

Publisher:   US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Abstract:  Reviews data on the neurobiology of the symptoms of

boderline personality disorder (BPD). The author first considers the

evolutionary context in which BPD can develop to put the neurobiological

findings in perspective, and then discusses the roles of both genetic

inheritance and the environment in the development of BPD. The role of

neurotransmitter systems in the development of impulsive-aggression and

affective instability is reviewed. Possible neurobiological contributors

to the identity disturbance seen in BPD are also described. The author

then considers environmental contributions to BPD and discusses the

synergy of nature and nurture in the development of BPD symptoms.

Findings concerning the types of neurobiological impairments that can

arise as a result of childhood neglect and abuse and other types of

chronic severe stress and trauma are discussed. The author reviews

studies of animal attachment models that suggest that types of maternal

care can produce lifelong behavioral and physiological differences in

offspring and that this effect is mediated through the regulation of

gone expression.

  _____ 

Title:   Urinary free cortisol and childhood trauma in cocaine dependent

adults.

Author(s):  Roy, Alec, New Jersey Healthcare System, Dept of

Veterans Affairs, East Orange, NJ, US, alec.roy@med.va.gov

Address:   Roy, Alec, New Jersey Healthcare System, Psychiatry

Service 116A, Dept of Veterans Affairs, 385 Tremont Ave, East Orange,

NJ, US, alec.roy@med.va.gov        

Source:   Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol 36(3), May-Jun 2002. pp.

173-177.

Publisher:  Netherlands: Elsevier Science   

Abstract:  Examined whether childhood trauma may have a

relationship to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function as an

adult. 46 withdrawn cocaine-dependent patients participated in 24-hr

urine collections for determinations of urinary-free cortisol (UFC) and

completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Patients with a mean

UFC output below the median had significantly higher CTQ scores for

childhood sexual abuse than patients with UFC outputs above the median.

Multiple regression analysis showed that both childhood emotional

neglect and sexual abuse were independently associated with UFC outputs.

These cross-sectional data, in a sample of middle-aged cocaine dependent

patients, suggest the possibility that childhood trauma may have an

effect on HPA axis function and thus predispose to psychiatric

disorders.

  _____ 

Title:   Effects of mother-son incest and positive perceptions of sexual

abuse experiences on the psychosocial adjustment of clinic-referred men.;

Author(s):  Kelly, Robert J., U California, Dept of Psychology, Los

Angeles, CA, US;

Wood, Jeffrey J., U California, Dept of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, US;

Gonzalez, Lauren S., U California, Dept of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA,

US;

MacDonald, Virginia, U California, Dept of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA,

US;

Waterman, Jill, U California, Dept of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, US

Address:  Wood, Jeffrey J., UCLA Psychology Clinic, 2191 Franz

Hall, Los Angeles, CA, US    

Source:  Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 26(4), Apr 2002. pp. 425-441.

Publisher:   Netherlands: Elsevier Science

Abstract:  Examined the long-term impact of mother-son incest and

positive initial perceptions of sexual abuse experiences on adult male

psychosocial functioning. 67 clinic-referred 18-57 yr old men with a

history of sexual abuse participated. The Ss completed self-report

measures regarding current psychosocial functioning and described the

nature of their sexual and physical abuse experiences during childhood.

Results show that 17 men reported mother-son incest, and these men

endorsed more trauma symptoms than did other sexually abused men, even

after controlling for a history of multiple perpetrators and physical

abuse. Mother-son incest was likely to be subtle, involving behaviors

that may be difficult to distinguish from normal caregiving (e.g.,

genital touching), despite the potentially serious long-term

consequences. 27 men recalled positive or mixed initial perceptions of

the abuse, including about half of the men who had been abused by their

mothers. These men reported more adjustment problems than did men who

recalled purely negative initial perceptions. It is concluded that

mother-son incest and positive initial perceptions of sexual abuse

experiences both appear to be risk factors for more severe psychosocial

adjustment problems among clinic-referred men.

  _____ 

Title:   Relations of sociotropy and autonomy to developmental

experiences among psychiatric patients.   

Author(s):  Mendelson, Tamar, Duke U, Durham, NC, US, tm8@duke.edu;

Robins, Clive J., Duke U, Durham, NC, US;

Johnson, Courtney S., Duke U, Durham, NC, US

Address:   Mendelson, Tamar, Duke U, Dept of Psychology, Box 90085,

Durham, NC, US, tm8@duke.edu    

Source:   Cognitive Therapy & Research, Vol 26(2), Apr 2002. pp. 189-198.

