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Psychological and Physiological Trauma Research
Seize Your Journeys
_______________________ Traumatic stress is found in many competent, healthy, strong, good people. No one can completely protect themselves from traumatic experiences. Many people have long-lasting problems following exposure to trauma. Up to 8% of persons will have PTSD at some time in their lives. People who react to traumas are not going crazy. What is happening to them is part of a set of common symptoms and problems that are connected with being in a traumatic situation, and thus, is a normal reaction to abnormal events and experiences. Having symptoms after a traumatic event is NOT a sign of personal weakness. Given exposure to a trauma that is bad enough, probably all people would develop PTSD. By understanding trauma symptoms better, a person can become less fearful of them and better able to manage them. By recognizing the effects of trauma and knowing more about symptoms, a person will be better able to decide about getting treatment. _______________________
Secure Attachments as a Defense Against Trauma “All people mature and thrive in a social context that has profound effects on how they cope with life’s stresses. Particularly early in life, the social context plays a critical role in fuffering an individual against stressful situations, and in building the psychological and biological capacities to deal with further stresses. The primary function of parents can be thought of as helping children modulate their arousal by attuned and well-timed provision of playing, feeding, comforting, touching, looking, cleaning, and resting—in short, by teaching them skills that will gradually help them modulate their own arousal. Secure attachment bonds serve as primary defenses against trauma-induced psychopathology in both children and adults (Finkelhor & Browne, 1984). In children who have been exposed to severe stressors, the quality of the parental bond is probably the single most important determinant of long-term damage (McFarlane, 1988).” van der Kolk, Bessel, Alexander C. McFarlane, and Lars Weisaeth, eds. 1996. Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York and London: Guilford Press. .p. 185
Eating Disorders “The Eating Disorders are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior. This section includes two specific diagnoses, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight. Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise. A disturbance in perception of body shape and weight is an essential feature of both Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. An Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified category is also provided for coding behaviors that do not meet criteria for a specific Eating Disorder. Simple obesity is include in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) as a general medical condition but does not appear in DSM-IV because it has not been established that it is consistently associated with a psychological or behavioral syndrome. However, when there is evidence that psychological factors are of importance in the etiology or course of a particular case of obesity, this can be indicated by noting the presence of Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition. Disorders of Feeding and Eating that are usually first diagnosed in infancy or early childhood (i.e., Pica, Rumination Disorder, and Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood) are included in the section “Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood. Anorexia Nervosa Diagnostic Features The essential features of Anorexia Nervosa are that the individual refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight, is intensely afraid of gaining weight, and exhibits a significant disturbance in the perception of the shape or size of his or her body. In addition, postmenarcheal females with this disorder are amenorrheic. (The term anorexia is a misnomer because loss of appetite is rare.) The individual maintains a body weight that is below a minimally normal level for age and height (Criterion A). When Anorexia Nervosa develops in an individual during childhood or early adolescence, there may be failure to make expected weight gains (i.e., while growing in height) instead of weight loss. Criterion A provides a guideline for determining when the individual meets the threshold for being underweight. It suggests that the individual weigh less than 85% of that weight that is considered normal for that person’s age and height (usually computed using one of several published versions of the Metropolitan Life Insurance tables or pediatric growth charts.). An alternative and somewhat stricter guideline (used in the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for research) requires that the individual have a body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms/height in meters2) equal to or below 17.5kg/m2. These cutoffs are provided only as suggested guidelines for eh clinician, since it is unreasonable to specify a single standard for minimally normal weight that applies to all individuals of a given age and height. In determining a minimally normal weight, the clinician should consider not only such guidelines but also the individual’s body build and weight history. Usually weight loss is accomplished primarily through reduction in total food intake. Although individuals may begin by excluding from their diet what they perceive to be highly caloric foods, most eventually end up with a very restricted diet that is sometimes limited to only a few foods. Additional methods of weight loss include purging (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxative or diuretics) and increased or excessive exercise.) Individuals with this disorder intensely fear gaining weight or becoming fat (Criterion B). This intense fear of becoming fat is usually not alleviated by the weight loss. In fact, concern about weight gain often increases even as actual weight continues to decrease. The experience and significance of body weight and shape are distorted in these individuals (Criterion C). Some individuals feel globally overweight. Others realize that they are thin but are still concerned that certain parts of their bodies, particularly the abdomen, buttocks, and thighs are “to fat.” They may employ a wide variety of techniques to estimate their body size and weight, including excessive weighing, obsessive measuring of body parts, and persistently using a mirror to check for perceived areas of “fat.” The self-esteem of individuals with Anorexia Nervosa is highly dependent on their body shape and weight. Weight loss is viewed as an impressive achievement and a sign of extraordinary self-discipline, whereas weight gain is perceived as an unacceptable failure of self-control. Though some individuals with this disorder may acknowledge being thin, they typically deny the serious medical implications of their malnourished state. In postmenarcheal females, amenorrhea (due to abnormally low levels of estrogen secretion that are due in turn to diminished pituitary secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone [PSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]) is an indicator of physiological dysfunction in Anorexia Nervosa (Criterion D.) Amenorrhea is usually a consequence of the weight loss but, in a minority of individuals, may actually precede it. In prepubertal females, menarche may be delayed by the illness. The individual is often brought to professional attention by family members after marked weight loss (or failure to make expected weight gains) has occurred. If individuals seek help on their own, it is usually because of their subjective distress over the somatic and psychological sequelae of starvation. It is rare for an individual with Anorexia Nervosa to complain of weight loss per se. Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa frequently lack insight into, or have considerable denial of, the problem and may be unreliable historians. It is therefore often necessary to obtain information form parents or other outside sources to evaluate the degree of weight loss and other features of the illness.” p. 583-584. Bulimia Nervosa “Diagnostic Features The essential features of Bulimia Nervosa are binge eating and inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain. In addition, the self-evaluation of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa is excessively influenced by body shape and weight. To qualify for the diagnosis, the binge eating and the inappropriate compensatory behaviors must occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months (Criterion C.) A binge is defined as eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food that is definitely larger than most individuals would eat under similar circumstances (Criterion A1.). The clinician should consider the context in which the eating occurred—what would be regarded as excessive consumption at a typical meal might be considered normal during a celebration or holiday meal. A “discrete period of time” refers to a limited period, usually less than 2 hours. A single episode of binge eating need not be restricted to one setting. For example, an individual may begin a binge in a restaurant and then continue it on returning home. Continual snacking on small amounts of food throughout the day would not be considered a binge. Although the type of food consumed during the binge varies, it typically includes sweet, high-calorie foods such as ice cream or cake. However, binge eating appears to be characterized more by an abnormality in the amount of food consumed than by a craving for a specific nutrient, such as carbohydrate. Although individuals with Bulimia Nervosa consume more calories during an episode of binge eating than persons without Bulimia Nervosa consume during a meal, the fractions of calories derived from protein, fat, and carbohydrate are similar. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa are typically ashamed of their eating problems and attempt to conceal their symptoms. Binge eating usually occurs in secrecy, or as inconspicuously as possible. An episode may or may not be planned in advance and is usually (but not always) characterized by rapid consumption. The binge eating often continues until the individual is uncomfortably, or even painfully, full. Binge eating is typically triggered by dysphoric mood states, interpersonal stressors intense hunger following dietary restraint, or feelings related to body weight, body shape, and food. Binge eating may transiently reduce dysphoria, but disparaging self-criticism and depressed mood often follow. An episode of binge eating is also accompanied by a sense of lack of control (Criterion A2). An individual may be in a frenzied state while binge eating, especially early in the course of the disorder. Some individuals describe a dissociative quality during, or following, the binge episodes. After Bulimia Nervosa has persisted for some time, individuals may report that their binge-eating episodes are no longer characterized by an acute feeling of loss of control, but rather by behavioral indicators of impaired control, such as difficulty resisting binge eating or difficulty stopping a binge once it has begun. The impairment in control associated with binge eating in bulimia Nervosa is not absolute; for example, an individual may continue binge eating while the telephone is ringing, but will cease if a roommate or spouse unexpectedly enters the room. Another essential feature of Bulimia Nervosa is the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (Criterion B). Many individuals with Bulimia Nervosa employ several methods in their attempt to compensate for binge eating. The most common compensatory technique is the induction of vomiting after an episode of binge eating. This method of purging is employed by 80%-90% of individuals with Bulimia Nervosa who present for treatment of eating disorders clinics. The immediate effects of vomiting include relief from physical discomfort and reduction of fear of gaining weight. In some cases, vomiting becomes a goal in itself, and the person will binge in order to vomit or will vomit after eating a small amount of food. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa may use a variety of methods to induce vomiting, including the use of fingers or instruments to stimulate the gag reflex. Individuals generally become adept at inducing vomiting and are eventually able to vomit at will. Rarely, individuals consume syrup of ipecac to induce vomiting. Other purging behaviors include the issue of laxatives and diuretics. Approximately one-third of those with Bulimia Nervosa misuse laxatives after binge eating. Rarely, individuals with the disorder will misuse enemas following episodes of binge eating, but this is seldom the sole compensatory method employed. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa may fast for a day or more or exercise excessively in an attempt to compensate for binge eating. Exercise may be considered to be excessive when it significantly interferes with important activities, when it occurs at inappropriate times or in inappropriate settings, or when the individual continues to exercise despite injury or other medical complications. Rarely, individuals with this disorder may take thyroid hormone in an attempt to avoid weight gain. Individuals with diabetes mellitus and Bulimia Nervosa may omit or reduce insulin doses in order to reduce the metabolism of food consumed during eating binges. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa place an excessive emphasis on body shape and weight in their self-evaluation, and these factors are typically the most important ones in determining self-esteem (Criterion D). Individuals with this disorder may closely resemble those with Anorexia Nervosa in their fear of gaining weight, in their desire to lose weight, and in the level of dissatisfaction with their bodies. However, a diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa should not be given when the disturbance occurs only during episodes of Anorexia Nervosa (Criterion E).” p. 589-591
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. ________________
Post traumatic Stress Disorder "The essential feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder us the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one's physical integrity; or witnessing an event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another person; or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate (Criteria A1). The person's response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated behavior) (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms resulting from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent reexperiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion E), and the disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion F). Traumatic events that are experienced directly include, but are not limited to, military combat, violent personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, robbery, mugging), being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war or in a concentration camp, natural or manmade disasters, severe automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. For children, sexually traumatic events may include developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without threatened or actual violence or injury. Witnessed events include, but are not limited to, observing the serious injury or unnatural death of another person due to violent assault, accident, war, or disaster or unexpectedly witnessing a dead body or body parts. Events experienced by others that are learned about include, but are not limited to, violent personal assault, serious accident, or serious injury experienced y a family member or a close friend; learning about the sudden, unexpected death of a family member or a close friend; or learning that one's child has a life threatening disease. The disorder may be especially sever or long lasting when the stressor is of human design (e.g., torture, rape). the likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase. The traumatic event can be reexperienced in various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent distressing dreams during which the event can be replayed or otherwise represented (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the person experiences dissociative states that last from a few seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components of the event are relived and the person behaves as though experiencing the event at that moment (Criterion B3). These episodes, often referred to as "flashbacks," are typically brief but can be associated with prolonged distress and heightened arousal. Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any elevator for an woman who was reaped in an elevator). Stimuli associated with the trauma are persistently avoided. The person commonly makes deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic event (Criterion C1) and to avoid activities, situations, or people who around recollections of it (Criterion C2). This avoidance of reminders may include amnesia for an important aspect of the traumatic event (Criterion C3). Diminished responsiveness to the external work, referred to as "psychic numbing" or "emotional anesthesia," usually begins soon after the traumatic event. The individual may complain of having markedly diminished interest or participation in previously enjoyed activities (Criterion C4), of feeling detached or estranged from other people (Criterion C5), or of having markedly reduced ability to feel emotions (especially those associated with intimacy, tenderness and sexuality) (Criterion C6). The individual may have a sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) (Criterion C7). The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma. these symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep that may be to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4), and exaggerated startle response (Criterion D5). Some individuals report irritability or outburst of anger (Criterion D2) or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion D3)." __________________________ Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) "The essential feature of Dissociative identity Disorder is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states (Criterion A) that recurrently take control of behavior (Criterion B). There is an inability to recall important personal information, the extent of which is too great to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (Criterion C). The disturbance is not due tot eh direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (Condition D.). In children, the symptoms cannot be attributed to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play. Dissociative Identity Disorder reflects a failure to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness. Each personality state may be experienced as if it has a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity, including a separate name. Usually there is a primary identity that carries the individual's given name and is passive, dependent, guilty, and depressed. The alternate identities frequently have different names and characteristics that contrast with the primary identity (e.g., are hostile, controlling, and self-destructive). Particular identities may emerge in specific circumstances and may differ in reported age and gender, vocabulary, general knowledge, or predominant affect. Alternate identities are experienced as taking control in sequence, ore at the expense of the other, and may deny knowledge of one another, be critical of one another, or appear to be in open conflict. Occasionally, one or more powerful identities allocate time to the others. Aggressive or hostile identities may at times interrupt activities or place the others in uncomfortable situations. Individuals with this disorder experience frequent gaps in memory for personal history, both remote and recent. The amnesia is frequently asymmetrical. The more passive identities tend to have more constricted memories, whereas the more hostile, controlling, or "protector" identities have more complete memories. An identity that is not in control may nonetheless gain access to consciousness by producing auditory or visual hallucinations (e.g., a voice giving instructions). Evidence of amnesia may be uncovered by reports from others who have witnessed behavior that is disavowed by the individual or by the individual's own discoveries (e.g., finding items of clothing at home that the individual cannot remember having bought). There may be loss of memory not only for recurrent periods of time, but also an overall loss of biographical memory for some extended period of childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood. Transitions among identities are often triggered by psychosocial stress. The time required to switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of seconds, but, less frequently, may b gradual. Behavior that may be frequently associated with identity switches include rapid blinking, facial changes, changes in voice or demeanor, or disruption in the individual's train of thoughts. The number of identities reported ranges from 2 to more than 100. Half of reported cases include the individuals with 10 or fewer identities." Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. _____________________ Post Traumatic Stress Disorder "The essential feature of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one's physical integrity; or witnessing an event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another person; or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate (Criteria A1). The person's response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated behavior) (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms resulting from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent re-experiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion E), and the disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion F). Traumatic events that are experienced directly include, but are not limited to, military combat, violent personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, robbery, mugging), being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war or in a concentration camp, natural or manmade disasters, severe automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. For children, sexually traumatic events may include developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without threatened or actual violence or injury. Witnessed events include, but are not limited to, observing the serious injury or unnatural death of another person due to violent assault, accident, war, or disaster or unexpectedly witnessing a dead body or body parts. Events experienced by others that are learned about include, but are not limited to, violent personal assault, serious accident, or serious injury experienced y a family member or a close friend; learning about the sudden, unexpected death of a family member or a close friend; or learning that one's child has a life threatening disease. The disorder may be especially sever or long lasting when the stressor is of human design (e.g., torture, rape). the likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase. The traumatic event can be re-experienced in various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent distressing dreams during which the event can be replayed or otherwise represented (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the person experiences dissociative states that last from a few seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components of the event are relived and the person behaves as though experiencing the event at that moment (Criterion B3). These episodes, often referred to as "flashbacks," are typically brief but can be associated with prolonged distress and heightened arousal. Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any elevator for an woman who was reaped in an elevator). Stimuli associated with the trauma are persistently avoided. The person commonly makes deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic event (Criterion C1) and to avoid activities, situations, or people who around recollections of it (Criterion C2). This avoidance of reminders may include amnesia for an important aspect of the traumatic event (Criterion C3). Diminished responsiveness to the external work, referred to as "psychic numbing" or "emotional anesthesia," usually begins soon after the traumatic event. The individual may complain of having markedly diminished interest or participation in previously enjoyed activities (Criterion C4), of feeling detached or estranged from other people (Criterion C5), or of having markedly reduced ability to feel emotions (especially those associated with intimacy, tenderness and sexuality) (Criterion C6). The individual may have a sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) (Criterion C7). The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma. these symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep that may be to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4), and exaggerated startle response (Criterion D5). Some individuals report irritability or outburst of anger (Criterion D2) or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion D3)." _____________________ PTSD, DID, and EMDR Posttraumatic Stress Disorder "The essential feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder us the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one's physical integrity; or witnessing an event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another person; or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate (Criteria A1). The person's response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated behavior) (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms resulting from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent reexperiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion E), and the disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion F). Traumatic events that are experienced directly include, but are not limited to, military combat, violent personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, robbery, mugging), being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war or in a concentration camp, natural or manmade disasters, severe automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. For children, sexually traumatic events may include developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without threatened or actual violence or injury. Witnessed events include, but are not limited to, observing the serious injury or unnatural death of another person due to violent assault, accident, war, or disaster or unexpectedly witnessing a dead body or body parts. Events experienced by others that are learned about include, but are not limited to, violent personal assault, serious accident, or serious injury experienced y a family member or a close friend; learning about the sudden, unexpected death of a family member or a close friend; or learning that one's child has a life threatening disease. The disorder may be especially sever or long lasting when the stressor is of human design (e.g., torture, rape). the likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase. The traumatic event can be reexperienced in various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent distressing dreams during which the event can be replayed or otherwise represented (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the person experiences dissociative states that last from a few seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components of the event are relived and the person behaves as though experiencing the event at that moment (Criterion B3). These episodes, often referred to as "flashbacks," are typically brief but can be associated with prolonged distress and heightened arousal. Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any elevator for an woman who was reaped in an elevator). Stimuli associated with the trauma are persistently avoided. The person commonly makes deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic event (Criterion C1) and to avoid activities, situations, or people who around recollections of it (Criterion C2). This avoidance of reminders may include amnesia for an important aspect of the traumatic event (Criterion C3). Diminished responsiveness to the external work, referred to as "psychic numbing" or "emotional anesthesia," usually begins soon after the traumatic event. The individual may complain of having markedly diminished interest or participation in previously enjoyed activities (Criterion C4), of feeling detached or estranged from other people (Criterion C5), or of having markedly reduced ability to feel emotions (especially those associated with intimacy, tenderness and sexuality) (Criterion C6). The individual may have a sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) (Criterion C7). The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma. these symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep that may be to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4), and exaggerated startle response (Criterion D5). Some individuals report irritability or outburst of anger (Criterion D2) or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion D3)."
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) "The essential feature of Dissociative identity Disorder is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states (Criterion A) that recurrently take control of behavior (Criterion B). There is an inability to recall important personal information, the extent of which is too great to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (Criterion C). The disturbance is not due tot eh direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (Condition D.). In children, the symptoms cannot be attributed to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play. Dissociative Identity Disorder reflects a failure to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness. Each personality state may be experienced as if it has a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity, including a separate name. Usually there is a primary identity that carries the individual's given name and is passive, dependent, guilty, and depressed. The alternate identities frequently have different names and characteristics that contrast with the primary identity (e.g., are hostile, controlling, and self-destructive). Particular identities may emerge in specific circumstances and may differ in reported age and gender, vocabulary, general knowledge, or predominant affect. Alternate identities are experienced as taking control in sequence, ore at the expense of the other, and may deny knowledge of one another, be critical of one another, or appear to be in open conflict. Occasionally, one or more powerful identities allocate time to the others. Aggressive or hostile identities may at times interrupt activities or place the others in uncomfortable situations. Individuals with this disorder experience frequent gaps in memory for personal history, both remote and recent. The amnesia is frequently asymmetrical. The more passive identities tend to have more constricted memories, whereas the more hostile, controlling, or "protector" identities have more complete memories. An identity that is not in control may nonetheless gain access to consciousness by producing auditory or visual hallucinations (e.g., a voice giving instructions). Evidence of amnesia may be uncovered by reports from others who have witnessed behavior that is disavowed by the individual or by the individual's own discoveries (e.g., finding items of clothing at home that the individual cannot remember having bought). There may be loss of memory not only for recurrent periods of time, but also an overall loss of biographical memory for some extended period of childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood. Transitions among identities are often triggered by psychosocial stress. The time required to switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of seconds, but, less frequently, may b gradual. Behavior that may be frequently associated with identity switches include rapid blinking, facial changes, changes in voice or demeanor, or disruption in the individual's train of thoughts. The number of identities reported ranges from 2 to more than 100. Half of reported cases include the individuals with 10 or fewer identities." Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. EMDR Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)1 integrates elements of many effective psychotherapies in structured protocols that are designed to maximize treatment effects. These include psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, experiential, and body-centered therapies2. EMDR is an information processing therapy and uses an eight phase approach. During EMDR1 the client attends to past and present experiences in brief sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. Then the client is instructed to let new material become the focus of the next set of dual attention. This sequence of dual attention and personal association is repeated many times in the session. Eight Phases of Treatment The first phase is a history taking session during which the therapist assesses the client's readiness for EMDR and develops a treatment plan. Client and therapist identify possible targets for EMDR processing. These include recent distressing events, current situations that elicit emotional disturbance, related historical incidents, and the development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed by the client in future situations. During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has adequate methods of handling emotional distress and good coping skills, and that the client is in a relatively stable state. If further stabilization is required, or if additional skills are needed, therapy focuses on providing these. The client is then able to use stress reducing techniques whenever necessary, during or between sessions. However, one goal is not to need these techniques once therapy is complete. In phase three through six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR procedures. These involve the client identifying the most vivid visual image related to the memory (if available), a negative belief about self, related emotions and body sensations. The client also identifies a preferred positive belief. The validity of the positive belief is rated, as is the intensity of the negative emotions. After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously moving his/her eyes back and forth following the therapist's fingers as they move across his/her field of vision for 20-30 seconds or more, depending upon the need of the client. Athough eye movements are the most commonly used external stimulus, therapists often use auditory tones, tapping, or other types of tactile stimulation. The kind of dual attention and the length of each set is customized to the need of the client. The client is instructed to just notice whatever happens. After this, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind. Depending upon the client's report the clinician will facilitate the next focus of attention. In most cases a client-directed association process is encouraged. This is repeated numerous times throughout the session. If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty with the process, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client resume processing. When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, the clinician asks him/her to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session, or a better one if it has emerged, and to focus on the incident, while simultaneously engaging in the eye movements. After several sets, clients generally report increased confidence in this positive belief. The therapist checks with the client regarding body sensations. If there are negative sensations, these are processed as above. If there are positive sensations, they are further enhanced. In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a journal during the week to document any related material that may arise and reminds the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two. The next session begins with phase eight, re-evaluation of the previous work, and of progress since the previous session. EMDR treatment ensures processing of all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future scenarios that will require different responses. The overall goal is produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while simultaneously maintaining a stable client within a balanced system. After EMDR processing, clients generally report that the emotional distress related to the memory has been eliminated, or greatly decreased, and that they have gained important cognitive insights. Importantly, these emotional and cognitive changes usually result in spontaneous behavioral and personal change, which are further enhanced with standard EMDR procedures." www.emdr.com
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LifeSpan Developmental Trauma
Resilience and
Adaptation
Title: Resilience in Parentally Bereaved Children and Adolescents Seeking Preventive Services. Author(s): Lin, Kirk K., Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, US
Sandler, Irwin N., Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, US, irwin.sandler@asu.edu
Ayers, Tim S., Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, US
Wolchik, Sharlene A., Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, US
Luecken, Linda J., Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, US Address: Sandler, Irwin N., Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, US, irwin.sandler@asu.edu Source: Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, Vol 33(4), Dec 2004. pp. 673-683.