Publisher:   Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Abstract:    Two basic personality styles have been identified as

vulnerability factors for depression, one in which self-worth is unduly

predicated on interpersonal relationships and the other in which

self-worth derives excessively from performance in achievement-related

domains as found in formulations for sociotropy and autonomy (A. T.

Beck, 1983) and dependency and self-criticism (S. J. Blatt and E.

Hoffman, 1992). This study investigated the relations of self-reported

childhood trauma and negative parenting styles to current levels of

sociotropy and autonomy in 77 psychiatric inpatients (mean age 34.6

yrs). Controlling for depression, sociotropy was not significantly

related to the parenting or trauma variables. Autonomy was related most

strongly to emotional and physical abuse, lack of parental care, and

parental overprotection. Regression analyses indicated a significant

relation of emotional abuse to sociotropy, while emotional abuse and

lack of parental care were associated with autonomy. Sexual abuse,

witnessing violence, emotional neglect, physical neglect, and loss were

not significant predictors of sociotropy or autonomy in these regression

analyses. Results suggest that certain developmental experiences,

particularly emotional abuse, are associated with sociotropy and

autonomy.

  _____ 

Title:   Evaluating the effectiveness of a group treatment program:

Integrating neurobiology, post-traumatic stress disorder, and childhood

trauma literature.     

Author(s):  Fujimoto, Kevin Lee, Pepperdine U., US

Source:   Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences &

Engineering, Vol 62(8-B), Mar 2002. pp. 3799.

Publisher:   US: Univ Microfilms International

Abstract:   Research has demonstrated that childhood abuse may

negatively alter cognition, affect, and behavior throughout the lifespan

(Briere, 1992; van der Kolk, 1988). PTSD related to childhood abuse has

been increasingly associated with impaired memory functioning and

neurobiological alterations (Briggs & Joyce, 1997; van der Kolk &

Fisler, 1995). A review of the trauma and child abuse literature

incorporates recent research from various theoretical perspectives. In

addition, the effectiveness of a treatment program is evaluated based on

the literature review. Specifically, an inpatient program that utilized

cathartic interventions within a supportive psycho-educational group

context was examined. Catharsis was considered a critical treatment

component because it is hypothesized to provide access to the implicit

memory system (subcortical neural-networks) and allow traumatic

experiences to reemerge (Levitt & Pinnell, 1995). Additional

higher-order processing and subsequent development of explicit memory

may increase impulse control, diminish PTSD symptoms, and decrease

depression (Squire, 1992; Zola-Morgan & Squire, 1990). The group

modality was utilized to address common issues faced by abuse victims

and provide interpersonal support and validation during the expression

of powerful affect. Archival data collected from treatment seeking

individuals suffering from the effects of negative childhood experiences

including abuse and neglect was analyzed. An experimental group (N = 68)

that completed the treatment program was compared to a non-treatment

group (N = 15) to determine treatment effectiveness. Specified symptoms,

PTSD symptomatology (Los Angeles Symptom Checklist), anxiety (Minnesota

Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Scale 7 and A Scale), and

depression (MMPI Scale 2 and the Beck Depression Inventory) were

assessed. It was hypothesized that treatment subjects would report

decreased levels of symptoms when contrasted with the comparison group

following treatment. A MANOVA revealed no significant differences

between groups for PTSD symptoms, anxiety, or depression. A clinical

significance analysis also revealed that experimental subjects and

no-treatment comparison subjects improved over time on all variables at

the nine-month follow-up period. Possible reasons for the lack of

statistical findings are given and suggestions for future research are

presented.

  _____ 

Title:   Psychological distress in childhood trauma survivors who abuse

drugs.

Author(s):   Medrano, Martha A., U Texas Health Science Ctr, Dept of

Psychiatry, San Antonio, TX, US;

Hatch, John P., U Texas Health Science Ctr, Dept of Psychiatry, San

Antonio, TX, US;

Zule, William A., U Texas Health Science Ctr, Dept of Psychiatry, San

Antonio, TX, US;

Desmond, David P., U Texas Health Science Ctr, Dept of Psychiatry, San

Antonio, TX, US

Address:  Medrano, Martha A., U Texas Health Science, Dept of

Psychiatry, San Antonio, TX, US    

Source:   American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, Vol 28(1), Feb 2002.