Journal URL: https://www.erlbaum.com/shop/tek9.asp?pg=products&specific=1537-4416 Publisher: US: Lawrence Erlbaum
Abstract: This study examined environmental stress, family, and child variables that differentiate resilient children and adolescents from those with mental health problems following the death of a primary caregiver. The community-based sample included 179 bereaved children ages 8 to 16 years and their surviving caregivers who completed a test battery of measures before participating in a prevention program. Forty-four percent of bereaved children were classified as resilient and 56% as affected based on the absence of clinically significant mental health problems on at least 1 measure as reported by either the child, surviving caregiver, or teacher on standardized measures of mental health problems. Results of multivariate analyses indicated that bereaved resilient versus affected status was a function of both family and child variables. Higher levels of caregiver warmth and discipline and lower levels of caregiver mental health problems were family-level variables that significantly differentiated resilient children from affected children. Bereaved children's perceptions of less threat in response to negative events and greater personal efficacy in coping with stress were child-level variables that differentiated resilient from affected status. Family and child variables were entered into a discriminant function analysis that correctly classified 72% of the sample. The findings are consistent with a model of resilience in which multilevel variables account for children's positive adaptation following exposure to adversity. _____
Record: 2
Title: Surviving Breast Cancer and Living with Lymphedema: Resiliency among Women in the Context of their Families. Author(s): Radina, M. Elise, Department of Design, Family, and Consumer Sciences, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, US
Armer, Jane M., Sinclair School of Nursing, Columbia, MO, US Source: Journal of Family Nursing, Vol 10(4), Nov 2004. pp. 485-505. Publisher: US: Sage Publications
Publisher URL: http://www.sagepublications.com/ ISSN: 1074-8407 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1177/1074840704269847 Language: English Keywords: breast cancer; lymphedema; women; family stress; adaptation; resiliency Abstract: This study involves secondary analysis of an existing qualitative dataset (in-depth interviews with survivors [n = 6] and health professionals [n = 2], observations of a support group [n = 3], and field notes). Based on previous findings from this dataset, new questions arose regarding why only some of post-breast cancer lymphedema women who were interviewed appeared resilient within the context of their families. In the present study, we reinvestigate this dataset using the resiliency model of family stress, adjustment, and adaptation to guide our investigation via the construction of an a priori template used in analyses. Three stressors are identified that contribute to the vulnerability of these women. Resiliency in the women is characterized as adjustment, adaptation, or crisis. The present findings provide a foundation for assisting women with lymphedema and their families and underscore practitioners' need to serve the patient and the family. Conference: International National Lymphedema Network Conference, 5th, Chicago, IL, US Conference Notes: An earlier version of this article was presented at the aforementioned conference. _____
Record: 3
Title: Socioeconomic Adversity, Educational Resilience, and Subsequent Levels of Adult Adaptation. Author(s): Schoon, Ingrid, City University, London, United Kingdom
Parsons, Samantha, Institute of Education, London, United Kingdom
Sacker, Amanda, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom Source: Journal of Adolescent Research, Vol 19(4), Jul 2004. pp. 383-404. Publisher: US: Sage Publications
Publisher URL: http://www.sagepublications.com/ ISSN: 0743-5584 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1177/0743558403258856 Language: English Keywords: socioeconomic adversity; school adjustment; adolescence; social-psychological factors; school to work transition; adult adaptation Abstract: The aim of this article is to determine the extent to which individual, family, and contextual resources influence the school adjustment of 16-year-old teenagers and to investigate their consequent adult attainments at age 33. Adopting a longitudinal perspective, the experiences of more than 9,000 socially advantaged and disadvantaged young people are compared. The study shows that socioeconomic adversity is a significant risk factor for educational failure and that it influences consequent adjustment in work and health-related outcomes. Various social-psychological factors can counterbalance such adversity. In particular, parental educational aspirations for their child are significantly associated with educational resilience among less privileged individuals. The study confirms the long-term stability of secondary school adjustment. It is concluded that the factors and processes that modify the impact of adversity are context specific and that their influences have to be studied in the context in which they operate. _____
Record: 4
Title: Attachment and loss: A test of three competing models on the association between attachment-related avoidance and adaptation to bereavement. Author(s): Fraley, R. Chris, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, US
Bonanno, George A., Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, US Address: Fraley, R. Chris, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, US
Source: Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol 30(7), Jul 2004. pp. 878-890. Publisher: US: Sage Publications
Publisher URL: http://www.sagepublications.com/ ISSN: 0146-1672 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1177/0146167204264289 Language: English Keywords: loss; attachment-related avoidance; bereavement adaptation Abstract: It is widely assumed that emotionally avoidant or defensive individuals will have a difficult time adjusting to the loss of a loved one. However, recent research suggests that defensive individuals tend to adapt quite well to loss. Such findings pose a number of challenges to attachment theory--a theory that has traditionally held that emotional avoidance is indicative of poor psychological adjustment. In this article, the authors argue that contemporary models of individual differences in adult attachment allow the derivation of at least three competing hypotheses regarding the relationship between avoidant attachment and adaptation to loss. These hypotheses are tested using two-wave data on 59 bereaved adults. Results indicate that whereas some avoidant individuals (i.e., those who are fearfully avoidant) have a difficult time adapting to the loss of a loved one, other avoidant adults (i.e., those who are dismissingly avoidant) show a pattern of resilience to loss. _____
Record: 5
Title: Adaptation and Resilience in Early Life: Implications of the New Developmental Neurobiology for Clinical Practice. Author(s): Trout, Michael, Infant-Parent Institute, Champaign, IL, US, mtrout@infant-parent.com Address: Trout, Michael, Infant-Parent Institute, 328 North Neil, Champaign, IL, US, mtrout@infant-parent.com Source: Journal of Prenatal & Perinatal Psychology & Health, Vol 18(4), Sum 2004. pp. 287-300.
Journal URL: http://www.birthpsychology.com Publisher: US: Association for Pre-and Perinatal Psychology and Health (APPPAH)
Publisher URL: http://www.birthpsychology.com ISSN: 1097-8003 (Print) Language: English Keywords: early experience; developmental outcome; mental process; developmental neurobiology; clinical practice; behavior Abstract: Growing research interest in the connections between early experience and developmental outcome--in combination with technological innovations that have made possible measurement of mental process in a way never before possible--have wiped out the last vestiges of dichotomous (mind-body) thinking, and have opened the way to new understandings about how we become the people we become. This paper summarizes some aspects of the new research in developmental neurobiology, and suggests implications for understanding the behavior of both children and adults. In particular, it is suggested that most behavior--including behavior that typically warrants a diagnosis--often turns out to be strikingly adaptive, often evidences resilience, and is, therefore worthy of respect. _____
Record: 6
Title: Cognitive Transformation as a Marker of Resilience. Author(s): Tebes, Jacob Kraemer, Division of Prevention and Community Research, Consultation Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US, tebes@yale.edu
Irish, Julie T., Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, US
Vasquez, Mary Jo Puglisi, Good Shepard Rehabilitation Hospital, Allentown, PA, US
Perkins, David V., Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, US Address: Tebes, Jacob Kraemer, Division of Prevention and Community Research, Consultation Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT, US, tebes@yale.edu Source: Substance Use & Misuse, Vol 39(5), Apr 2004. pp. 769-788.
Journal URL: http://www.dekker.com/servlet/product/productid/JA Publisher: US: Marcell Dekker
Publisher URL: http://www.dekker.com ISSN: 1082-6084 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1081/JA-120034015 Language: English Keywords: cognitive transformation; resilience; coping behavior; adverse events; life experiences; bereavement Abstract: Individuals often report positive, transformative changes in response to adversity. Cognitive transformation involves a turning point in a person's life characterized by: (1) the recognition that coping with adversity resulted in new opportunities; and, (2) the reevaluation of the experience from one that was primarily traumatic or threatening to one that is growth-promoting. Cognitive transformation often signifies enhanced adaptation to adverse circumstances, and thus, is a marker of resilience. The present study examined the relationship of cognitive transformation to indicators of resilience among 35 acutely bereaved young adults and a nonbereaved comparison group. Findings strongly supported the hypothesis that transformation predicts resilience, and may reduce one's risk trajectory to enhance adaptation. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for research on resilience, and on recovery from acute or chronic adverse circumstances, including addiction. _____
Record: 7
Title: Adjustment to College Among Trauma Survivors: An Exploratory Study of Resilience. Author(s): Banyard, Victoria L., University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, US, vlb@cisunix.unh.edu
Cantor, Elise N., University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, US Address: Banyard, Victoria L., Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, 10 Library Way, Durham, NH, US, vlb@cisunix.unh.edu Source: Journal of College Student Development, Vol 45(2), Mar-Apr 2004. pp. 207-221.
Journal URL: http://www.myacpa.org/pub/pub_jocsd.cfm Publisher: US: ACPA Executive Office
Publisher URL: http://www.myacpa.org/ ISSN: 0897-5264 (Print) Language: English Keywords: college adjustment; school transition; traumatic stress; coping strategies; social support Abstract: Researchers have examined students' adjustment to college-why some students make the transition successfully, whereas others struggle or leave school after only a short time. Efforts to support students through this transition must draw upon a more complete understanding of variables that place students at risk for a stressful transition and protective factors that promote positive adaptation. The current study is an examination of a group of students potentially at risk for a stressful transition to college: students who are survivors of traumatic stress. For the purposes of this research, trauma is defined broadly as a range of events that overwhelm an individual's coping capacities and involves threats of serious injury or death to self or someone close to the individual. This examination was of variation in the transition to college among a sample of trauma survivors, of the roles of social relationships and supports, coping, and making meaning of the trauma in explaining variance in resilience in adjusting to college. _____
Record: 8
Title: Psychobiological Mechanisms of Resilience and Vulnerability: Implications for Successful Adaptation to Extreme Stress. Author(s): Charney, Dennis S., National Inst of Mental Health, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Bethesda, MD, US, charneyd@nih.gov Address: Charney, Dennis S., Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, NIMH, 15K North Dr., Rm. 101, Bethesda, MD, US, charneyd@nih.gov Source: American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 161(2), Feb 2004. pp. 195-216.
Journal URL: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/ Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn
Publisher URL: http://www.appi.org ISSN: 0002-953X (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.195 Language: English Keywords: extreme stress; psychobiology; adaptation; reward; fear conditioning & extinction; social behavior; models; resilience; vulnerability; stress-related psychopathology; neurochemistry; neural mechanisms Abstract: Most research on the effects of severe psychological stress has focused on stress-related psychopathology. Here, the author develops psychobiological models of resilience to extreme stress. An integrative model of resilience and vulnerability that encompasses the neurochemical response patterns to acute stress and the neural mechanisms mediating reward, fear conditioning and extinction, and social behavior is proposed. Eleven possible neurochemical, neuropeptide, and hormonal mediators of the psychobiological response to extreme stress were identified and related to resilience or vulnerability. The neural mechanisms of reward and motivation (hedonia, optimism, and learned helpfulness), fear responsiveness (effective behaviors despite fear), and adaptive social behavior (altruism, bonding, and teamwork) were found to be relevant to the character traits associated with resilience. The opportunity now exists to bring to bear the full power of advances in our understanding of the neurobiological basis of behavior to facilitate the discoveries needed to predict, prevent, and treat stress-related psychopathology. _____
Record: 9
Title: Les survivants de l'Holocauste et leurs enfants: Les enfants survivants - mais pas leurs enfants -souffrent d'expériences traumatiques liées à I'Holocauste. Translated Title: Holocaust child survivors and their offspring: Child survivors - but not their children - suffer from traumatic holocaust experiences. Author(s): Sagi-Schwartz, Abraham, Center for the Study of Child Development, Université de Haifa, Haifa, Israel
Van I. Jzendoorn, Marinus, Université de Leiden, Hollande, Netherlands
Grossmann, Klaus E., Institut de psychologie, Regensbourg, Germany
Joels, Tirtsa, Center for the Study of Child Development, Université de Haifa, Haifa, Israel
Grossmann, Karin, Université de Regensbourg, Allemagne, France
Scharf, Miri, Center for the Study of Child Development, Université de Haifa, Haifa, Israel
Koren-Karie, Nina, Center for the Study of Child Development, Université de Haifa, Haifa, Israel
Alkalay, Sarit, Center for the Study of Child Development, Université de Haifa, Haifa, Israel Source: Devenir, Vol 16(2), 2004. pp. 77-107.
Journal URL: http://mhsrvweb.medhyg.ch/revues/r_premiere.php4?revue=5 Publisher: Switzerland: Georg-Eshel Editions Medecine et Hygiene
Publisher URL: http://www.medhyg.ch ISSN: 10158154 (Print) Language: French Keywords: holocaust survivors; offspring; child survivors; traumatic holocaust experiences; resilience Abstract: During the Holocaust, extreme trauma was inflicted on child survivors. Two questions are central to the current investigation: First, do Holocaust child survivors still show marks of their traumatic experiences, even after more than 50 years? Second, has the trauma been passed on _____
Record: 1
Title: Young children with mentally ill parents: Resilient developmental systems. Author(s): Seifer, Ronald, E. P. Bradley Hosp, Brown U, Providence, RI, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 29-49. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: parental mental illness; resilience; resilience model; infants; young children Abstract: (from the chapter) In this chapter, the author describes the current state of knowledge regarding resilience in infants and young children who have a parent with mental illness. He begins by addressing some basic issues regarding how general models of resilience may be adapted to the particular circumstances of infants and toddlers. Following this, he summarizes relevant research that may be interpreted in a resilience framework. The author concludes with a summary model of processes identified to date in this population, along with some commentary on how well the resilience model will ultimately serve to aid understanding in this field. _____
Record: 2
Title: Risk and protective factors for children of depressed parents. Author(s): Hammen, Constance, Dept of Psychology, U California, Los Angeles, CA, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 50-75. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: depressed parents; mood disorders; risk factors; protective factors; resilience; intervention; children Abstract: (from the chapter) It is now well established that depression runs in families and that maternal depression may be associated with a variety of maladaptive outcomes in children. Because of the high frequency of depression worldwide--especially among women of child-bearing age, this is a high-risk problem of considerable magnitude, and one with the potential for transmission through multiple generations. The topic of resilience, however, has been relatively neglected despite the fact that many, if not most, offspring of depressed parents do not apparently suffer major negative consequences--and despite the potential yield of preventive interventions for children at risk. This chapter explores the contribution of the mood disorders field to resilience research, following a brief analysis of the depression high-risk research and a discussion of risk and protective factors and mechanisms. Finally, implications and directions for future research and intervention are presented. _____
Record: 3
Title: Resilience and vulnerability among sons of alcoholics: Relationship to development outcomes between early childhood and adolescence. Author(s): Zucker, Robert A., Dept of Psychiatry, U Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
Wong, Maria M., Dept of Psychiatry, U Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
Puttler, Leon I., Dept of Psychiatry, U Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
Fitzgerald, Hiram E., Dept of Psychology, Michigan State U, East Lansing, MI, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 76-103. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: childhood characteristics; early adaptation; behavioral correlates; resilience; vulnerability; later outcomes; preschool-age sons; alcoholics Abstract: (from the chapter) In this chapter, the authors examine the behavioral correlates of resilience and vulnerability among initially preschool-age children of alcoholics, as a way of identifying those differentiating factors that relate to later positive outcomes. They use a person-centered rather than a variable-centered approach in defining who are and who are not "resilient children." They then track whether these early childhood characteristics remain in place over time, and examine their developmental correlates during middle childhood and adolescence. In contrast to the earlier work in this area, which has looked primarily at relational factors, they have focused heavily on characterization of the early quality of the child's adaptation intellectually, temperamentally, and symptomatically. They then ask: To what extent are the early adaptation differences still detectable at later points in childhood? To the extent that they are detectable, do they present differently at later ages? To the extent that they are not, is there evidence that the initial resilient adaptation makes a difference, even in interaction with an adverse environment? And last, what factors, both early on as well as later in development, mediate the later outcomes? _____
Record: 4
Title: Maternal drug abuse versus other psychological disturbances: Risks and resilience among children. Author(s): Luthar, Suniya S., Dept of Human Development, Teachers Coll, Columbia U, New York, NY, US
D'Avanzo, Karen, School of Medicine, Yale U, New Haven, CT, US
Hites, Sarah, Dept of Psychology, U Vermont, Burlington, VT, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 104-129. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: maternal drug abuse; risk; resilience; child social-emotional well-being; adjustment patterns; community factors; family factors; child factors Abstract: (from the chapter) The primary thesis of this chapter is one that flies in the face of rampant stereotypes: that maternal drug abuse is not necessarily more damaging to children's social-emotional well-being than are other maternal psychiatric disorders. It is widely believed that women who abuse illicit drugs are not just dissolute as individuals but also deplorable as parents, with children who, more so than offspring of parents with other mental illnesses, are disruptive, disturbed, or dysphoric. Empirical evidence supporting such beliefs, however, is tenuous at best. In this chapter, the authors present data from their own ongoing research to elucidate adjustment patterns among children whose mothers have histories of drug abuse. Their primary objective is to disentangle the degree to which risks to children accrue from maternal histories of drug abuse per se, rather than from various other adversities with which this disorder typically coexists. A second objective is to determine the degree to which different forces, at the levels of the community, family, and child, might mitigate or exacerbate the risks faced by children of drug abusers--an exercise or pragmatic value in light of the magnitude of the risks. _____
Record: 5
Title: Resilience to childhood adversity: Results of a 12-year study. Author(s): Fergusson, David M., Dept of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
Horwood, L. John, Dept of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 130-155. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: childhood adversity; long-term resilience; young adults Abstract: (from the chapter) Data from a 21-yr longitudinal study, in a birth cohort of 1,265 children, were used to examine the relationships between childhood adversity (CA) and subsequent externalizing and internalizing responses. The key issues addressed include the following: (1) To what extent is cumulative exposure to family adversity during childhood (0-16 yrs) associated with the development of psychopathology in adolescence and young adulthood (16-21 yrs)? (2) How many young people with high exposure to family adversity avoid developing later psychopathology? (3) What mechanisms underlie this escape from adversity? There was clear evidence to suggest that, with increasing exposure to CAs, there were marked increases in rates of both internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence and young adulthood. However, not all of those exposed to high levels of CA developed later externalizing or internalizing, suggest the presence of resilience processes. The effects of exposure to CA on later outcomes were modified by factors that mitigated or exacerbated these risks. In all cases the data fit main effects models, suggesting that the factors that contributed to resilience among those exposed to high levels of CA were equally beneficial for those not exposed to these adversities. _____
Record: 6
Title: Sequelae of child maltreatment: Vulnerability and resilience. Author(s): Bolger, Kerry E., Dept of Human Development & Family Studies, U Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US
Patterson, Charlotte J., Dept of Psychology, U Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 156-181. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: vulnerability; resilience; maltreated children Abstract: (from the chapter) In this chapter, the authors review issues of vulnerability and resilience among maltreated children based on evidence form their program of research in this area. They begin by providing an overview of the research from which this evidence is drawn. They then present their major findings on the prevalence and stability of resilience among maltreated children; risks associated with different dimensions of maltreatment; pathways implicated in their effects; and protective factors that moderate the influence of maltreatment. They conclude with discussions of the implications of their research findings for theory and research on resilience as well as for intervention and policy. _____
Record: 7
Title: Risk and resilience in children coping with their parents' divorce and remarriage. Author(s): Hetherington, E. Mavis, Dept of Psychology, U Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, US
Elmore, Anne Mitchell, Westat Inc, Rockville, MD, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 182-212. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: parental divorce; remarriage; risk; resilience; vulnerability; coping; adverse outcomes; protective factors; children Abstract: (from the chapter) In the past 50 yrs in the US, marriage has become a more optional, less permanent institution. Marriage is being delayed, rates of marital formation are decreasing, and divorce, births to single mothers, and cohabitation have increased. As the divorce rate increased in the 1970s, the remarriage rate for women began to decline. About 65% of women and 75% of men now remarry. What is striking following divorce and remarriage is not the inevitability but the diversity in the experiences and outcomes for parents and children. In the chapter, the authors describe vulnerability factors that increase the likelihood of adverse outcomes and protective factors that buffer children or foster resilience in coping with their parents' marital transitions. Some of the vulnerability or protective processes that are catalyzed by stresses associated with parental divorce or remarriage lie in individual characteristics of the child, some in family relationships, and some in experiences and relationships external to the family. _____
Record: 8
Title: Correlational and experimental study of resilience in children of divorce and parentally bereaved children. Author(s): Sandler, Irwin, Prevention Research Ctr, Arizona State U, Phoenix, AZ, US
Wolchik, Sharlene, Prevention Research Ctr, Arizona State U, Phoenix, AZ, US
Davis, Caroline, Prevention Research Ctr, Arizona State U, Phoenix, AZ, US
Haine, Rachel, Prevention Research Ctr, Arizona State U, Phoenix, AZ, US
Ayers, Tim, Prevention Research Ctr, Arizona State U, Phoenix, AZ, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 213-240. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: parental divorce; parental death; bereavement; resilience; vulnerability; protective factors; children; adolescents; correlational research; experimental research Abstract: (from the chapter) This chapter presents research on resilience of children and adolescents who have experienced 2 major disruptions of the nuclear family, parental divorce and parental bereavement. The 2 research programs share a common research paradigm in which there is an iterative relationship between correlational and experimental studies. The chapter first presents a theoretical framework that specifies alternative models of the influence of vulnerability and protective factors on the resilience of children experiencing significant adversities. The authors then discuss correlational research on key constructs in the theoretical framework: adversity, and child and family protective and vulnerability factors. Finally, experimental studies of resilience are presented, which test the effects of changing these protective and vulnerability factors to reduce negative mental health outcomes. Although the research programs on bereavement and divorce were not specifically designed as comparative, findings that indicate common pathways to resilience, as well as pathways that are unique to each adversity, are discussed. _____
Record: 9
Title: Rethinking resilience: A developmental process perspective. Author(s): Yates, Tuppett M., Inst of Child Development, U Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US
Egeland, Byron, Inst of Child Development, U Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US
Sroufe, L. Alan, Inst of Child Development, U Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 243-266. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: resilience; developmental process; consistent & supportive care; poverty; adaptation; competence; children Abstract: (from the chapter) Emphasizes the importance of a theoretically grounded approach to the study of resilience, using the literature on children reared in poverty to illustrate their central arguments. Adopting an organizational perspective on development, the authors argue that a developmental history of consistent and supportive care engenders early competence, which, in turn, plays a critical role in later adaptation, one that has been heretofore underappreciated in the prevailing literature on resilience. The authors begin with a review of the literature on the deleterious effects of poverty on children's development. They then outline the organizational model of development and its theoretical application to the study of risk and resilience. The third section presents the current state of knowledge regarding salient protective factors for children reared in poverty. Next, they suggest that, because of the transactional nature of development, an early history of positive adaptation is a powerful source of enduring influence on children's adaptation. Current empirical support for the salience of an early history of competence as a protective resource, its operational definition within an organizational framework, and the theoretical basis for its construction in early childhood are also discussed. _____
Record: 10
Title: Poverty and early childhood adjustment. Author(s): Owens, Elizabeth B., Inst of Human Development, U California, Berkeley, CA, US
Shaw, Daniel S., U Pittsburgh, Dept of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 267-292. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: poverty; vulnerability; adjustment; resilience; childhood development; male children Abstract: (from the chapter) Childhood poverty appears to be an enduring and entrenched problem, resistant to most social and economic policies intended to lift families above the poverty line. How is it that some children are vulnerable to the effects of poverty, whereas others demonstrate positive adjustment (i.e., resilience)? Attempts to answer this question are at the core of this chapter. The authors' primary objective is twofold: to summarize findings from relevant literatures regarding factors associated with better or worse adjustment among young impoverished children, and to showcase one effort toward the identification of such factors using data from the Pitt Mother and Child Project, a longitudinal study of adjustment and psychopathology among young boys from low-income families. In addition to identifying predictive factors, the authors consider whether they are associated with outcomes among all children in the sample or just those at highest risk. They also test the limits of resilient adjustment across time, and discuss implications their findings have for both basic developmental science and early intervention programs. _____
Record: 11
Title: Emerging perspectives on context specificity of children's adaptation and resilience: Evidence from a decade of research with urban children in adversity. Author(s): Wyman, Peter A., Dept of Psychiatry, U Rochester, Rochester, NY, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 293-317. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: context specificity; adaptation; resilience; at-risk urban children Abstract: (from the chapter) This chapter reviews highlights from a decade of research with urban children to contrast the explanatory power of studies guided by 2 perspectives on context-specific adaptation. Specifically, the chapter examines whether several child-based attributes (e.g., affective responsiveness and efficacy beliefs) that were identified as beneficial to adaptation for aggregated samples of at-risk children have differential effects on adaptation for children in varying contexts. This chapter is selective and considers only a few context differences in an effort to provide some insights on how future studies of risk and resilience may benefit from more attention to context specificity. The present focus is on several context differences in social settings (e.g., level of family functioning, peer group influences) and in individuals (e.g., degree of children's conduct disturbance) that are salient for urban children. _____
Record: 12
Title: Holistic contextual perspectives in risk, protection, and competence among low-income urban adolescents. Author(s): Seidman, Edward, Psychology Dept, New York U, New York, NY, US
Pedersen, Sara, Psychology Dept, New York U, New York, NY, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 318-342. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: risk; vulnerability; protection; competence; adolescent development; well-being; developmental outcomes; low income; urban environments Abstract: (from the chapter) What are the characteristic ways in which risk, vulnerability, protection, and competence have been studied? What are the implicit assumptions underlying this body of research and scholarship? This chapter addresses these questions in the domain of adolescent development, with an emphasis on how a set of alternative assumptions and related research and data analytic strategies can both enrich our understanding of youth well-being and increase our ability to promote positive developmental outcomes. _____
Record: 13
Title: Overcoming the odds? Adolescent development in the context of urban poverty. Author(s): Cauce, Ana Mari, Dept of Psychology, U Washington, Seattle, WA, US
Stewart, Angela, Dept of Psychology, U Washington, Seattle, WA, US
Rodriguez, Melanie Domenech, Dept of Psychology, U Washington, Seattle, WA, US
Cochran, Bryan, Dept of Psychology, U Washington, Seattle, WA, US
Ginzler, Joshua, Dept of Psychology, U Washington, Seattle, WA, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 343-363. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: inner-city youth; adolescent development; urban poverty; risk; resilience; school achievement; dropout; behavior problems Abstract: (from the chapter) Adolescence, a time of rapid biological, emotional, and social changes, brings with it a heightened developmental risk. This risk may be highest for adolescents growing up in poverty within our country's inner cities. In addition to the normative stress of adolescence, poor inner-city youth face multiple stressors and adversities. These factors, in turn, have been linked to a host of negative outcomes. Nonetheless, some inner-city youth survive these circumstances, overcoming adversity to become productive members of society. This chapter highlights research that helps in understanding the dynamic process of risk and resilience during this difficult transition in an even more difficult context. The chapter begins with a definition of adolescence and urban poverty and then lays out a rationale for focusing on 2 outcomes, school achievement and dropout and behavior problems of an internalizing or externalizing nature. Next it identifies salient factors that increase vulnerability or protective processes for youth growing up in urban poverty. The chapter ends with a discussion of resilience, emphasizing the limits of resilient adaptation and implications of this for theory and research on resilience, as well as for interventions that may better the lives of these vulnerable youth. _____
Record: 14
Title: Adaptation among youth facing multiple risks: Prospective research findings. Author(s): Sameroff, Arnold, Ctr for Human Growth & Development, U Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
Gutman, Leslie Morrison, Ctr for Human Growth & Development, U Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
Peck, Stephen C., Inst for Research on Women & Gender, U Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 364-391. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: developmental competence; problem behaviors; multiple risks; ecological analysis; social surroundings; environmental risk; predictive model; children Abstract: (from the chapter) This chapter examines a model for predicting developmental competence based on an ecological analysis of the child's social surroundings as well as the child's capacities. Although it is important to understand the specific processes that lead to specific maladjustments, from an epidemiological standpoint the best predictors of problem behaviors seem to be a cumulative risk score that reflects statuses in the full range of ecological subsystems of the child. Moreover, the kind of risk appears to be secondary to the number of negative factors. When the strengths of the individual youth are added to the predictive model, they do not overcome the effects of high environmental risk. _____
Record: 15
Title: Positive adaptation among youth exposed to community violence. Author(s): Gorman-Smith, Deborah, Inst for Juvenile Research, Dept of Psychiatry, U Illinois, Chicago, IL, US
Tolan, Patrick H., Inst for Juvenile Research, Dept of Psychiatry, U Illinois, Chicago, IL, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 392-413. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: community violence; exposure; risks; adaptation; youth Abstract: (from the chapter) In this chapter, the authors review the current literature on exposure to community violence, with specific attention to implications for positive adaptation among exposed youth. First, they review the extent of the problem (i.e., the number of children exposed) and the associated risks. They then address factors related to differences in outcome, including the mechanisms through which more positive adaptation might occur. With the goal of informing intervention and prevention efforts, the authors distinguish between those factors through which violence exposure appears to relate to differences in risk outcomes (i.e., mediators or mechanisms through which exposure exerts impact) and those factors associated with the differences found (i.e., moderators, which include characteristics of the child, family, community, or the incident itself). Suggestions for future research are outlined, and implications for intervention and prevention are discussed. _____
Record: 16
Title: Perceived discrimination and resilience. Author(s): Szalacha, Laura A., Ctr for the Study of Human Development, Brown U, Providence, RI, US
Erkut, Sumru, Ctr for Research on Women, Wellesley Coll, Wellesley, MA, US
García Coll, Cynthia, Ctr for the Study of Human Development, Brown U, Providence, RI, US
Fields, Jacqueline P., Ctr for Research on Women, Wellesley Coll, Wellesley, MA, US
Alarcón, Odette, Ctr for Research on Women, Wellesley Coll, Wellesley, MA, US
Ceder, Ineke, Ctr for Research on Women, Wellesley Coll, Wellesley, MA, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 414-435. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: racism; perceived discrimination; prejudice; vulnerability; protective factors; resilience; adjustment; minority youth; mainland Puerto Ricans Abstract: (from the chapter) This chapter focuses on vulnerability and protective factors implicated in the psychosocial adjustment of minority youth. The authors concentrate on the external manifestations of the social mechanisms of racism, discrimination, and prejudice. In considering discrimination as a risk factor, their concern in this chapter is with phenomenological experiences of discrimination and not with the more invisible, but potentially more powerful, impact of institutional racism on minority mental health. Mainland Puerto Ricans serve as the authors' referent group, as their own research has concentrated on the developmental trajectories of Puerto Rican children and adolescents. After providing a brief overview on adjustment patterns among Puerto Rican youth, they review, in turn, research evidence on the negative effects of perceived discrimination, on processes that might underlie (or mediate) its effects, and on vulnerability and protective factors that may moderate its effects. They conclude with suggested directions for future research on the effects of discrimination on ethnic minority youth. _____
Record: 17
Title: Promoting resilience through early childhood intervention. Author(s): Reynolds, Arthur J., School of Social Work, U Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US
Ou, Suh-Ruu, School of Social Work, U Wisconsin, Madison, WI, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 436-459. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: early childhood interventions; resilience promotion; social-environmental risk exposure; economic disadvantage; protective factors; developmental outcomes; children Abstract: (from the chapter) In this chapter, the authors review evidence about the effects of early childhood interventions in promoting resilience for children who have experienced high levels of social-environmental risk due to economic disadvantage. They address several contemporary issues including the measurement of resilience, interventions as protective factors, and the pathways through which the effects of interventions lead to positive developmental outcomes. _____
Record: 18
Title: Toward building a better brain: Neurobehavioral outcomes, mechanisms, and processes of environmental enrichment. Author(s): Curtis, W. John, Mt Hope Family Ctr, U Rochester, Rochester, MN, US
Nelson, Charles A., Inst of Child Development, U Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 463-488. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: developmental cognitive neuroscience; environmental enrichment; preschool programs; human brain development; cognitive abilities; behavior Abstract: (from the chapter) This chapter attempts to derive a model of an effective human analogue to environmental enrichment. Given the relative lack of success of enrichment interventions with humans, considered together with the overwhelming effects seen in animal enrichment studies, it would appear that a reevaluation of human enrichment interventions from a developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective would elucidate the reasons underlying the successes and failures of human enrichment programs thus far. In addition, such a framework might provide theoretical guidance in the development of more effective human enrichment interventions. The model of human enrichment set forth attempts to extrapolate from the extensive animal literature on enrichment the mechanisms and type of impact that enriched preschool programs may have on human brain development, cognitive abilities, and behavior. _____
Record: 19
Title: Genetic Influences on risk and protection: Implications for understanding resilience. Author(s): Rutter, Michael, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Research Ctr, Inst of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 489-509. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: genetic factors; resilience; gene-environment interactions; gene-environment correlations; psychological functioning Abstract: (from the chapter) In this chapter, evidence on genetic factors is presented to highlight the importance of considering the extensive array of possible mediating and moderating mechanisms in resilience. Central to this chapter are 2 notions: gene-environment interaction, which refers to genetically influenced differences in individuals' sensitivity to particular environmental factors, and gene-environment correlations, which refer to genetically influenced differences in individuals' liability of exposure to particular environmental factors. The chapter begins with a presentation of some relevant examples from biology, followed by a consideration of gene-environment interactions and gene-environment correlations in relation to individuals' psychological functioning. Discussions in the next section illustrate how particular risk indices can have diverse roots and can operate through various mediating processes, using examples of passive, active, and evocative person-environment correlations as well as evidence of sex and developmental differences. The chapter concludes with an appraisal of critical directions for future work, both for scientific inquiry and for interventions. _____
Record: 20
Title: Research on resilience: An integrative review. Author(s): Luthar, Suniya S., Dept of Human Development, Teachers Coll, Columbia U, New York, NY, US
Zelazo, Laurel Bidwell, Dept of Human Development, Teachers Coll, Columbia U, New York, NY, US Source: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Luthar, Suniya S. (Ed); pp. 510-549. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: resilience; research; risk conditions; risk modifiers; prevention; intervention Abstract: (from the chapter) The contributors to this volume have provided a wealth of information on children facing different life adversities, and in this concluding chapter the authors provide a distillation of 2 sets of themes. The first encompasses conceptual and methodological issues in studies of resilience, which is a process or phenomenon reflecting positive child adjustment despite conditions of risk. Contrasting with the focus on empirical research in the 1st half of the chapter, the 2nd half is focused on applied issues. At the heart of much resilience research is the desire to uncover salient protective and vulnerability processes that, if targeted in interventions, would substantially improve at-risk children's odds of doing well in life. Accordingly, the authors integrate findings on risk modifiers from all chapters in the book, discussing them in order of relative salience across different risk conditions and deriving associated directions for interventions. This is followed, in turn, by consideration of prevention efforts that are focused on mental health as well as behavioral resilience, directions for future applied research, and guidelines for future interventions designed within the resilience framework. _____
Record: 21
Title: Rising from the ashes: Stories of recovery, adaptation and resiliency in burn survivors. Author(s): Williams, Nancy R., School of Social Work, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, US, nwilliam@arches.uga.edu
Davey, Maureen, Department of Child and Family Development, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, US
Klock-Powell, Kathryn, Department of Child and Family Development, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, US Address: Williams, Nancy R., School of Social Work, University of Georgia, 419 Tucker Hall, Athens, GA, US, nwilliam@arches.uga.edu Source: Social Work in Health Care, Vol 36(4), 2003. pp. 53-77.
Journal URL: http://www.haworthpressinc.com/store/product.asp?sku=J010 Publisher: US: Haworth Press
Publisher URL: http://www.haworthpress.com ISSN: 0098-1389 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1300/J010v36n04_04 Language: English Keywords: burn injured people; burn survivors; burn experience; physical recovery; emotional recovery; spiritual recovery; recovery process Abstract: Burn-injured people are confronted with enormous challenges in their recovery process on a physical, emotional, and spiritual level. Despite the magnitude of trauma, there has been a dearth of research exploring adult burn survivors' perception of their experiences. In this qualitative study, eight burn survivors (aged 31-51 yrs; ethnicity is noted) were interviewed. Influences that impacted their experiences such as perceived memories, time, and age when burned were distinguished from the multiple themes of losses to identity, life style, relationships and physical functioning as well as themes of adaptation, coping and resiliency. Drawing from the burn survivors' stories of recovery can provide insights for social workers and other health care professionals in serving this compelling population more effectively. _____
Record: 22
Title: Entwicklungsorientierte Betrachtung chronischer Krankheiten im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Translated Title: Developmental view of chronic illnesses in childhood and youth. Author(s): Noeker, Meinolf, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Petermann, Franz, Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany Address: Noeker, Meinolf, Zentrum fur Kinderheilkunde, Universitat Bonn, Adenauer Allee 119, 53113, Bonn, Germany Source: Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Vol 51(3), 2003. pp. 191-229. Publisher: Germany: Verlag Ferdinand Schoningh
Publisher URL: http://www.schoeningh.de ISSN: 1431-8172 (Print) Language: German Keywords: chronic condition; developmental processes; developmental psychopathology; multifinality; equifinality Abstract: The paper aims at the foundation of a developmental approach to chronic conditions. Chronicity of disorder necessarily implies developmental processes. Development emerges within the interaction between course of disease and treatment, on the one side, and specific adaptation processes, on the other side. Epidemiological trends are outlined illustrating that the frequently cited statement of a general increase in prevalence of chronic conditions, in fact results from differential, disease-specific effects of medical progress on prevalence rates on particular disease entities. The issue of disease-specificity of adaptation to a chronic condition has yielded contradictory findings which have promoted a controversy on their proper interpretation (categorical versus non-categorial approach). We argue that inconsistency of reported findings results from methodological pitfalls, on the one side, and true heterogeneity of developmental and adaptational pathways in the individual, on the other side. The concepts of multifinality and equifinality are taken from developmental psychopathology to clarify the relation between the risks of a specific disease and the quality of outcome. Multifinality means that the very same underlying condition may lead to very heterogeneous outcomes via interindividually varying developmental and adaptational pathways. The outcome may vary largely among patients suffering from the very same disease ranging from secondary psychopathology to favourable stimulation of resilience. The complementary concept of equifinality means that patients with divergent risk constellations, i.e. different chronic conditions, may finally develop towards very similar outcomes. As a result, prediction of individual outcome only by knowledge of the particular chronic condition is very limited but encompasses multiple risk factors and resources moderating the adaptation process. Our developmental approach to chronic condition is exemplified by recent research on etiology, course and outcome in childhood asthma. _____
Record: 23
Title: Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Author(s): Luthar, Suniya S., (Ed), Dept of Human Development, Teachers Coll, Columbia U, New York, NY, US Source: New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xxxi, 574 pp. ISBN: 0-521-80701-8 (hardcover)
0-521-00161-7 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: resilience; vulnerability; adversity; adaptation; adjustment; family risks; community risks; children Abstract: (from the cover) Childhood resilience is the phenomenon of positive adaptation despite significant life adversities. While interest in resilience has burgeoned in recent years, there remains considerable uncertainty about what exactly research has taught us about this phenomenon. Integrated in this book are contributions from leading scientists who have each studied children's adjustment across risks common in contemporary society. Chapters in the first half of the book focus on risks emanating from the family; chapters in the second half focus on risks stemming from the wider community. All contributors have explicitly addressed a common set of core themes, including the criteria they used to judge resilience within particular risk settings, the major factors that predict resilience in these settings, the limits to resilience (vulnerabilities coexisting with manifest success), and directions for interventions. In the concluding chapter, the editor integrates evidence presented throughout all preceding chapters to distill (a) substantive considerations for future research and (b) salient directions for interventions and social policies based on accumulated research knowledge. _____
Record: 24
Title: Resilience: Learning from people with disabilities and the turning points in their lives. Series Title: Praeger series in health psychology Author(s): King, Gillian A., (Ed), Thames Valley Children's Centre, London, ON, Canada
Brown, Elizabeth G., (Ed), Thames Valley Children's Centre, London, ON, Canada
Smith, Linda K., (Ed), Thames Valley Children's Centre, London, ON, Canada Source: Westport, CT, US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc, 2003. xiv, 204 pp. ISBN: 0-275-97943-1 (hardcover) Language: English Keywords: resilience; people with disabilities; cerebral palsy; spina bifida; attention deficit disorders; adaptation Abstract: (from the book) This volume brings to life the nature of resilience and adaptation to change by describing turning points, or critical experiences, in the lives of people with disabilities. People with cerebral palsy, spina bifida, or attention deficit disorder are interviewed. They describe events and experiences that changed their lives and pinpoint which factors helped or hindered their adaptation. Interweaving these compelling stories with popular thought and research evidence, the authors show how understanding the resilience of people with disabilities may help all readers create meaning in life and become resilient. Rich in personal detail, yet strong in its presentation of academic literature and other nonfiction works related to resilience, this volume will appeal to a wide variety of readers, from people who wonder about the meaning of life, to the parents of children with disabilities and organizations that deliver services to them, to students and professors in the fields of psychology, education, social work and occupational therapy. _____
Record: 25
Title: Mediated generalized problem solving to enhance resiliency in children with a chronic illness. Author(s): Fuller, Mary M., U South Florida, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol 63(5-A), Dec 2002. pp. 1707. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAI3052644 Language: English Keywords: mediated problem solving; resiliency; chronic illness; children Abstract: Resiliency, for the purpose of this study, was defined as the process or capacity of parents and children for successful adaptation despite challenging circumstances. The dimensions of resiliency are social competency, risk factors, protective factors, stress, and coping. The interaction of these dimensions performs a major role in facilitating the ability to overcome adversity and achieve positive outcomes. Problem solving is a specific coping method that will increase the probability of selecting the most effective behavioral outcome. As behavioral outcomes improve, social competencies increase, which in turn increases successful adaptation. This research project used a multiple baseline designed across participants to determine the influence of a specific mediated problem solving method with families raising a chronically ill child. Five children identified with a chronic illness, along with their parents, participated in this study. This investigation demonstrated that as parents improved their interaction patterns, their child's behavioral outcomes showed improvement and there was an increase in their social competencies. These results were determined by direct observation of parent and child's behaviors and review of secondary psychometric data collection. The mediated problem solving method included learning mediated generalization procedures to prevent relapse the development of maladaptive behaviors following the discontinuance of treatment and any potential future maladaptive behaviors. Further investigation will need to be conducted to evaluate the relapse of maladaptive behaviors; however, results of this investigation demonstrated the effectiveness of the treatment condition. _____
Record: 26
Title: Chronic illness as a family process: A social-developmental approach to promoting resilience. Author(s): Shapiro, Ester R., U Massachusetts, Psychology Dept, Gaston Inst for Latino Research, Boston, MA, US, ester.shapiro@umb.edu Address: Shapiro, Ester R., U Massachusetts, Psychology Dept, Gaston Inst for Latino Research, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, US, ester.shapiro@umb.edu Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol 58(11), Nov 2002. Special issue: Chronic illness. pp. 1375-1384.
Journal URL: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0021-9762/ Publisher: US: John Wiley & Sons
Publisher URL: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ ISSN: 0021-9762 (Print)
1097-4679 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1002/jclp.10085 Language: English Keywords: chronic illness; social-developmental approach; resilience; family process; clinical interventions; daughters Abstract: Describes a social-developmental approach to interventions in chronic illness using naturally occurring processes of change during family life-cycle transitions to promote more positive developmental outcomes. A case example of a 13-yr-old daughter with complex, chronic health problems and developmental disabilities illustrates clinical interventions designed to promote family resilience during the entry into adolescence and a transition in schooling. This approach involves focusing on the family's own definition of the current problem and relevant history, constructing a multidimensional, coherent story of the illness and its impact that recognizes stressors yet highlights strengths, and normalizing their strategies for stability under circumstances of developmental stress. These interventions with mother, daughter, and family helped improve health efficacy, communication toward mutual understanding and shared problem solving, and better use of existing and new resources to enhance current and future developmental adaptation. _____
Record: 27
Title: The impact of political violence: Adaptation and identity development in Bosnian adolescent refugees. Author(s): Gibson, Eliza C. Source: Smith College Studies in Social Work, Vol 73(1), Nov 2002. pp. 29-50. Publisher: US: Smith College School for Social Work ISSN: 0037-7317 (Print) Language: English Keywords: political violence; war; exile; adaptation; identity development; Bosnian adolescent refugees; resilience; trauma responses; temperament; cultural & family pride; loyalty; cultural meaning Abstract: This qualitative study explored the impact of the war in the former Yugoslavia and the experiences of forced exile on the processes of adaptation and identity development for 5 Bosnian adolescent refugees (aged 14-18 yrs) who have lived the US for at least 2 years. Sources of resilience were found in individual temperament, adaptive responses to trauma, and cultural and family pride and loyalty. Because current research on political violence tends to focus on psychopathological outcomes and PTSD sequelae, particular attention was given to examining cultural meanings of trauma and development, as well as the health-promoting forces that can occur in response to extreme trauma. Findings suggest several implications for future research as well as implications for mental health professionals working with refugees. _____
Record: 28
Title: Healthy adaptation in parents of children with autism: Implications of personality and resilience. Author(s): Chehrazi, Avazeh, Alliant International U., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 63(2-B), Aug 2002. pp. 1017. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI3043463 Language: English Keywords: healthy adaptation; parents; autistic children; personality; resilience Abstract: Healthy adaptation in parents of children diagnosed with autism or Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) was investigated. Due to the behavioral difficulties exhibited by some children with autism, the level of cognitive impairment, the lack of communication abilities, and the lack of social skills, parents of children with autism and PDD are continually confronted with ongoing stressors to which adaptation is required. Research indicates that healthy adaptation can be achieved in parents of children with autism or PDD if social relations for the parents and appropriate levels of involvement in the life of the child are maintained (Waltz, 1999). The current study was designed to investigate the role of personality domains, using the Five Factor Model of personality (Costa & McCrae, 1992), and resilience levels in parents raising children with autism. Seventy-eight primary caregivers of young children diagnosed with autism or PDD who were enrolled in an intensive behavioral home program were assessed on personality domains, resiliency and measures of healthy adaptation. It was found that parental resilience was associated with healthy adaptation, with the maintenance of social relationships being of particular importance. The personality structure defined as Neurotic was associated with unhealthy levels of social isolation, and the personality structure defined as Agreeable was associated with overall healthy adaptation patterns. Parental involvement was not found to be directly associated with any predictor variable. Individuals with specific personality domains and those characterized as resilient are more prone to adapt successfully to the stressors associated with raising a child with autism. Such indicators of healthy adaptation should be identified more specifically, with the hopes that such traits can be incorporated into parent training programs to foster healthy adaptation for all parents. _____
Record: 29
Title: The Family Adaptation Model: Examination of dimensions and relations. Author(s): Drummond, Jane, U Alberta, Faculty of Nursing, Child & Family Resiliene Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Kysela, Gerald M., U Alberta, AB, Canada
McDonald, Linda, U Alberta, Faculty of Education, AB, Canada
Query, Brenda, U Alberta, Faculty of Nursing, Edmonton, AB, Canada Source: Canadian Journal of Nursing Research/Revue canadienne de recherche en sciences infirmieres, Vol 34(1), Jun 2002. pp. 29-46. Publisher: Canada: McGill Univ/School of Nursing ISSN: 0844-5621 (Print) Language: English Keywords: family adaptation model; theories; resilience; protective processes; families Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to summarize the theoretical underpinnings and present the model analyses used in the development and evaluation of the Family Adaptation Model. Resilience theory, with its components of protective processes and vulnerability processes, underlies the assumptions of the model. Data analyses are presented from 2 samples in which survey methodology, post-test only experimental designs were implemented. Causal relations hypothesized by the model were examined using the larger of the 2 data sets. Mothers' (aged 16-53 yrs) data only were used in these structural equation modelling analyses. Moderate support for the linear dimensions of the model was found. When the paths predicted by the theory were tested, insignificant results were produced. Recent expert reviews of adaptation concepts and research approaches were used to explore the meaning of the null findings when testing the paths of the model in contrast to the success of the model when used to develop practice approaches with families. _____
Record: 30
Title: Challenges facing child protection. Author(s): Lachman, Peter, North West London Hosps NHS Trust, Northwick Park Hosp, Middlesex, United Kingdom
Poblete, Ximena, North West London Hosps NHS Trust, Northwick Park Hosp, Middlesex, United Kingdom
Ebigbo, Peter O., U Nigeria, Coll of Medicine, Dept of Psychological Medicine, Enugu, Nigeria
Nyandiya-Bundy, Sally, U Zimbabwe, Dept of Psychology, Harare, Zimbabwe
Bundy, Robert P., U Zimbabwe, Dept of Psychology, Harare, Zimbabwe
Killian, Bev, U Natal, Dept of Psychology, Pietermaritzberg, South Africa
Doek, Jaap, Vrije U, Amsterdam, Netherlands Address: Lachman, Peter, Northwick Park Hosp, North West London Hosps NHS Trust, Watford Road Harrow, Middlesex, United Kingdom Source: Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 26(6-7), Jun 2002. pp. 587-617.
Journal URL: http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/5/8/6/ Publisher: Netherlands: Elsevier Science
Publisher URL: http://elsevier.com ISSN: 0145-2134 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00336-8 Language: English Keywords: child abuse; child protection; specific constraints; poverty; HIV/AIDS infection; war; child protection programs; outcomes; children's rights Abstract: The challenges facing children in the 21st century are immense and will need to be faced if we are to achieve the goal of child protection for all. Three specific constraints on child protection are examined in this article: poverty, HIV/AIDS infection, and war. The authors use their experience in Africa to raise issues of resilience and adaptation, dangers to child protection programs, and possible solutions. Poverty can be both financial and psychological, and this affects the effect of prevention programs. In many African and Asian countries, the AIDS pandemic has changed the social structure of society with AIDS orphans and children infected and affected by HIV/AIDS becoming more common. The impact has devastating effects on the way we view child protection and in particular child sexual abuse. The consequences of posttraumatic stress resulting from war needs to be addressed, and the development of programs that place children in the center of relief programs to foster a culture of child protection is essential. Finally, the article notes that the picture is not overly pessimistic and examines the achievements in the field of children's rights that underpin all programs aimed at protecting children and the future need to consolidate successes achieved. _____
Record: 31
Title: Dimensions of the construct of resilience and adaptation among inner-city youth. Author(s): Tiêt, Quyên Q., Columbia U/New York State Psychiatric Inst, Dept of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York, NY, US, quyen.tiet@med.va.gov
Huizinga, David, U Colorado, Inst of Behavioral Science, Denver, CO, US Address: Tiêt, Quyên Q., VAPA/Stanford U, VAPA HCS (152), 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, US, quyen.tiet@med.va.gov Source: Journal of Adolescent Research, Vol 17(3), May 2002. pp. 260-276. Publisher: US: Sage Publications
Publisher URL: http://www.sagepublications.com/ ISSN: 0743-5584 (Print) Language: English Keywords: resilience; adaptation; inner-city youth; youth development; high-risk neighborhoods; psychosocial functioning; self-esteem; academic performance; drug use; gangs; delinquency Abstract: This article reviews the conceptualization of resilience and empirically examines the dimensionality of a construct of resilience and adaptation by using structural equation modeling techniques. As part of a longitudinal study of youth development, youth ages 11, 13, and 15 and their parents who lived in high-risk neighborhoods in the Denver metropolitan area were interviewed. The construct of resilience and adaptation was measured by six indicators: psychosocial functioning, self-esteem, academic performance, absence or low level of drug use, gang involvement, and delinquent activities. Factor analyses using LISREL suggest the existence of at least two latent constructs of resilience and adaptation: adjustment and low level of antisocial behavior. Implications of the findings are discussed. _____
Record: 32
Title: Psychological resiliency and coping with domestic violence. Author(s): Hopper, Elizabeth Kay, Saint Louis U., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 62(9-B), Apr 2002. pp. 4220. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI3027677 Language: English Keywords: psychological resiliency; coping; battered women; domestic violence Abstract: Within the past several decades, relationship violence has been illuminated as a major societal problem. Researchers have identified psychological sequelae of partner abuse and have begun to examine factors that are associated with psychological adjustment in battered women. Despite the documentation of a range of sequelae of domestic violence, little attention has been paid to differences in the adjustment levels of battered women. There is a wide variability in the individual adaptation levels of victims of domestic violence. The current project seeks to explain some of the variation in the psychological functioning of battered women through an examination of the women's abuse characteristics, personal and environmental resources, and coping strategies used to deal with their abuse. There are three major objectives to this study: (a) an examination of variations in battered women's adjustment; (b) the identification of resiliency factors which lead to better adjustment in battered women; and (c) an examination of the mechanisms by which these resiliency factors operate. Theory suggests a number of resiliency factors (including personal and environmental resources) that may influence battered women's adjustment; however, it does not clearly specify the pathways by which these factors affect adjustment. Personal and environmental resources may act directly on adjustment. They may operate indirectly through an influence on coping. Finally, these resiliency factors may buffer the effects of domestic violence on adjustment. The current study identified a number of resiliency factors for battered women. It examined potential direct and indirect relationships between resiliency factors and adjustment in battered women, and examined the potential moderating role of resiliency variables. Unique resiliency models were developed for generalized distress and PTSD symptoms. Implications and future research are discussed. _____
Record: 33
Title: Journey of resilience and adaptation: Counselling Vietnamese people. Author(s): Hart, Justin, Research & Training Ctr for Community Development, justinhart@hotmail.com Address: Hart, Justin, justinhart@hotmail.com Source: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, Vol 23(1), Mar 2002. pp. 20-28.
Journal URL: http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/asp/journal.asp?ref=0814-723X Publisher: Australia: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy
Publisher URL: http://www.anzjft.com ISSN: 0814-723X (Print) Language: English Keywords: Vietnamese Australians; cultural knowledge & attitudes; resilience; adaptation; history; cultural variables; counselling; Vietnam War; refugees; helping professionals Abstract: Despite the substantial number of Vietnamese residing in Australia, many Australians' knowledge and attitudes are still shaped by the Vietnam War and the resulting exodus of refugees. This superficial impression contributes little to a meaningful understanding of the rich heritage of the Vietnamese people. The purpose of this article is to broaden the understanding of helping professionals who come into contact with Vietnamese Australians, so as to evoke responses that are more sensitive, appropriate and useful. A brief history of Vietnam is followed by an exploration of historical insights and cultural variables that aid our understanding of the people, and by an examination of the applicability of these factors for counselling. _____
Record: 34
Title: Language, spirituality and cultural empathy: A response to Justin Hart. Author(s): Hoang, Le (Hoang thi Tuyet Le) Address: Hoang, Le (Hoang thi Tuyet Le), 61 Portland Street, Enfield, NSW, Australia, 2136 Source: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, Vol 23(1), Mar 2002. pp. 29-31.
Journal URL: http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/asp/journal.asp?ref=0814-723X Publisher: Australia: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy
Publisher URL: http://www.anzjft.com ISSN: 0814-723X (Print) Language: English Keywords: Vietnamese Australians; cultural knowledge & attitudes; resilience; adaptation; history; cultural variables; counselling; Vietnam War; refugees; helping professionals Abstract: Responds to the original article by J. Hart (see record 2002-13856-004) which attempted to broaden the understanding of helping professionals who come into contact with Vietnamese Australians. The current author shares his own experiences in this area, some of which support Hart's argument, others of which bring out different aspects of therapeutic relevance. _____
Record: 35
Title: Hardiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children with autism, and children with mental retardation. Author(s): Weiss, Mary Jane, Rutgers,The State U of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, US, mjweiss@home.com Address: Weiss, Mary Jane, Rutgers, The State U of New Jersey, Douglass Developmental Disabilities Ctr, 25 Gibbons Circle, New Brunswick, NJ, US, mjweiss@home.com Source: Autism, Vol 6(1), Mar 2002. pp. 115-130. Publisher: US: Sage Publications
Publisher URL: http://www.sagepublications.com/ ISSN: 1362-3613 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1177/1362361302006001009 Language: English Keywords: social support; hardiness; stress symptoms; mothers; autism; mental retardation Abstract: Assessed the effects of social support and hardiness on the level of stress in 24-48 yr old mothers of typical children and children with developmental disabilities. Ss included 40 mothers of children with autism, 40 mothers of children with mental retardation, and 40 mothers of typically developing children. Children were aged 2-7 yrs. Results of questionnaires indicate there were significant group differences in ratings of the stress effects depression, anxiety, somatic complaints and burnout. Both hardiness and social support were predictive of successful adaptation. The relationships among hardiness, support and coping are discussed. _____
Record: 36
Title: Understanding family resilience. Author(s): Patterson, Joän M., U Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US Address: Patterson, Joän M., U Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 South 2nd St, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN, US Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol 58(3), Mar 2002. Special issue: A second generation of resilience research. pp. 233-246.
Journal URL: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0021-9762/ Publisher: US: John Wiley & Sons
Publisher URL: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ ISSN: 0021-9762 (Print)
1097-4679 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1002/jclp.10026 Language: English Keywords: family resilience; family protective processes; family risk processes; stress & coping theory; family adaptation Abstract: Families, as social systems, can be considered "resilient" in ways that parallel descriptions of individual resilience. In this article, the conceptualization of family-level outcomes as a prerequisite for assessing family competence, and hence their resilience, is presented relative to the unique functions that families perform for their members and for society. The risk and protective processes that give rise to resilience in families are discussed in terms of family stress and coping theory, with a particular emphasis on the family's subjective appraisal of their sources of stress and their ability to manage them. An effort is made to distinguish two perspectives on resilience: exposure to significant risk as a prerequisite for being considered resilient versus promotion of strengths for all families in which life in general is viewed as risky. Implications for practitioners and policy makers in working with families to promote their resilience are discussed. _____
Record: 37
Title: Heroes in the nursery: Three case studies in resilience. Author(s): Rak, Carl F., Cleveland State U, Doctoral Studies Dept, Cleveland, OH, US Address: Rak, Carl F., Cleveland State U, Doctoral Studies Dept, Cleveland, OH, US Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol 58(3), Mar 2002. Special issue: A second generation of resilience research. pp. 247-260.
Journal URL: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0021-9762/ Publisher: US: John Wiley & Sons
Publisher URL: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ ISSN: 0021-9762 (Print)
1097-4679 (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1002/jclp.10027 Language: English Keywords: supportive & nurturing parent in early life; defense; adaptation; development of resilience in later life Abstract: This article examines the therapeutic work in three cases ( an 11 yr old boy, a 17 yr old girl, and an adult male) to study the impact of a supportive and nurturing parent early in life upon the development of resilience. The close analysis of the clinical material of each client's personal narrative is the primary source. The metaphor of "heroes in the nursery" is posited as a vehicle for enhancing understandings of the development of resilience and a continuum from defense through adaptation to resilience. Each case provides additive meaning to recent studies that elevate the importance of the memories of parents to the development of resilient responses of children later in life. Each case reveals specific dimensions of the impact of heroes in the nursery which extend our understandings of resiliency in children and adolescents as a proactive response to stress, trauma, and loss. _____
Record: 38
Title: How do successful female African-American high school graduating seniors speak about their experiences that helped them to graduate from high school? Author(s): Douglas, Valencia Francesca, Harvard U., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol 63(6-A), Jan 2002. pp. 2189. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAI3055846 Language: English Keywords: graduating seniors; high school students; women; Blacks Abstract: This paper is a phenomenological narrative case study of seven female African-American high school graduating seniors. Two theories were utilized. First, resiliency theory, defined as "the capacity for or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances" (Masten et al, 1990, p. 425). It is theorized that resilient individuals have certain protective mechanisms operating in their lives when confronted with adverse conditions such as poverty, dysfunctional schools and/or families. Second, the theory of "resistance for survival and resistance for liberation:" strategies African American females use to resist negative sociopolitical realities associated with being female and black in a male dominated society, which often silence, oppress and/or deny their realities and voices (Robinson and Ward, 1991). In this study, I used the voices of the female students to analyze experiences. I sought to understand how the experiences of the participants led to their graduation. My analytic domains were the environments of the family experiences, social experiences, and the personal attitudes and disposition of the individual participants. I feel it is important to understand minority students, not as victims of marginal education but rather, as individuals who, on a daily basis navigate their educational lives within diverse learning environments. I conducted my research in a large, urban school district in the southwest. The school is in one of the poorest communities in the city and the student population is one hundred percent minority. A large number of students receive free or reduced lunch prices, and the attendance rate is only eighty-eight percent. I used a random sample process to recruit seven female, African American students for the study. The study findings confirmed that protective mechanisms were part of the participants' experiences. These mechanisms helped the participants to develop resilience which enabled them to overcome environments that posed significant risk factors. Further analysis identified participants' use of resistance strategies in their experiences. Their close relationships with their mothers helped them to develop resistance strategies. Their strategic use of resistance strategies is exemplified by their ability to ignore negative societal perceptions, based upon their poverty, race and gender, and graduate from high school. _____
Record: 39
Title: Family resilience and parental competence: Contributors to variation on child depression scores in divorced and intact families. Author(s): Wolfe, Lesa, U Calgary, Canada Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol 62(12-A), 2002. pp. 4337. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAINQ64847 Language: English Keywords: family resilience; parental competence; child depression; divorce Abstract: Many children whose parents divorce experience considerable distress before, during and after the divorce. Children experience both internal and external distress which may appear as depression and all of the features that are synonymous with this difficulty. Although numerous studies have been conducted in the area of divorce, past research on children of divorce focused primarily on the views of parents and teachers in relationship to child adjustment following divorce. This study focuses on children, parents and families who present for clinical treatment following divorce and offers a rare perspective of child functioning in relationship to divorce by examining the child's point of view. In addition, this study provides a systemic focus by investigating child, parent and family factors among divorced and intact families. This non-experimental survey research study included 79 parents and 79 children who experienced divorce and 71 parents and 71 children who had not experienced divorce. Children ranged in age from 6 to 12 and parents had been separated between less than 1 year to 13 years. Data were collected with the Parent Child Relationship Index, the Parenting Stress Index, The Family Index of Regenerativity and Adaptation-General, and the Children's Depression Rating Scale. Significant differences were found between divorced and non-divorced families on child depression scores, parenting stress, parent-child relationship, and family resilience. The findings raise questions for policy, clinical practice, and future research. _____
Record: 40
Title: Risk and resistance factors and adjustment in maternal caregivers of children with serious mental disorders. Author(s): Wilson, Lesley, Fielding Graduate Inst., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 62(12-B), 2002. pp. 5983. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI3036370 Language: English Keywords: risk factors; resistance; maternal adjustment; maternal caregivers; seriously mentally ill children Abstract: Maternal caregivers of children who suffer from a serious mental disorder experience extraordinary stress and exhibit a variety of ways of coping and adjustment that ranges from successful adaptation to severe emotional distress. This study tested a theoretically based model of maternal adjustment that outlines multiple risk and resistance factors associated with caring for a seriously ill or disabled child (Wallander et al., 1989), including the intraindividual variable self-appraised problem-solving (Noojin, 1997). The interrelationship of demographic and illness-related parameters, self-appraised problem-solving ability, child behavior, perceived disability-related stress, coping style, and maternal adjustment were investigated. Findings support the robustness of the expanded theoretical model of risk and resistance factors and further understanding of the maternal caregiver's experience in raising a child with a serious mental disorder. Specifically, mothers reported adjustment difficulties that were significantly related to income, child behavior, self-appraised problem-solving ability, perceived disability-related stress, and coping style. _____
Record: 41
Title: Ethnic and minority parenting. Author(s): Coll, Cynthia García, Brown U, Education Dept, Ctr for the Study of Human Development, Providence, RI, US
Pachter, Lee M., U Connecticut, School of Medine, Div of General Pediatrics, Storrs, CT, US Source: Handbook of parenting: Vol. 4: Social conditions and applied parenting (2nd ed.). Bornstein, Marc H. (Ed); pp. 1-20. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2002. xxx, 410 pp. ISBN: 0-8058-3781-7 (hardcover) Language: English Keywords: ethnic background; minority parents; group derived processes; individual derived processes; contextually derived processes; deficit models; adaptations Abstract: (from the chapter) It is clear that the central issues for ethnic and minority parents reflect a complex combination of group, individual and contextually derived processes. Group processes are embodied in the traditional childbearing formulations on which parents draw according to their own ethnic background. Historically the literature on ethnic and minority parenting in the U.S. displays prevalence of deficit models, whereby parenting practices of ethnic and minority families have been conceptualized as those of "the other" group, which then are compared to the "standard" (defined as those displayed by Caucasian, middle-income, Northern European, American parents). In contrast, several approaches to the study of ethnic and minority parenting represent a deviation from the deficit model that has dominated most of the field until now, shifting away from a social pathological perspective to one emphasizing the resilience and adaptiveness of families under a variety of social and economic conditions. Within these frameworks, most goals of parenting may be seen as universal, but how these goals are accomplished may vary based on context. Research on ethnic and minority families needs to be integrated into normative views of parenting in general. _____
Record: 42
Title: Aging and sexual orientation. Series Title: Review of psychiatry; vol. 21, no. 4 Author(s): Kimmel, Douglas C., City U New York, City Coll, Dept of Psychology, New York, NY, US Source: Mental health issues in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities. Jones, Billy E. (Ed); Hill, Marjorie J. (Ed); pp. 17-36. Washington, DC, US: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2002. xx, 118 pp. ISBN: 1-58562-069-6 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: theoretical models; social support networks; ageism & heterosexism; sexual orientation; gay; lesbian; transsexual; bisexual Abstract: (from the chapter) Considers the dimensions of age and sexual orientation using three theoretical models: (1) survival of the fittest; (2) minority stress: resilience or pathological adaptation; and (3) multiple minority status. The author also examines the social network options open to the older person of sexual minority status, and the similarities and differences between ageism and heterosexism. _____
Record: 43
Title: Positive youth development: Thriving as the basis of personhood and civil society. Series Title: New directions for youth development: Theory practice research Author(s): Lerner, Richard M., Tufts U, Eliot-Pearson Dept of Child Development, MA, US
Brentano, Cornelia, Tufts U, Eliot-Pearson Dept of Child Development, MA, US
Dowling, Elizabeth M., Tufts U, Eliot-Pearson Dept of Child Development, MA, US
Anderson, Pamela M., Tufts U, Eliot-Pearson Dept of Child Development, MA, US Source: Pathways to positive development among diverse youth. Lerner, Richard M. (Ed); Taylor, Carl S. (Ed); et al; pp. 11-33. San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass, 2002. 169 pp. ISBN: 0-7879-6338-0 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: positive youth development; thriving; personhood; civil society; adolescent development; cultural components; prosocial behaviors; moral identity; civic identity Abstract: (from the book) This chapter describes the foundations for thriving during adolescence. According to developmental systems theories, thriving is conceptualized as adaptive regulation that involves mutually beneficial and sustaining exchange between individuals and contexts (e.g, family, peer group, or community). This process includes both universal structural components and culturally specific functional components. Thriving youth become productive adults through progressive enhancement of behaviors that reflect the structural value of contributing to civil society. An integrated moral and civic identity and a commitment to society beyond one's own existence enable youth to be agents of their own healthy development and of positive change in people and society. _____
Record: 44
Title: Deuil. Appropriation de compétences. Transformation. L'apport du PRIFAM au soutien de la résilience des familles. Translated Title: Grief: Adaptation of skills: Transformation: The way in which the Family Intervention Program PRIFAM supports the families of disabled children. Author(s): Pelchat, Diane, U Montréal, Faculté des Sciences Infirmières, Montreal, PQ, Canada
Lefebvre, Hélène, U Montréal, Faculté des Sciences Infirmières, Montreal, PQ, Canada
Damiani, Carole Source: Pratiques Psychologiques, Vol 1, 2002. Special issue: La résilience. pp. 41-52.
Journal URL: http://espritemps.free.fr/pratpsy/Pratpsy.htm Publisher: France: L'Esprit du Temps
Publisher URL: http://espritemps.free.fr/Acceuil.htm ISSN: 1269-1763 (Print) Language: French Keywords: grief; PRIFAM; family intervention services; disabled children; coping; social support; family therapy Abstract: Discusses the approach used by the Family Intervention Program PRIFAM to support the families of disabled children. PRIFAM uses a relationship-based model to help parents and families summon up their strengths and adapt to differences. Commonly held theories, values, and beliefs in the field of disability have been questioned, and a renewed emphasis has been placed on adaptation. The birth of a child with a disability is viewed in part as a learning experience that can empower the family and transform the grieving process. _____
Record: 45
Title: Estratégias de Coping de Crianças Vítimas e Não Vítimas de Violência Doméstica. Translated Title: Coping Strategies of Domestic Violence Victimized and Non Victimized Children. Author(s): Lisboa, Carolina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, cep_rua@ufrgs.br
Koller, Sílvia Helena, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Ribas, Fernanda Freitas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Bitencourt, Kelly, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Oliveira, Letícia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Porciuncula, Lízia Pacheco, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
De Marchi, Renata Busnello, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil Address: Lisboa, Carolina, CEP-RUA/UFRGS, Instituto de Psicologia, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600/104, RS, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil, cep_rua@ufrgs.br Source: Psicologia: Reflexao e Critica, Vol 15(2), 2002. pp. 345-362. Publisher: Brazil: Univ Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Publisher URL: http://www.ufrgs.br/ ISSN: 0102-7972 (Print) Language: Portuguese Keywords: coping strategies; domestic violence; victimized children; non victimized children; school conflict; verbal aggression Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate coping strategies of domestic violence victimized and non-victimized children in school's microsystem. Eighty-seven children, divided in two groups participated in this study: 49 victimized and 38 non-victimized children. They answered a structured interview to identify the most frequent conflicts faced with teachers and classmates and the coping strategies to deal with those issues. The victimized children reported higher frequency of verbal aggression from teachers, and physical aggressions as coping strategies to deal with peers. The non-victimized children seemed to look for others' support as coping strategies to deal with problems they have with their classmates. Girls did not seem to act when they faced problems with their teachers, and they felt more upset with teacher's verbal aggression. Results are discussed based on the ecological context and hierarchical relations, and give subsidies out to support intervention programs, to promote resilience and children's healthy adaptation to school. _____
Record: 46
Title: The developmental epidemiology of psychiatric disorders. Author(s): Cannon, Mary, Inst of Psychiatry, Div of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Huttunen, Matti, National Public Health Inst, Dept of Mental Health & Psychological Research, Helsinki, Finland
Murray, Robin, Inst of Psychiatry, Div of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom Source: Textbook in psychiatric epidemiology (2nd ed.). Tsuang, Ming T. (Ed); Tohen, Mauricio (Ed); pp. 239-255. New York, NY, US: Wiley-Liss, 2002. xi, 722 pp. ISBN: 0-471-40974-X (hardcover) Language: English Keywords: developmental epidemiology; life span; psychiatric disorders; developmental psychopathology; risk factors; design strategies; early life experiences; analytic methods Abstract: (from the chapter) Developmental or life-course epidemiology is concerned with early life risk factors for adult diseases and the accumulation of risks for disease over the life span. The life-course model incorporates such elements as cumulative insults over the life span, critical periods of susceptibility throughout life, and the interaction between early and late risk factors. Biological and social risk factors at each life stage may be linked to form pathways between early life experiences and adult disease. This chapter discusses study design strategies and analytic methods in developmental epidemiology, and then describes the application of developmental epidemiology to the understanding of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, affective disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, violence and antisocial behavior, and temperament, adaptation and resilience. _____
Record: 47
Title: Psychosocial adaptation to age-related vision loss: A six-year perspective. Author(s): Heyl, Vera, U Heidelberg, German Ctr for Research on Ageing, Dept of Social & Environmental Gerontology, Heidelberg, Germany, heyl@dzfa.uni-heidelberg.de
Wahl, Hans-Werner Address: Heyl, Vera, U Heidelberg, German Ctr for Research on Ageing, Dept of Social & Environmental Gerontology, Bergheimer Strasse 20, D-69115, Heidelberg, Germany, heyl@dzfa.uni-heidelberg.de Source: Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, Vol 95(12), Dec 2001. pp. 739-748. Publisher: US: American Foundation for the Blind
Publisher URL: http://www.afb.org ISSN: 0145-482X (Print) Language: English Keywords: long-term psychosocial adaptation; age-related visual impairment; elderly; blindness; severe visual impairment; behavioral adaptation; emotional adaptation; vision loss Abstract: Examined long-term psychosocial adaptation to severe age-related visual impairment (blindness or low vision) among 2 groups of elderly Ss: 42 Ss with visual acuities between 20/200 and 20/600 and no severe visual field defects (severely visually impaired) and 42 Ss with visual acuities of 20/600 or less and/or severe visual field defects (blind). Behavioral and emotional adaptation was assessed over a 6-yr period at 4 intervals by trained interviewers. Behavioral competence was assessed with activities of daily living measures, leisure-activity scales and assessment of independent use of outdoor resources. Emotional adaptation was assessed with measures of morale, life satisfaction and future orientation. The results are discussed from the perspective of environmental gerontology and psychological resilience, and are interpreted as underscoring the need for early intervention and rehabilitation to prevent psychosocial harm to the elderly who experience severe vision loss after a lifetime of seeing. _____
Record: 48
Title: Adolescent lives in transition: Social class influences on the adjustment to middle school. Author(s): San Antonio, Donna Marie, Harvard U., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol 62(4-A), Oct 2001. pp. 1326. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAI3012933 Language: English Keywords: social class; adjustment; school transition; middle school; elementary school Abstract: In this research, the author explored the experiences of thirty students from economically diverse backgrounds over an eighteen-month period as students transitioned from two sixth-grade elementary schools to a regional middle school in a rural, northeastern school district. The social and emotional implications of this transition are investigated in the context of community and school cultures. The conditions that led to success or struggle in self-esteem, participatory belonging, academic achievement, and connecting with peers are discussed. Observations, interviews, and questionnaires, are used to explore how community culture, peer relationships, family values, teacher practices, and school policies influence the adjustment to middle school. Students from the economically struggling community had lower extracurricular participation rates than students from the more affluent community due, in part, to the challenges of distance in a rural, regional school district. In addition, students from this community were under-represented in accelerated classes in seventh grade and in eighth grade Algebra. However, findings did not confirm the author's expectation that students from social class backgrounds would face more difficult adjustment to middle school. Girls from the wealthier community and boys from the low-income community experienced lower self-esteem after the transition to middle school. A pathway to high self-esteem in boys in this study was economic and family stability, good grades, and moderate home responsibility. A pathway for high self-esteem in girls was entering adolescence with strong community and family messages that allow them to "just be themselves," and opportunities to contribute in meaningful ways at home and at school. Students and their families demonstrated all sorts of means and manners of adaptation that pushed against the barriers they faced, resulting in successful transition for most students. In the end, Lakeview children may have more opportunity but less range of motion in making academic, career, and social choices; Hillside-Two Rivers students may have more "degrees of freedom" in definitions of success and fewer opportunities. Community values, parental guidance, quality of teaching, peer relationships, and student resilience all played an important role in the transition to middle school. _____
Record: 49
Title: The pivotal moment: A qualitative investigation into resilience.
Author(s): Assimakopoulos, Patricia Anne, The Union Inst., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 62(4-B), Oct 2001. pp. 2043. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI3012741 Language: English Keywords: resilience; childhood trauma; adults Abstract: This qualitative study poses the question, How do adults who were traumatized as children experience resilience? A review of the literature exploring the history of trauma is presented, followed by the psychological aftereffects, developmental perspectives, and the personal and practical impact on individuals and communities. A rationale for the design of the study is developed. Using the method of horizontalization revealed certain themes and traits. These innate traits are intelligence, optimism, creativity, a belief in a higher power, and a sense of perseverance. Eight themes emerged from the data. The themes are: (1) reframing adversities as an opportunity for growth, (2) internalizing a sense of competence leading to improved self-esteem, (3) exhibiting a pattern of successful adaptation, (4) finding a sense of purpose or meaning in life, (5) rejecting the victim role, (6) possessing a clear perception of what constitutes resilience, (7) describing a pivotal moment when they moved from a defensive adaptation to a healthier mode of coping, and (8) contextualizing their traumatic experience and any subsequent reactions to it. This study proposes a hypothesis that the concept of a pivotal moment is an addition to the literature on resilience and is a significant determinant of the movement from victim to resilient individual. Before the pivotal moment occurs, people tend to cope with traumatic experiences through maladaptive strategies and behaviors. From the moment this shift takes place, there is a heightened perception that one is no longer at the mercy of events, environment, or biology. The individual experiences a transformative energy that alters the intrapsychic map, moving from maladaptive coping to a healthier adaptation. A major finding of the study is that from the point of the pivotal moment onward the individual may no longer be described as a trauma survivor, but rather a resilient individual. The study ends with implications and recommendations for further investigation of the means by which resilience can be enhanced. Finally, a discussion of the challenge to implement programs designed to enhance resilience for individuals is provided. _____
Record: 50
Title: Trauma and resilience among Bosnian refugee families: A critical review of the literature. Author(s): Witmer, Therese A. Phibbs, Healthy Families Program, Harrisonburg, VA, US
Culver, Steven M., Radford U, Radford, VA, US Address: Witmer, Therese A. Phibbs, Radford U, School of Social Work, Box 6958, Radford, VA, US Source: Journal of Social Work Research & Evaluation, Vol 2(2), Fal-Win 2001. pp. 173-187. Publisher: US: Springer Publishing
Publisher URL: http://www.springerpub.com/ ISSN: 1521-3668 (Print) Language: English Keywords: trauma; resilience; Bosnian Muslim refugee families; ethnic cleansing; cross-cultural psychology Abstract: This critical review examines the literature related to trauma and resilience among Bosnian Muslim refugee families following the experience of "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia. Special attention is given to the implications of cross-cultural psychology for research, assessment, and intervention. Prevalent in the literature is a focus on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychopathology, and individual-based assessment and intervention, with few studies addressing concepts of adaptation, functioning or resiliency, and even fewer focusing on the family as a unit. Recommendations for future studies with Bosnian refugees include incorporating Bosnian Muslims in each stage of the research process; utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods when possible, reviewing sources of resiliency among trauma survivors; and increasing efforts to be culturally appropriate by studying refugees in context rather than as isolated individuals. _____ _____
Record: 1
Title: Baby boot camp: Facilitating maternal role adaptation in military wives. Author(s): Schachman, Kathleen Anne, U Missouri - Saint Louis, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 62(2-B), Aug 2001. pp. 786. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI3004930 Language: English Keywords: maternal role adaptation; military wives; childbirth preparation program Abstract: Current research suggests that women married to military servicemembers may experience difficulty during the transition to motherhood due to the additive stressors of military life and an inability to access traditional support systems. This randomized clinical trial tests the effects of a nursing intervention on maternal role adaptation in military wives. Primigravid military wives were randomly assigned to either a traditional childbirth education program (n = 47) or to "Baby Boot Camp" (BBC) (n = 44). BBC is a 4-week childbirth/parenting preparation program based on a resilience paradigm; strategies of BBC include identification of non-traditional external resources and development of internal resources to facilitate maternal role adaptation. The Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire; Personal Resource Questionnaire; Resilience Scale; and Postpartum Self-Evaluation Questionnaire were administered at baseline, immediately following the intervention, and at six weeks postpartum. Outcomes suggest that BBC strategies to enhance external and internal resources may have been successful in facilitating maternal role adaptation. An independent t-test showed that BBC participants had greater prenatal and postpartum adaptation. As demonstrated by repeated measure ANOVA, BBC participants experienced an increase in external and internal resources immediately following the intervention. However, these differences in resources were not sustained at 6-weeks postpartum. Findings may lead to wider development and utilization of childbirth and parenting programs designed to meet the unique strengths and needs of the military wife as she experiences the transition to motherhood. _____
Record: 2
Title: The impact of religious intensification on family relations: A South African example. Author(s): Roer-Strier, Dorit, Hebrew U of Jerusalem, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work, Jerusalem, Israel
Sands, Roberta G., rgsands@ssw.upenn.edu Source: Journal of Marriage & the Family, Vol 63(3), Aug 2001. pp. 868-880.
Journal URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0222-2445&site=1 Publisher: United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing
Publisher URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com ISSN: 0022-2445 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00868.x Language: English Keywords: Ultra-Orthodox Judaism; South African Jews; mothers; daughters; conversion; mother's reactions Abstract: Using the example of South African Jewish families in which the daughters became Ultra-Orthodox, this article examines the reactions and adaptations of mothers to their daughters' religious intensification. A qualitative study in which 15 mothers and 15 daughters were interviewed found that the mothers' initial reactions were primarily positive and ambivalent, with some negative reactions, but over time the mothers became increasingly ambivalent. Overall, mothers and newly observant adult daughters made serious efforts to maintain family cohesion and relationships of mutual respect. The results are explained by the South African context, stress theory, the concept of family resilience, and intergenerational theory. _____
Record: 3
Title: Adaptation of preventive interventions for a low-income, culturally diverse community. Author(s): Podorefsky, Donna L., Judge Baker Children's Ctr, Boston, MA, US, podorefsky@al.tch.harvard.edu
McDonald-Dowdell, Marjorie
Beardslee, William R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol 40(8), Aug 2001. pp. 879-886.
Journal URL: http://www.jaacap.com/ Publisher: US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Publisher URL: http://www.lww.com/ ISSN: 0890-8567 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1097/00004583-200108000-00008 Language: English Keywords: high-risk urban people; preventive interventions; cultural diversity; community partnerships; depression; at risk populations; lower income level; parental characteristics Abstract: Describes essential elements in the adaption of a prevention approach with a high-risk urban sample, chosen to contrast sharply with the primarily middle-class sample in which it had been originally tested. Key elements of a preventive intervention for families with parental depression were adapted for use in the new context. A sequence of alliance-building events was implemented, involving engagement at 3 levels: community, caregivers, and family. The prevention approach was modified to include an expanded approach to defining depression and resilience; greater flexibility on the part of the clinician; more intensive engagement between clinician and family, with a focus on immediate daily concerns; as well as awareness of cultural issues and responsiveness to the Ss experience of violence. Core principles of helping family members to discuss the effects of depression and adversity on family life were affirmed. _____
Record: 4
Title: ReSallying Qids: Resilience of queer youth in school. Author(s): Klipp, Glenn Michael, U Michigan, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol 62(1-A), Jul 2001. pp. 40. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAI3000912 Language: English Keywords: resilience; sexual orientation; schools; life stress; pain; lesbians; gays; bisexuals; transexuals Abstract: ReSallying Qids' probed homophobia and heterosexism in school to reveal how Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer-gendered and Queer-sex youth-Qids-were hurt in and by schools and what schools could do to change that. This qualitative study examined; (1) Queer-identity (Q-ID) stressors in the full context of life stress, (2) how Qids dealt with stress, (3) K-12 sites of Q-ID stress, and (4) what schools could do to reflect and celebrate diversity. The study probed new questions yielding interesting responses. "Do you remember a time before the closet?" and "Do you remember entering the closet?" Most participants were students still in school. While this created a scarcity of participants, it elicited a credible, contemporary voice concerning Q-gender and Q-sex school experience. Two Lesbians, four Gays, one Fluid, two Bisexuals and one Transsexual took part in a sequence of three narrative-type interviews regarding pain in their lives, things that hurt. While most participants were 13 to 18 years old, one (Transsexual) was 32 and one (Gay male) was eight. Q-ID stressors were more numerous and more intense than other life stressors. Qids applied Q-ID relevant values and strategies in coping with stress. However, of the three protective factor categories of personal characteristics, positive family relations, and external support systems, the later two, if they were present, were unknown and inaccessible to Qids before they left the closet. This absence of supportive people problematized not only Qids' lives but also their being in and coming out of the closet. Adaptations of resilience theory were discussed. Qids saw a need to "Feminize," "Color," "Queer," and diversify schools out of their role of reproducing centers of power. Qids testified that heterodysfunction started early in elementary school where peers policed gender adeptly, even ruthlessly. Qids were often Q-identified and ostracized in or before second or third grade. ReSallying Qids discussed first steps for elementary, middle, and high school communities toward a curriculum and life of diversity liberating for all its members. _____
Record: 5
Title: Perceived coping ability and adaptation to life events in adolescence. Author(s): Bobbitt, Signe Andenas, U Minnesota, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 61(11-B), Jun 2001. pp. 6162. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI9994496 Language: English Keywords: perceived coping ability; adaptation; life events; adolescents Abstract: The role of perceived coping ability in stress processes was investigated in a community sample of 162 adolescents participating in a longitudinal study of competence and resilience. The current study focussed on the three-year time period from middle to late adolescence. Findings supported the construct validity of a new perceived coping ability scale. Excellent internal consistency was achieved and significant interinformant agreement was obtained among adolescents, their mothers, familiar peers, and interviewers. Measures of IQ, negative emotionality, and self-worth each predicted unique variance in perceived coping ability. Perceived coping ability and life events were examined in relation to concurrent stress appraisal, psychological distress, and global adaptation. Perceived coping ability and life events independently predicted psychological distress, even after controlling for prior distress. However, these effects could be completely accounted for by negative emotionality if the latter was added to the regression predictor set. Only perceived coping ability predicted global adaptation after controlling for prior adaptation, but its predictive contribution could be completely accounted for by IQ. Perceived coping ability and life events each contributed uniquely to the prediction of concurrent stress appraisal. Stress appraisal predicted psychological distress but not global adaptation. In the former case, stress appraisal appeared to mediate the association of life events, but not perceived coping ability, to distress. When negative emotionality was considered, neither perceived coping ability nor stress appraisal contributed to the prediction of psychological distress. Thus, although life events and subjective indices of coping ability and stress were related to adjustment, these relationships were substantially confounded with negative emotionality (in particular stress reaction and alienation traits) in predicting psychological distress, and with IQ in predicting global adaptation. These findings clearly demonstrate the importance of including personality and IQ in studies of stress, especially those examining subjective components of stress processes. _____
Record: 6
Title: A qualitative inquiry exploring resiliency in six women in the process of transformation in their lives. Author(s): Plaskett, Victoria E., U Toronto, Canada Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 61(11-B), Jun 2001. pp. 6166. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAINQ53751 Language: English Keywords: resiliency; women; life transition Abstract: The present research is a qualitative analysis of the life histories of six women undergoing life transition. Research questions explored participants' inner characteristics and supports around them contributing to resiliency, through reflection and articulating personal narratives. Questions also asked participants to reflect on the process of talking about resiliency and whether that changed their perceptions, and to reflect on what they believe constituted their own personal resiliency. Results revealed that there are a wide range of inner characteristics and supports in place for women who are resilient. The findings of this research are the influence of one key person, the ability to self-reflect, articulate experiences and as a result move to another level of development. Other commonalities are an independent spirit, and previously overcoming stress or conflict in an earlier age. The women in this study described resilience as "bouncing back." The literature reviewed for this research focussed on life change as well as adaptation to major life crises such as war, as well as other risk factors associated with trauma, mental illness or major socio-economic changes. It is questionable whether resilience literature dealing with severe trauma reflect the experience of women in this study. _____
Record: 7
Title: The relationship between perceived mother-daughter mutuality and coping in African American female adolescents. Author(s): Adams, Va Lecia Lenore, Stanford U., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 61(11-B), Jun 2001. pp. 6183. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI9995167 Language: English Keywords: perceived mother daughter mutuality; coping; Blacks; adolescents Abstract: Empirical research on African American female adolescents is sparse. Much of the literature on this population focuses on their psychological and psychosocial difficulties rather than on their resilience. Scholars who celebrate the resiliency of African American females identify the supportive nature of the African American family and the mother-daughter bond as important sources of strength for African American girls. Yet, few investigators have explored the role strong mother-daughter relationships play in mediating the effects of stress in African American female adolescents. Thus, a relational framework was used to explore the relationship between perceived mother-daughter mutuality, adaptive- and relationship-focused coping strategies in a sample of one hundred and twenty-nine (129) African American female adolescents from middle- and low-income families (ages 12-18). Instruments included the Ways of Coping Questionnaire Revised, the Relationship-Focused Coping Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the Mutual Psychological Development Questionnaire. Mother-daughter mutuality was positively correlated with relationship-focused coping (r = .48, p < .01), and negatively related to depression (r = -.45, p < .01). Multiple regression analyses revealed that perceived mother-daughter mutuality was most predictive of relationship-focused coping and least predictive of emotion- and problem-focused coping strategies. Interviews were conducted with 8 participants who fell into one of four quadrants (high mother-daughter mutuality/high coping, low mother-daughter mutuality/low coping, low mother-daughter mutuality/high coping, and high mother-daughter mutuality/low coping) based on their scores on the mutuality and coping measures. The results suggest that the elements of mutuality may be relevant to African American girls' experiences. Moreover, the quality of the mother-daughter relationship appears to have some influence on African American girls' coping and adaptation to stress. The qualitative analyses provided insight into African American girls' relational development and the possible protective effects of the African American mother-daughter relationship. _____
Record: 8
Title: The experience of thriving as a teenage mother: A phenomenological investigation. Author(s): Morrow, Kathy Ann, The Union Inst., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 61(10-B), May 2001. pp. 5574. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI9989879 Language: English Keywords: teenage mothers; resiliency; coping; adaptation; well being Abstract: The purpose of this study is to contribute to the very limited body of knowledge about thriving and resilient adolescent mothers by way of a phenomenological investigation. Comparable terms such as resiliency, coping, adaptation and well-being were explored in relation to the research topic of The Experience of Thriving as a Teenage Mother. This investigation has been undertaken not with the intent to prove or disprove a preexisting hypothesis; not with any intent to ascertain correlations between or among variables' or to manipulate the research setting or subjects. My endeavor is to emphasize understanding and insight. The young women who participated as co-researchers (subjects) in this study were graduating high school seniors who (according to their guidance counselors) possessed a post-graduation, academic/career plan. Each are African American, age eighteen, and reside in the city of Detroit. The interview questions were open-ended and each interview ranged from 45 minutes to an hour. Transcriptions of the interviews were preceded by brief sketches of the interviewee and the interview environment. The data were analyzed in terms of the common characteristics and themes which emerged from the co-researcher's responses to the focused area of this study. These themes were analyzed using a model described by Clark Moustakas, Ph.D. Findings suggested that the adolescents interviewed possessed an array of common feelings and perceptions, such as fear, strength, perseverance, perceived lack of support, and determination. Implications and limitations of study were explored. _____
Record: 9
Title: Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. Author(s): Masten, Ann S., U Minnesota, Inst of Child Development, Minneapolis, MN, US Source: American Psychologist, Vol 56(3), Mar 2001. pp. 227-238.
Journal URL: http://www.apa.org/journals/amp.html Publisher: US: American Psychological Assn
Publisher URL: http://www.apa.org ISSN: 0003-066X (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.227 Language: English Keywords: resilience processes in development, at-risk children Abstract: The study of resilience in development has overturned many negative assumptions and deficit-focused models about children growing up under the threat of disadvantage and adversity. The most surprising conclusion emerging from studies of these children is the ordinariness of resilience. An examination of converging findings from variable-focused and person-focused investigations of these phenomena suggests that resilience is common and that it usually arises from the normative functions of human adaptational systems, with the greatest threats to human development being those that compromise these protective systems. The conclusion that resilience is made of ordinary rather than extraordinary processes offers a more positive outlook on human development and adaptation, as well as direction for policy and practice aimed at enhancing the development of children at risk for problems and psychopathology. The study of resilience in development has overturned many negative assumptions and deficit-focused models about children growing up under the threat of disadvantage and adversity. _____
Record: 10
Title: The mechanism of resiliency in children at-risk for school failure: Types of protective factors and profiles of youths. Author(s): Robertson, Laurel Marie, U California, Santa Barbara, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol 61(8-A), Mar 2001. pp. 3062. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAI9982166 Language: English Keywords: resiliency; school failure; protective factors; at risk children; school success Abstract: Until recently, risk and resilience constructs have not been applied to the school context in relation to academic success. Children growing up in low income environments have brought risks with them to school that typically lead to school failure. Not all of these children fail at school, however. Little research has been done to examine characteristics of children that allow them to succeed in school despite the possibility for failure. The purpose of this study was to (1) examine the types of resilience associated with academic success and (2) to group and describe children who show similar patterns of scores on risk and resilience measures and determine the relationship of profile groups to school success among students who are at-risk for school failure due to low income and ethnic minority status. Data were collected from four local elementary schools serving children living in impoverished neighborhoods, with 194 youths in the fifth and sixth grades participating in the study. Findings indicate that teacher measures of school behavioral adaptation and intrapersonal strengths were predictive of academic achievement. Among student measures, aggressive problem-solving, academic self-concept, cooperation and perceived parental supervision were predictive of academic achievement. Cluster analysis revealed six youth clusters defined by different patterns of levels of academic self-concept, school bonding, aggressive problem-solving, assertive problem-solving, perceived parental supervision, cooperation, school functioning and intrapersonal functioning. These groups included youth profiles termed Extreme Risk Academic Risk, Aggressive Resilient, Internally Resilient, Socially Resilient, and Academic Resilient, which showed unique patterns of risk and resiliency constructs that coincided with different levels of academic success. Youth profiles are described and implications for future research are discussed. _____
Record: 11
Title: Experience of Thai families of a person with schizophrenia: Family stress and adaptation. Author(s): Rungreangkulkij, Somporn, U California, San Francisco, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 61(8-B), Mar 2001. pp. 4080. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI9984021 Language: English Keywords: schizophrenia; family stress; adaptation; resiliency; Thailand Abstract: Taking care of a person with schizophrenia at home is a hardship for the family. There is a paucity of theoretical approaches and empirical research that have been applied to the particular caregiving experiences of Thai families. The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment, and Adaptation served as the conceptual framework. This study aimed to describe the major variables of the Resiliency Model and to identify predictors of the psychological morbidity of individual Thai family members. 125 families of a person with schizophrenia were identified through medical records from a psychiatric hospital in Thailand. A face to face standardized interview was conducted with the mother and separately with another family member of the patient. Multiple regression analysis showed that the major variables of the Resiliency Model accounted approximately 23% of the variance in the psychological morbidity of the mothers and accounted approximately 30% of the variance in the psychological morbidity of the relatives after controlling for demographic variables of the patients and other family members. The need to support household single mothers is critical to enhance their psychological well-being. This study demonstrates the applicability of the Resiliency Model for Thai families. Implication for clinical nurse and researchers are presented. _____
Record: 12
Title: Resilience and family psychosocial processes among children of parents with serious mental disorders. Author(s): Tebes, Jacob Kraemer, Yale U, School of Medicine, Div of Prevention & Community Research, New Haven, CT, US, jacob.tebes@yale.edu
Kaufman, Joy S.
Adnopoz, Jean
Racusin, Gary Source: Journal of Child & Family Studies, Vol 10(1), Mar 2001. pp. 115-136.
Journal URL: http://www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/1062-1024 Publisher: Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Publisher URL: http://www.wkap.nl ISSN: 1062-1024 (Print) Document Link URL: http://www.wkap.nl/oasis.htm/301678 Digital Object Identifier: 10.1023/A:1016685618455 Language: English Keywords: family psychosocial processes; resilience; child adaptation; parents with serious mental disorders Abstract: Resilience involves successful adaptation despite adverse circumstances, and is operationalized in this study as a multidimensional construct which consists of both positive and negative indicators of adaptation. We hypothesized 5 family psychosocial processes as common sequelae to serious parental mental disorder that are central to child adaptation beyond that predicted by parental psychiatric status. These are diminished family financial resources, social network constriction, impaired performance of parenting tasks, increased familial stress, and disruption of the parent-child bond. We examined the relationship of these processes to child adaptation independently through hierarchical regression analyses after taking into account parental psychiatric symptoms and functioning as well as the child's age and gender. 177 children of mothers with serious mental disorder, ages 2-17 yrs old, were assessed on measures of adaptation. Results indicate that family psychosocial processes are a more consistent and powerful predictor of child adaptation than parental psychopathology. Results also indicate that, for these children, adaptation is predicted most consistently by parenting performance, and to lesser extents, by the parent-child bond and familial stress. _____
Record: 13
Title: Persönlichkeit und Persönlichkeitsstörungen im Alter. Translated Title: Personality and personality disorders in old age. Author(s): Heuft, Gereon Address: Heuft, Gereon, Klinik und Poliklinik fur Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Universitatsklinikum Munster, Domagkstr 22, 48129, Munster, Germany Source: PTT: Persönlichkeitsstörungen Theorie und Therapie, Vol 5(1), Mar 2001. pp. 49-55.
Journal URL: http://www.schattauer.de/zs/startz.asp Publisher: Germany: Schattauer
Publisher URL: https://www.schattauer.de ISSN: 1433-6308 (Print) Language: German Keywords: personality; personality disorders; old age; diagnosis; psychotherapy Abstract: Personality in old age a very elaborate system of traits, characteristics and experiences. Characteristics described usually as dysfunctional may be adaptive in the elderly. These findings could be interpreted as references for the resilience and plasticity of personality. Personality disorders in old age are less diagnosed compared to younger adults. Reliable prevalence data of personality disorders of over 60 year old persons are not available. That's why the ICD-10-diagnostic criteria don't fit very well to life situations of the elderly. One could also discuss a better adaptation of the aged. In addition functional somatic symptoms in old age could conceal a personality disorder. Finally in the paper the implications for psychotherapy with elderly patients are discussed: knowledge of the personal development history, the differential psychotherapy-indications and needed modifications of psychotherapy-techniques. _____
Record: 14
Title: Adaptation and resilience in midlife. Series Title: Wiley series on adulthood and aging Author(s): Heckhausen, Jutta, U California Dept of Psychology & Social Behavior, Irvine, CA, US Source: Handbook of midlife development. Lachman, Margie E. (Ed); pp. 345-391. New York, NY, US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2001. xxviii, 643 pp.
ISBN: 0-471-33331-X (hardcover) Language: English Keywords: midlife; human development; adaptation; resilience Abstract: (from the chapter) Discusses the developmental regulation in midlife, particularly the way adults in midlife adapt to the challenges of developmental growth and are resilient to developmental losses. The chapter starts by identifying on conceptual and empirical grounds the specific developmental challenges of midlife adults. Subsequently, the major external and internal resources available to adults in midlife are discussed in terms of their effectiveness to attain adaptive developmental outcomes, and to be resilient with regard to the impact of major losses on psychological functioning. In this context, the author pinpoints a set of key phenomena that are selectively characteristic of midlife and then investigates the available empirical evidence about midlife adaptation and resilience with regard to these phenomena. _____
Record: 15
Title: Long-term development of motivation and cognition in family and school contexts. Series Title: Advances in learning and instruction series Author(s): Vauras, Marja, U Turku, Dept of Teacher Education, Turku, Finland
Salonen, Pekka, U Turku, Dept of Teacher Education, Turku, Finland
Lehtinen, Erno, Ctr for Learning Research, Rauma, Finland
Lepola, Janne, U Turku, Dept of Teacher Education, Turku, Finland Source: Motivation in learning contexts: Theoretical advances and methodological implications. Volet, Simone (Ed); Järvelä, Sanna (Ed); pp. 295-315. Elmsford, NY, US: Pergamon Press, Inc, 2001. xi, 342 pp. ISBN: 0-08-043990-X (hardcover) Language: English Keywords: motivational notions of achievement differences; origins of children's resilience & vulnerability in family context; long-term development of cognition & motivation in conventional classroom contexts
Abstract: (from the book) The authors discuss different motivational notions of achievement differences and present an integrative, theoretical model of situational and developmental dynamics of cognitive-motivational interpretations and social interactions. They argue that their model can be used for analyzing the situational dynamics of student-task-teacher interaction as they relate to students' long-term development and to the institutional-cultural structures of the school. Their aim is to construct conceptual links between students' and teachers' situational adaptations, students' progressive and regressive learning careers, institutional-cultural frame factors, and social regulation mechanisms. As their empirical work reveals, the origins of individual cognition and motivation can be traced to early social interactions within the the home and family contexts. The authors review current research which helps us understand how early family interactions contribute to later enhanced or retarded cognitive and motivational development. Cognitive and motivational development in conventional school contexts is related to research on reading and motivation. Finally, the motivational constraints which can be found in conventional and emerging learning contexts are compared and discussed. _____
Record: 16
Title: Stratégies d'adaptation des victimes d'abus sexuels résilientes et toxicomanes. Translated Title: Adaptation strategies for resilient and drug-addicted victims of sexual abuse. Author(s): Dufour, Magali H., U Montréal, Faculté de l'Éducation Permanente, Montreal, PQ, Canada
Corbiere, Marc
Nadeau, Louise Source: Revue Quebecoise de Psychologie, Vol 22(1), 2001. pp. 149-162. Publisher: Canada: Revue Quebecoise de Psychologie
Publisher URL: http://www.rqpsy.qc.ca/ ISSN: 0225-9885 (Print) Language: French Keywords: coping strategies; drug addiction; resiliency; victims of sexual abuse Abstract: Studied coping strategies used by 20 female adult victims of sexual abuse (aged 22-48 yrs) with a history of drug abuse and 20 female adult victims of sexual abuse (aged 22-48 yrs) with no history of drug addiction (resilient). Data on sociodemographic variables, clinical and psychological symptoms, and drug consumption history were obtained by semistructured interview. The Quebec Health Index of Psychological Distress (M. Préville, 1992), The Trauma Symptom checklist (J. Briere et M. Runtz, 1989), the Self-Esteem Scale (E. F. Vallières et R. J. Vallerand, 1990), the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Interview (A. Bifulco et al, 1994) and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (S. Folkman and R. S. Lazarus, 1988) were administered. Cluster analysis and other statistical tests were used to analyze data. The results indicate that both drug-addicted and resilient Ss used social support and positive reappraisal and planning problem-solving techniques but that 70 percent of drug-addicted Ss used distancing and avoidance strategies while 70 percent of resilient Ss used low avoidance strategies. Implications for developing intervention programs are discussed. _____
Record: 17
Translated Title: Sustaining "well-treating" in families in exile. Encounter of a destiny, destiny of an encounter. Author(s): Barudy, J., Centre Exil, Brussels, Belgium
Crappe, J.-Y.
Marquebreucq, A.-P. Source: Therapie Familiale, Vol 22(2), 2001. pp. 169-186. Publisher: Switzerland: Medecine et Hygiene
Publisher URL: http://www.medhyg.ch/mh/ ISSN: 0250-4952 (Print) Language: French Keywords: well treatment; Belgium; refugee families; family resources; adaptation; exile center program; medical services; psychological services; social services; trauma Abstract: Describes the services of the Exil Centre, which provides medical, psychological and social services for treatment of families in exile in Belgium. The staff of this program for children and their families aims at supporting the family's existing resources. The authors describe "well-treatment" as the result of the mobilization of community and parental resources to meet the child's needs, taking into consideration the resilience resources of all persons in the process. The work involves treating the individual consequences of trauma on medical, psychological and social levels; reconstructing bonds at family, social and community levels; and sustaining the families in their adaptation process in Belgium. This work takes place in various spaces and includes consultations, talking and self-help groups, creative workshops and residential activities. _____
Record: 18
Title: Against terrible odds: Lessons in resilience from our children. Author(s): Levine, Saul, Children's Hosp, Dept of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, US
Ion, Heather Wood Source: Boulder, CO, US: Bull Publishing Co., 2001. xxii, 301 pp. ISBN: 0-923521-48-8 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: resilience; adaptation; coping behavior; traumatized children Abstract: (from the cover) This book tells the life stories of children who, after experiencing the worst trauma that cruelty, indifference, and inhumanity could inflict, nevertheless grew into adults capable of leading productive lives. Along the way, the great capacity of human beings for overcoming and displacing life's scar tissue becomes evident. Through reading these stories, one achieves a more balanced understanding of the resilience of the human spirit and one's own potential for thriving in spite of adversity. The authors propose that 4 components are crucial in equipping an individual to be resilient. As described in the context of 10 lives (each fictitious person is a composite of several of S. Levine's clients) those elements are (1) an overriding belief in oneself, (2) a sense of community, (3) a faith in a value system outside of the self, and (4) a desire to do some good for others. _____
Record: 19
Title: The relationship of constructive aggression to resilience in adults who were abused as children. Author(s): Cirillo, Irene, Smith Coll School For Social Work, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol 61(5-A), Dec 2000. pp. 2036. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAI9974842 Language: English Keywords: constructive aggression; resilience; child abuse; adults; physical abuse; life adaptation; psychological maturity; self esteem; self integrity; intrapsychic structure; adjustment Abstract: The purpose of the exploratory study was to examine the association between childhood use of constructive aggression as a response to parental physical abuse and adult resilience, psychological maturity and life adaptation. A review of the literature revealed showed some anecdotal reports of constructive aggression used by survivors of trauma and abuse, but no systematic explorations of the use of constructive aggression in supporting self-integrity and self-esteem under traumatic circumstances. In an effort to develop more systematic knowledge regarding the use of constructive aggression to protect self-integrity and self-esteem, a group of 32 adults who had been physically abused in childhood by their caretakers were given both quantitative and qualitative assessments of their use of constructive aggression and their adult adjustment, resilience, and intrapsychic structure. Participants completed two-hour semi-clinical interviews in which they were asked about the strategies they used to cope and survive their abuse, and about their current ways of dealing with anger and their adult life functioning. They also completed quantitative self-report measures of self-esteem, ego resilience, ego strength, locus of control, self and object constancy, life adaptation as adults, and current use of various types of responses to anger-evoking situations. Additionally, participants completed a quantitative self-report measure of the use of constructive aggression in response to childhood abuse (The Constructive Aggression Inventory), which was designed for this study. The results suggest that childhood constructive aggression is associated adult resilience in physical abuse survivors. The Constructive Aggression Inventory related as predicted to a measure of adult responses to anger. Additionally, the Constructive Aggression Inventory was positively related to all measures of adult resilience. Thematic analysis of 20 interviews (including 10 high resilient and 10 low resilient participants, based on their scores on the quantitative measures of resilience), revealed that high resilient participants used less destructive aggression and predominately relied on constructive aggression strategies in responding to their parents' attempts at humiliation and control, which supported their self-integrity and self-esteem. The less resilient participants primarily utilized destructive aggression strategies, which undermined their self-integrity and self-esteem. High resilient participants continued to use constructive aggression throughout life, as opposed to low resilient participants who used destructive aggression in childhood and in their adult lives. These findings suggest that it is important to teach social workers, mental health professionals and others who work with abused children and adult survivors of abuse ways to discover and mobilize client strengths by emphasizing the use of constructive aggression to promote self-integrity and self-esteem. _____
Record: 20
Title: Standing in the shadows: Adult daughters of alcoholic mothers. Author(s): Dingledine, Dale W., Smith Coll School For Social Work, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol 61(5-A), Dec 2000. pp. 2037. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAI9974843 Language: English Keywords: ego functioning; maternal alcoholism; adult daughters Abstract: Descriptions of growing up with maternal alcoholism, and consequent ego functioning in ten women were examined. Since most research on offspring of alcoholics utilize male subjects or focuses on alcoholic men, women are an under-researched population. Literature from ego psychology, and its emphasis on individual adaptation to the environment, was used. Feminist, traumatic stress, neuroscience and trauma, infant observation, resilience, and parallel literatures were also consulted. Respondents were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling from Adult Children of Alcoholics support groups and social networks. Respondents were interviewed (1) for descriptions of growing up with an alcoholic mother, and (2) according to the Ego Functions Assessment Interview. Findings were analyzed qualitatively for emergent themes, and quantitatively for an ego functions profile. Emergent themes include a basic lack of connection with the mother, sense of estrangement from others and inadequate internalizations, and identity problems with a False Self adaptation. Lowest scores on the EFA were object relations and defensive functioning; highest scores were autonomous and synthetic-integrative functioning. Clinical implications include confusion of diagnosis for borderline or schizoid personality. Consideration of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder may be more accurate. Clinical histories and sensitive attention to transference are essential. _____
Record: 21
Title: Generating stories of resilience: Helping gay and lesbian youth and their families. Author(s): Sanders, Gary L., U Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Human Sexuality Program, Calgary, AB, Canada
Kroll, Ian T. Source: Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, Vol 26(4), Oct 2000. pp. 433-442. Publisher: US: American Assn for Marriage & Family Therapy
Publisher URL: http://www.aamft.org ISSN: 0194-472X (Print) Language: English Keywords: suggestions for family therapists on resilience from homophobia & heterosexism & therapeutic interventions, gay & lesbian person & their families Abstract: Examines how homophobia and heterosexism are both manifest and recovered from using case examples and offering therapeutic suggestions to clinicians. The authors address self-awareness issues, development of resilient adaptations to a socially oppressive world, the larger system as a main danger, and the role and responsibility of clinicians in helping youth and their families. The authors seek to (1) help family therapy clinicians see the concerns for gay and lesbian youth, (2) use an affiliative understanding of gay and lesbian persons rather than traditional genital (sexual) conceptualization, (3) differentiate negative socially constructed stories of lesbian and gay persons from personal stories of resilience and growth, (4) "name" the oppressive processes that are restraining and demeaning lesbian and gay youths and their families, and (5) provide therapists with ideas of effective and respectful interventions for individuals, families, and the larger system. The therapeutic interventions presented in this article are meant as tools to orient therapists and mental health professionals in the primary task of helping to enrich the client's inner selves while helping them enrich their own interpersonal worlds. _____
Record: 22
Title: Well-being of parents of young children with asthma. Author(s): Svavarsdottir, Erla Kolbrun, U Iceland, School of Nursing, Reykjavik, Iceland
McCubbin, Marilyn A.
Kane, Janet H. Source: Research in Nursing & Health, Vol 23(5), Oct 2000. pp. 346-358.
Journal URL: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0160-6891/ Publisher: US: John Wiley & Sons
Publisher URL: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ ISSN: 0160-6891 (Print)
1098-240X (Electronic) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1002/1098-240X(200010)23:5<346::AID-NUR2>3.3.CO;2-N Language: English Keywords: family & caregiving demands & sense of coherence & hardiness & parents' well being, mothers & fathers of infant-6 yr Olds with asthma Abstract: Examined relationships between family demands, caregiving demands, sense of coherence (SOC), family hardiness (FH) and parents' well-being in 76 families, including 22-51 yr old parents (75 mothers and 62 fathers) of young children (infant-6 yrs) with asthma. The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation was the conceptual framework for the study. The major hypothesis was that SOC and FH, separately and in combination, moderate both family system and caregiving demands on general well-being. Results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that SOC and FH explained 56% of the variance in mothers' well-being; family demands, SOC, and FH explained 67% of the variance in fathers' well-being. No moderating relationships were found for SOC or FH. It is concluded that resiliency factors (SOC and FH) and family demands had direct relationships with the well-being of parents of young children with asthma. _____
Record: 23
Title: The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Author(s): Luthar, Suniya S., Columbia U, Teachers Coll, Dept of Human Development, New York, NY, US
Cicchetti, Dante Source: Development & Psychopathology, Vol 12(4), Fal 2000. pp. 857-885.
Journal URL: http://uk.cambridge.org/journals/dpp/ Publisher: US: Cambridge Univ Press
Publisher URL: http://www.cup.org ISSN: 0954-5794 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1017/S0954579400004156 Language: English Keywords: resilience, implications for interventions & social policy Abstract: Focuses on the interface between research on resilience (a construct representing positive adaptation despite adversity) and the applications of this work to the development of interventions and social policies. Salient defining features of research on resilience are delineated, as are various advantages, limitations, and precautions linked with the application of the resilience framework to developing interventions. For future applied efforts within this tradition, a series of guiding principles are presented along with exemplars of existing programs based on the resilience paradigm. The article concludes with discussions of directions for future work in this area, with emphasis on an enhanced interface between science and practice, and a broadened scope of resilience-based interventions in terms of the types of populations, and the types of adjustment domains, that are encompassed. _____
Record: 24
Title: Adult children of fathers missing in action (MIA): An examination of emotional distress, grief, and family hardiness. Author(s): Campbell, Cathy L., Georgia State U, School of Nursing, Atlanta, GA, US
Demi, Alice S. Source: Family Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, Vol 49(3), Jul 2000. pp. 267-276.
Journal URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0197-6664&site=1 Publisher: United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing
Publisher URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com ISSN: 0197-6664 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00267.x Language: English Keywords: emotional distress & grief & family hardiness, 29-48 yr old children of fathers missing in action Abstract: Investigated the relationships among emotional distress, grief, and family hardiness in 29-48 yr old adult children of missing in action (MIA) fathers using the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected in telephone interviews of 20 adult children. The results indicate that 25 yrs after notification of their father's MIA status, participants still had unresolved grief. The findings provide some support for family hardiness as a strength that facilitated family bonadaptation. _____
Record: 25
Title: HIV disclosure among women of African descent: Associations with coping, social support, and psychological adaptation. Author(s): Simoni, Jane M., Yeshiva U, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Bronx, NY, US, jsimoni@aecom.yu.edu
Demas, Penelope, Montefiore Medical Ctr, AIDS Research Program, Bronx, NY, US
Mason, Hyacinth R. C., U Southern California, School of Medicine, Dept of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, US
Drossman, Jill A., Yeshiva U, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Bronx, NY, US
Davis, Michelle L., Yeshiva U, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Bronx, NY, US Address: Simoni, Jane M., Yeshiva U, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, US, jsimoni@aecom.yu.edu
Source: AIDS & Behavior, Vol 4(2), Jun 2000. pp. 147-158.
Journal URL: http://www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/1090-7165 Publisher: Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Publisher URL: http://www.wkap.nl ISSN: 1090-7165 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1023/A:1009508406855 Language: English Keywords: disclosure; HIV; coping; social support; psychological adaptation; African American women Abstract: In the present study of women living with HIV in New York City, the authors assessed rates of disclosure of HIV infection to family, friends, and lovers. The authors were particularly interested in learning if disclosure was related to more adaptive coping strategies, greater social support, and better psychological adaptation to HIV disease. 143 women (aged 24.62-61.02 yrs) were interviewed. Hispanic Black (n=37) and non-Hispanic Black (n=106) women reported high rates of HIV disclosure to family, friends, and lovers; few ethnic differences were noted. Bivariate analyses revealed disclosure was related to greater frequency of HIV-related social support, although not directly to less depressive symptomatology or mood disturbance scores. Additionally, disclosure rates were positively associated with the use of more adaptive coping strategies (i.e., spiritual resilience, constructive cognitions, and community involvement). Multiple regression analyses indicated satisfaction with social support mediated the relationship between adaptive coping and psychological distress. The discussion considers HIV disclosure within the constellation of processes leading to successful adaptation to HIV/AIDS. Conference: Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Aug, 1998, San Francisco, CA, US Conference Notes: Portions of this paper were originally presented at the aforementioned meeting. _____
Record: 26
Title: Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Author(s): Bandura, Albert, Stanford U, Dept of Psychology, Stanford, CA, US Source: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol 9(3), Jun 2000. pp. 75-78.
Journal URL: http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/asp/journal.asp?ref=0963-7214 Publisher: United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing
Publisher URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com ISSN: 0963-7214 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1111/1467-8721.00064 Language: English Keywords: nature & structure & role of perceived collective efficacy in human adaptation & change Abstract: Social cognitive theory adopts an agentic perspective in which individuals are producers of experiences and shapers of events. Among the mechanisms of human agency, none is more focal or pervading than the belief of personal efficacy. This core belief is the foundation of human agency. Unless people believe that they can produce desired effects and forestall undesired ones by their actions, they have little incentive to act. The growing interdependence of human functioning is placing a premium on the exercise of collective agency through shared beliefs in the power to produce effects by collective action. The present article analyzes the nature of perceived collective efficacy and its centrality in how people live their lives. Perceived collective efficacy fosters groups' motivational commitment to their missions, resilience to adversity, and performance accomplishments. _____
Record: 27
Title: The contribution of the preterm labor stress and family resiliency factors to pregnancy adjustment and adaptation in the preterm labor family. Author(s): Kuo, Su-Chen, U Minnesota, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 60(11-B), Jun 2000. pp. 5435. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAI9952322 Language: English Keywords: preterm labor stress & resiliency factors, pregnancy adjustment & adaptation, families, Taiwan Abstract: This study examined the contribution of preterm labor stress and family resiliency factors to family adaptation and the differences between fathers and mothers in their adjustment. The sample consisted of 131 families recruited when the mother was in preterm labor in nineteen hospitals in Taiwan. Families were surveyed using measures of pregnancy adjustment, family functioning, ambiguity tolerance, uncertainty of high-risk pregnancy, family hardiness, and social support. Number of children, gestational weeks, and the length of hospital stay were included in the predictor variables. Correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed significant relationships between pregnancy adjustment and family hardiness, presence of another child in the family and uncertainty of high-risk pregnancy for fathers, mothers, and families. There was no association between family functioning and ambiguity tolerance, uncertainty of high-risk pregnancy, family hardiness, and social support. Study results were also found to partially support the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment, and Adaptation. Family hardiness, presence of another child, uncertainty of high-risk pregnancy, social support, ambiguity tolerance, gestational weeks, and length of hospital stay accounted for 36% of the variance in pregnancy adjustment for fathers, 30% for mothers, and 36% when a family level of analysis was performed. In all of the regression models family hardiness was the strongest predictor for pregnancy adjustment. In comparing fathers and mother, no differences were found in pregnancy adjustment, family functioning, uncertainty of high-risk pregnancy, family hardiness, and social support. However, fathers reported more ambiguity tolerance than mothers did. Assessments of physical and psychological presence of the fetus in the "Drawing a Fetus Test," nearly 90% of fathers and mothers drew the fetus inside the symbolic family boundary and between the father and mother. A major contribution of the study was the standardization of all measures in Chinese. Recommendations for future studies include testing the conceptual model with different high-risk conditions, using a longitudinal design to explore change in family adaptation, and developing comparative replication studies. Results of this study support inclusion of assessment of family stressors, resource factors, and appraisal in estimates of family adaptation to determine levels of care for high-risk pregnancy family health. _____
Record: 28
Title: Eva's story: One woman's life viewed through the interpretive lens of Gilligan's theory. Author(s): Belknap, Ruth Ann, Northern Illinois U, DeKalb, IL, US Source: Violence Against Women, Vol 6(6), Jun 2000. pp. 586-605. Publisher: US: Sage Publications
Publisher URL: http://www.sagepublications.com/ ISSN: 1077-8012 (Print) Language: English Keywords: abuse narrative interpreted through C. Gilligan's theory of moral development, adult female Abstract: This work is an interpretive reading of one Mexican American woman's story as told to an Anglo researcher. It demonstrates the methodological meaningfulness of reading for conflict and voice in the narratives of women who have experienced abuse and, perhaps more important, brings others into relationship with Eva and her story. The story is read through the interpretive lens of women's moral development as described by Carol Gilligan. The article begins with a review of Gilligan's theory of moral development followed by a detailed interpretation of the reading of Eva's story. The method used for the analysis is an adaptation of the method developed by Gilligan and several of her colleagues. This method of analysis explicates experiences described as creating moral conflict, the narrator's sense of self, and the voices of psychological distress and resilience in her story. _____
Record: 29
Title: The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Author(s): Luthar, Suniya S., Columbia U, Teachers Coll, Dept of Human Development, New York, NY, US
Cicchetti, Dante
Becker, Bronwyn Source: Child Development, Vol 71(3), May-Jun 2000. pp. 543-562.
Journal URL: http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/asp/journal.asp?ref=0009-3920 Publisher: United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing
Publisher URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com ISSN: 0009-3920 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1111/1467-8624.00164 Language: English Keywords: critical evaluation of construct of resilience & guidelines for future work Abstract: This paper presents a critical appraisal of resilience, a construct connoting the maintenance of positive adaptation by individuals despite experiences of significant adversity. As empirical research on resilience has burgeoned in recent years, criticisms have been levied at work in this area. These critiques have generally focused on ambiguities in definitions and central terminology; heterogeneity in risks experienced and competence achieved by individuals viewed as resilient; instability of the phenomenon of resilience; and concerns regarding the usefulness of resilience as a theoretical construct. The authors address each identified criticism in turn, proposing solutions for those viewed as legitimate and clarifying misunderstandings surrounding those believed to be less valid. It is concluded that work on resilience possesses substantial potential for augmenting the understanding of processes affecting at-risk individuals. Realization of the potential embodied by this construct, however, will remain constrained without continued scientific attention to some of the serious conceptual and methodological pitfalls that have been noted by skeptics and proponents alike. _____
Record: 30
Title: Environment, time-use, and adaptedness in prosimians: Implications for discerning behavior that is occupational in nature. Author(s): Wood, Wendy, U North Carolina, Div of Occupational Science, Chapel Hill, NC, US, wwood@css.unc.edu
Towers, Laurie
Malchow, Jean Address: Wood, Wendy, U North Carolina--Chapel Hill, Div of Occupational Science, Medical School Wing E, CB #1720, Chapel Hill, NC, US, wwood@css.unc.edu Source: Journal of Occupational Science, Vol 7(1), Apr 2000. pp. 5-18. Publisher: Australia: Univ of South Australia/School of Occupational Therapy
Publisher URL: http://www.jos.edu.au/ ISSN: 1442-7591 (Print) Language: English Keywords: Coquerel sifakas; environmental influences; adaptedness; prosimians; occupational behavior; time-use; environmental press & channeling; behavioral resilience Abstract: A case study of three Coquerel sifakas, members of the prosimian sub-order of primates, was undertaken in order to examine environmental influences on behavior and adaptedness. By studying shifts and continuities in behavior evidenced by members of this primitive primate species across four different housing conditions, the study also sought to discern identifying features of occupational behavior. Findings suggest that two environmental factors, environmental opportunities for action and time, interacted to produce two other environmental dynamics, environmental press and environmental channeling, that were especially powerful in limiting the sifakas' behavioral expression under some conditions. Nevertheless, the sifakas also evidenced behavioral resilience. Based on these findings, properties were identified that distinguish behavior that is occupational in nature from behavior that is not. Specifically, occupational behavior manifestly evidences intentionality and purposiveness; it comes into being only by merit of environmental transactions that have been influenced, in some way, by a living being's expression of agency; and it possesses a quality of being able to serve adaptedness. Implications for future research in occupational science are developed. _____
Record: 31
Title: Resilience factors associated with adaptation to HIV disease. Author(s): Farber, Eugene W., Emory U, School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Program, Atlanta, GA, US
Schwartz, Jennifer A. J.
Schaper, Paul E.
Moonen, DeElla J.
McDaniel, J. Stephen Source: Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry, Vol 41(2), Mar-Apr 2000. pp. 140-146.
Journal URL: http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/ Publisher: US: American Psychiatric Assn
Publisher URL: http://www.appi.org ISSN: 0033-3182 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: 10.1176/appi.psy.41.2.140 Language: English Keywords: resilience factors & hardiness & psychological distress & quality of life & core personal beliefs associated with adaptation to disease, 23-71 yr old outpatients with HIV or AIDS Abstract: Examined the hardiness dimensions of commitment, challenge, and control as resilience factors in adaptation among persons with symptomatic HIV disease and AIDS. 200 outpatients (aged 23-71 yrs) completed self-report questionnaires measuring hardiness, psychological distress, quality of life, and core personal beliefs. A series of standard multiple regression analyses showed that high hardiness was significantly related to 1) lower psychological distress levels; 2) higher perceived quality of life in physical health, mental health, and overall functioning domains; 3) more positive personal beliefs regarding the benevolence of the world and people, self-worth, and randomness of life events; and 4) lowered belief in controllability of life events. Commitment was the hardiness factor that most frequently made a unique contribution to predicting adaptation in the regression models. Implications of these findings for understanding HIV-related adaptation and for clinical mental health intervention are considered. Future directions in HIV-related adaptation research are suggested. _____
Record: 32
Title: Development and psychopathology. Author(s): Popper, Sally D., U Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Inst & Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, US
Ross, Shelley
Jennings, Kay D. Source: Advanced abnormal child psychology (2nd ed.). Hersen, Michel (Ed); Ammerman, Robert T. (Ed); pp. 47-56. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2000. x, 525 pp. ISBN: 0-8058-2866-4 (hardcover)
0-8058-2867-2 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: development & psychopathology in children Abstract: (from the chapter) In this chapter, the authors further define developmental psychopathology and describe how it is different from other related fields. The authors discuss how a developmental approach enhances our understanding of psychopathology, and provide illustrations from both research and clinical work. Topics discussed include how developmental psychopathology link patterns of adaptation and maladaptation over time, problems in defining child psychopathology, and the transactional model in developmental psychopathology. Future directions for research and clinical work are also reviewed: (1) continued study of normal development; (2) further definition and identification of maladaptive development and refinement of classification systems; and (3) understanding developmental transformation, vulnerability, and resilience across the life span. _____
Record: 33
Title: Autobiographical narrative on growing up deaf. Author(s): Steinberg, Annie, U Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, US Source: Deaf child in the family and at school: Essays in honor of Kathryn P. Meadow-Orlans. Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (Ed); Erting, Carol J. (Ed); et al; pp. 93-108. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2000. xix, 318 pp. ISBN: 0-8058-3220-3 (hardcover)
0-8058-3221-1 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: childhood experiences, deaf persons Abstract: Includes quotes and clinical vignettes excerpted from stories of adults who are deaf as well as parents of children who are deaf. Although most interviews were conducted with adolescents or adults, a majority of the individuals referred frequently to their family of origin and experiences during early childhood or adolescence. They shed light on how the child experiences the world and on what was transmitted by the parents who loved them and tried to make the right choices for them. The following topics are discussed: shared language: the foundation of narrative, the need for information: impact of deafness on narrative flow, affect containment in the narrative, adaptation and resilience: narrative and making sense of adversity. _____
Record: 34
Title: The gifted personality: Resilient children and adolescents, their adjustment and their relationships. Author(s): van Lieshout, Cornelis F. M., U Nijmegen, Dept of Developmental Psychology, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Scholte, Ron H. J.
van Aken, Marcel A. G.
Haselager, Gerbert J. T.
Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne Source: Developing talent across the life span. van Lieshout, Cornelis F. M. (Ed); Heymans, Peter G. (Ed); pp. 103-123. New York, NY, US: Psychology Press, 2000. xviii, 333 pp. ISBN: 0-86377-556-X (hardcover) Language: English Keywords: adjustment & relationships & psychosocial functioning & diversity & personality, gifted & resilient male & female children & adolescents in school setting Abstract: (from the chapter) The first goal in this chapter is to define the gifted personality for the primary school and adolescent years. Next, the authors attempt to establish whether the adaptation and psychosocial functioning of children and adolescents with a gifted personality, their networks of relationships, and their positions and reputations within their school classes differ from those for children and adolescents with a less gifted personality. The authors focus in particular on the diversity of the gifted personality profiles for boys and girls in relation to the quality of their relationships and their positions and reputations within their school classes. _____
Record: 35
Title: Stories of struggle and survival: The social construction of school experience by incest survivors. Author(s): Sanders, Susan Thompson, U Washington, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol 61(6-A), Jan 2000. pp. 2199. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAI9976051 Language: English Keywords: school experience; incest; resilience; survivors Abstract: This qualitative study investigates the phenomenological school experience of incest survivors. Eight female survivors of sexual abuse participated in 60 hours of in-depth interviews over a period of four months time. Journals, follow-up interviews, narrative, and collaborative analysis were used. The interviews utilized a qualitative research design, and therefore were semi-structured. Each interview was audio-taped and transcribed. The transcriptions were analyzed using content analytic method (Berg, 1995). Analysis yielded 17 themes and 56 sub themes in two domains, struggle and survival. This study shows that supposedly non-resilient youth possess hidden resiliencies that school personnel can support through academic tasks and environmental adaptation. Implications for educators and school counselors are discussed and future research recommendations are made. _____
Record: 36
Title: Listening to well-educated Chinese immigrant families: The parents' perceptions of family resilience. Author(s): Chang, Hung Hsiu, Texas Woman'S U., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol 61(6-A), Jan 2000. pp. 2478. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AAI9976852 Language: English Keywords: Chinese immigrant families; resilience; United States Abstract: The purpose of this research was to elucidate the resilience in Chinese immigrant families who had been in the United States from 3 to 10 years. A qualitative research methodology with semi-structured, face-to-face, and in-depth interviews was utilized with both parents of 20 Chinese immigrant families from China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Parents were asked to answer four questions to describe their experiences in adapting and adjusting to the United States and their perceptions of the resilient Chinese immigrant family. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using Taylor and Bogdan's (1984) procedure. Management of trustworthiness in this study was obtained through the strategies of peer debriefing, member check, thick descriptions and an audit trail. Examination of the transcripts revealed nine themes, which were encompassed by three resilient types. The three resilient types were encountering changes within immigration, commitment to children, and commitment to the marriage. Thirteen categories of resources were utilized by the Chinese immigrant family during adaptations or adjustments. Nine perceptions were summarized from the interviews. This study indicated that the Chinese parents' commitment to their children preserved their marriage and enabled them to be resilient parents during transition. Consequently, the parents' commitment to their children promoted adaptation, success and prosperity during immigration. The most frequently utilized resources were assistance and support from the grandparents, the extended families and friends. This showed that Chinese immigrant families were not accustomed to accessing resources from the public system. Most of the parents' perceptions were consistent with having resilience within their coping processes. This demonstrated that few differences existed between the parents' perceptions and the parents' real life experiences. _____
Record: 37
Title: Competência social e empatia: Um estudo sobre resiliência com crianças em situação de pobreza. Translated Title: Social competence and empathy: Study about resilience with children in poverty. Author(s): Cecconello, Alessandra Marques, U Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Koller, Sílvia Helena Source: Estudos de Psicologia, Vol 5(1), 2000. pp. 71-93. Publisher: Brazil: Estudos de Psicologia UFRN ISSN: 1413-294X (Print) Language: Portuguese Keywords: social competence & empathy & resilience & adaptation, 6-9 yr old boys & girls living in poverty Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate social competence and empathy in school children who live in poverty. 100 boys and girls (aged 6-9 yrs) participated in this research. The materials were the Incomplete Stories Test (S. Mondell and F. B. Tyler, 1981) and the Empathy Scale (B. K. Bryant, 1982), that evaluated, respectively, social competence and empathy. The results demonstrated that girls are more socially competent and more empathic than boys. In the same way, the more empathic children tend to be more socially competent than the others. In a global sense, the data emphasized the importance of these two characteristics as protective factors, contributing to resilience and adaptation. _____
Record: 38
Title: Protective factors and individual resilience. Author(s): Werner, Emmy E., U California, Dept of Human & Community Development, Davis, CA, US Source: Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed.). Shonkoff, Jack P. (Ed); Meisels, Samuel J. (Ed); pp. 115-132. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2000. xxi, 734 pp. ISBN: 0-521-58471-X (hardcover)
0-521-58573-2 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: resilience; protective factors; successful adaptation; at-risk children; early intervention Abstract: (from the chapter) The 1st objective of this chapter is a clarification of the concepts of "resilience" and "protective factors" on the basis of a brief description of the major longitudinal studies of infants and preschool children that have examined these phenomena over time. The 2nd objective is to provide an overview of what is presently known about the role of protective factors--both internal and external resources--in the successful adaptation of children at risk. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for early intervention, as well as suggestions of avenues for future research across cultures and generations that may help in better understanding the roots of resilience. _____
Record: 39
Title: Approche éco-systémique des facteurs de risque et de protection dans l'adaptation scolaire d'élèves en zone d'Education Prioritaire. Translated Title: Ecosystem approach toward risk and protective factors in scholastic adaptation in students from a priority educational zone. Author(s): Allès-Jardel, Monique, U Provence, UFR de Psychologie, Aix en Provence, France
Malbos, Clotilde
Sanhes, Sandrine Source: Pratiques Psychologiques, Vol 1, 2000. pp. 65-84.
Journal URL: http://espritemps.free.fr/pratpsy/Pratpsy.htm Publisher: France: L'Esprit du Temps
Publisher URL: http://espritemps.free.fr/Acceuil.htm ISSN: 1269-1763 (Print) Language: French Keywords: sociodemographics & family background, risk & protective factors in school performance & adjustment, 4th graders from low SES families Abstract: Studied the relation of sociodemographic variables, school performance, and resilience in 76 4th grade students (low SES). Data on sociodemographic variables, school performance, and resilience factors were obtained from student and teacher questionnaires. The Social and School Adaptation Scale (F. M. Gresham and S. N. Elliot, 1990), the Family Environment Questionnaire (B. Terrisse et al 1998), and the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire were used. The results indicate that school performance and resilience are associated with number of siblings, language spoken at home, parental occupation, and internal causal attributions. A model for school performance and resilience in at risk students is described. _____
Record: 40
Title: Resilience as cumulative competence promotion and stress protection: Theory and intervention. Author(s): Wyman, Peter A., U Rochester, School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, US
Sandler, Irwin
Wolchik, Sharlene
Nelson, Kathleen Source: Promotion of wellness in children and adolescents. Cicchetti, Dante (Ed); Rappaport, Julian (Ed); et al; pp. 133-184. Washington, DC, US: Child Welfare League of America, Inc, 2000. xxvi, 515 pp. ISBN: 0-87868-791-2 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: understanding processes that foster resilience & wellness promotion & development of programs to promote resilience, children & adolescents Abstract: (from the chapter) This chapter is concerned with understanding processes that foster resilience and with the development of programs to promote resilience in children and adolescents. Resilience is defined as a child's achievement of positive developmental outcomes and avoidance of maladaptive outcomes, under significantly adverse conditions. Resilience has been conceptualized as an important component within a broader concept of wellness (E. L. Cowen, 1994). Children's resilience has been investigated within several distinct research perspectives. A primary goal of this chapter is the integration of knowledge about resilience that comes from two of those research domains: (1) studies of multiple risk factors and resilience, and (2) studies focusing on processes of stress and coping in the context of specific life stressors. Another goal of this chapter is to present a description of an approach for enhancing wellness among children who face adversity, drawn from knowledge accrued by studies of children's adaptation to multiple and discrete adverse processes. _____
Record: 41
Title: Profiles in resilience: Educational achievement and ambition among children of immigrants in Southern California. Author(s): Rumbaut, Rubén G., Michigan State U, East Lansing, MI, US Source: Resilience across contexts: Family, work, culture, and community. Taylor, Ronald D. (Ed); Wang, Margaret C. (Ed); pp. 257-294. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2000. xiii, 386 pp. ISBN: 0-8058-3347-1 (hardcover) Language: English Keywords: social & cultural & psychological adaptation & educational performance & aspirations, junior high & high school students of immigrant parents Abstract: (from the chapter) Reports on some of the latest results of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS), which studies the educational performance and social, cultural, and psychological adaptation of children of immigrants during the 1990s. Eighth and ninth grade students were surveyed and interviewed. This chapter is limited to and focuses on the educational performance and aspirations of the youths in the San Diego area. A portrait of the children is given. The portrait includes the socioeconomic status and neighborhood contexts, family structure and the quality of family relationships, patterns of achievement, and patterns of ambition. The predictors of achievement and ambition are also discussed. Conference: National Invitational Conference on "Resilience Across Contexts: Family, Work, Culture, and Community.", Mar, 1998, Temple U, Philadelphia, PA, US Conference Notes: This chapter is a revision of a paper presented at the aforementioned conference. _____
Record: 42
Title: Evaluating resiliency patterns using the ER89: A case study from Kuwait. Author(s): Al-Naser, Fahad, Kuwait U, Dept of Sociology & Social Work, Kaifan, Kuwait
Sandman, Mark M. A. Source: Social Behavior & Personality, Vol 28(5), 2000. pp. 505-514. Publisher: New Zealand: Society for Personality Research
Publisher URL: http://www.sbp-journal.com/ ISSN: 0301-2212 (Print) Language: English Keywords: stress & adversity, personality resilience, male vs female college students, Kuwait Abstract: Examined the component patterns of personality resilience within a population recently exposed to extreme stress and adversity. The self-scoring Ego Resiliency Scale (ER89) was used to identify individual qualities of ego resilience in 495 Kuwait University students. Males and females, married and single, took the ER89 5 yrs after Kuwait's liberation. The question of gender differences and the quality of resilience were addressed. The ER89, a self-scoring inventory of 14 items using a 4-point scale, reflects the pure resilience qualities of respondents. Results show differences between male/female respondents and nuclear/extended family types. The scope of this study did not include the Ss' adaptation to the invasion experience, thus no symptom or exposure measures were included. _____
Record: 43
Title: Resiliency: Pathway to protective factors and possibilities for self-righting narratives. Author(s): Lewis, Rolla E., Portland State U, Graduate School of Education, Portland, OR, US Source: Youth risk: A prevention resource for counselors, teachers, and parents (3rd ed.). Capuzzi, David (Ed); Gross, Douglas R. (Ed); pp. 41-78. Alexandria, VA, US: American Counseling Association, 2000. xvii, 526 pp. ISBN: 1-55620-219-9 (paperback) Language: English Keywords: structured narrative & health realization & structure-relationship model in resilience research & practice & opportunities for counselors & teachers & parents, youth with or at risk for disorders Abstract: (from the chapter) This chapter looks at resilience research and practice to call attention to the evolving resiliency paradigm's capacity to expand opportunities for the counseling and teaching professions to provide hopeful and rewarding service to youth, and to highlight how the resiliency paradigm can inform and guide counselors, teachers, and parents. The chapter defines resiliency, explicates resiliency's causal factors, and discusses risks and strengths. It then presents 4 approaches to prevention and interventions exemplifying resiliency (structured narrative, framework for tapping resilience, health realization, structure-relationship model) and a discussion of additional interventions for youth with disabilities. The chapter concludes with a brief but emphatic emphasis on adaptations for diversity. _____
Record: 44
Title: The resiliency of street children in Brazil. Author(s): D'Abreu, Renata C., Florida State U, Dept of Family & Child Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, US
Mullis, Ann K.
Cook, Laura R. Source: Adolescence, Vol 34(136), Win 1999. pp. 745-751. Publisher: US: Libra Publishers ISSN: 0001-8449 (Print) Language: English Keywords: social support & resiliency & adaptation to life on the streets, 13-18 yr olds, Brazil Abstract: This study examined the relationship between social support and the ability of Brazilian adolescents to adapt to life on the streets. Participants included 30 male street children in Rio de Janerio. These youths, and a comparison group, were 13-18 yrs old. It was hypothesized that street children with more social support would adapt better to life on the streets. It was also hypothesized that street children with higher quality support would adapt better. Findings indicated that neither quantity not quality of social support was related to adaptation. The implications of these findings with regard to the resiliency of street children are discussed. _____
Record: 45
Title: Resiliency among adult children of alcoholics: Understanding individual differences. Author(s): Averna, Susan J., Boston Coll., US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 60(5-B), Dec 1999. pp. 2383. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AEH9928355 Language: English Keywords: factors influencing effect of alcoholism on adult functioning, undergraduate & graduate students with alcoholic parent Abstract: Adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) have been portrayed by clinicians as having emotional, interpersonal and academic difficulties. Several studies in the last decade have findings which contradict these portrayals. Inconsistencies in the literature suggest a range of functioning among ACOAs. Some resilient ACOAs function well interpersonally, emotionally and/or academically despite adverse circumstances in the home. Identifying factors which influence the effect of parental alcoholism (PA) on individual adult functioning can help inform prevention and intervention efforts aimed at this population. The resiliency literature points to the need to understand the underlying process by which ACOAs respond the their experiences. The present study considers how resources both internal and external to the individual are used to cope with parental alcoholism (PA). Undergraduate and graduate students who volunteered for the study were interviewed using a semi-structured interview protocol to explore the lived experience of being an adult child of an alcoholic. The questions being asked in this research endeavor are: What are the factors which influence the effects of parental alcoholism on adult functioning? What is the process by which these factors influence the impact of parental alcoholism? How do these factors change over different periods of the individual's development? Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed and coded. A qualitative analysis of these interviews was conducted using the transcriptions of the audio tapes. Characteristics of participants reflect those described in the clinical literature on ACOAs. Themes of coping emerged from the interviews which challenge a current model of coping and argue for an expanded model for understanding coping and adaptation among adult children of alcoholics. Gender differences in level of anxiety and emphasis on academics are discussed. _____
Record: 46
Title: A case study of adolescent African-American males and factors in resiliency that have contributed to their development and school success. (boys). Author(s): Batey, Samuel Richard, U Colorado At Denver Graduate School Of Public Affairs, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, Vol 60(4-A), Oct 1999. pp. 1342. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Order Number: AEH9928105 Language: English Keywords: protective factors & resiliency, school success, adolescent African American males Abstract: The primary purpose of this qualitative research was to explore the factors in resilience that have contributed to the success of adolescent African American males, and attempt to identify so-called "protective factors," or those conditions that foster resiliency in Black males despite the negative odds they face. This research examined how resiliency and the protective factors in the family, school, and the community can affect the young Black males' ability to succeed. The researcher selected a qualitative case study approach to focus on the developmental tasks of adolescent African American males. The study also focuses on: the environmental risks that confront them, evidence of resilience in light of the risks faced, and explanations for the observed adaptation, and implications for the education of young African American males. The site for this qualitative case study was "Metropolitan Community," a community under adverse circumstances in the city of Denver. The study explored four adolescent African American males who live in the "Metropolitan Community" where poverty and unemployment rates are high, drugs and violent crimes are commonplace, and high stress can affect home and school environments, as well as family functioning. Nonetheless, the four young men in this study developed adaptive and coping strategies to overcome these adverse circumstances. The traditional qualitative data collection of interviewing, observing, transcribing and analyzing were employed in this case study. The field notes included personal contact with school personnel and community members along with interviews with the young men's parents. The findings from the study strongly suggest that the protective factors identified with resiliency were clearly factors in the four African American male students. The findings revealed they had positive relationships with their families, friends, and other adults in their lives. Furthermore, they were socially competent, and effective problem-solvers, who were able to negotiate through a web of adversity at their school and in their neighborhood. Future research could study how resiliency and the protective factors can prevent the escalating cycles of deviance and dysfunctional behavior of some of our young African American males. _____
Record: 47
Title: Psychosocial consequences of age-related visual impairment: Comparison with mobility-impaired older adults and long-term outcome. Author(s): Wahl, Hans-Werner, U Heidelberg, The German Ctr for Research on Aging, Heidelberg, Germany
Schilling, Oliver
Oswald, Frank
Heyl, Vera Source: Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, Vol 54B(5), Sep 1999. pp. P304-P316.
Journal URL: http://psychsoc.gerontologyjournals.org/ Publisher: US: Gerontological Society of America
Publisher URL: http://www.geron.org ISSN: 1079-5014 (Print) Language: English Keywords: psychosocial consequences & long-term adaptation of age-related vision impairment, visually impaired vs mobility-impaired vs unimpaired 65 yr olds & older Abstract: Investigated the psychosocial consequences of age-related vision impairment in a threefold manner: (1) comparison of visually impaired and unimpaired elders, (2) comparison of visually impaired and mobility-impaired elders, and (3) long-term adaptation across 5 yrs. Ss were older adults (aged 65 yrs and older) in which 42 were severely visually impaired, 42 were blind, 42 were mobility-impaired, and 42 were unimpaired. Ss completed measures of behavioral competence (instrumental activities of daily living [IADLs], activities of daily living, use of outdoor resources, leisure activity level) and emotional adaptation (subjective well-being, future orientation). Compared with the mobility impaired, the visually impaired demonstrated lower IADL competence but no difference in emotional adaptation. The long-term adjustment of the visually impaired remained relatively stable in the behavioral domain, although lower compared with the unimpaired elders. Emotional adaptation decreased over the 5-yr longitudinal interval in the visually impaired and the unimpaired group, but the decrease was generally higher in the visually impaired group. Conceptual ideas from environmental gerontology as well as psychological resilience are used to interpret these results. _____
Record: 48
Title: Indications of resilience among family members of people admitted to a psychiatric facility. Author(s): Enns, Richard A., Alberta Hosp, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Reddon, John R.
McDonald, Linda Source: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, Vol 23(2), Fal 1999. pp. 127-135. Publisher: US: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal
Publisher URL: http://www.bu.edu/cpr/ ISSN: 1095-158X (Print) Language: English Keywords: family adaptation & appraisal & stressors & resources & resilience, family members of patients admitted to a psychiatric facility Abstract: Family members (n= _____
Record: 1
Title: Affect regulation strategies as a pathway to resilient adaptation in a high-risk population. Author(s): Torres Clemente, Monica P., Boston U, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 60(1-B), Jul 1999. pp. 0378. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAM9916610 Language: English Keywords: emotional regulation skills & expression & levels of alexithymia & coping mechanisms, resilient adaptation, Black & Latina female inner-city community college students Abstract: Although personality attributes have been extensively investigated in research exploring resilient adaptation in high risk individuals, the role of emotional regulation for competent functioning has been insufficiently studied. The current project examines emotional regulation skills, emotional expression, levels of alexithymia and coping mechanisms as potential mediators facilitating resilient adaptation. The sample consisted of 120 Black and Latina female students enrolled at an inner city community college. The majority of women in the study had experienced multiple psychosocial risks. Participants completed self-report measures that included: Affect Regulation Scale, Negative Mood Regulation Scale, Cope Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Social Skills Inventory, Symptoms Checklist-10, and the Social Adjustment Scale. Resilience was defined as high functioning despite severe adversity. Two-tailed t-tests revealed that resilient individuals had a higher capacity to differentiate feelings from somatic states, a propensity toward emotional expression, and were more likely to seek emotional support compared with the non-resilient women. The study also found that generalized emotional regulation difficulty, consisting of the use of maladaptive affect regulation strategies and marked by displays of less constructive coping, characterized non-resilient women. Specifically, the study revealed that non-resilient women relied on oral/somatic and sexual/aggressive strategies to cope with negative affects. Hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that three mediating variables, social control, the belief that one can regulate negative mood states, and the tendency to seek emotional support, significantly enhanced functioning. Interaction effects revealed that the expectation that sexual/aggressive strategies would help alleviate negative affect operated as a vulnerability factor. Women with high scores on this variable were more seriously affected by risks than were women low on this attribute. Results of the factor analysis illuminated an underlying cluster of cognitive-affective variables comprising the somatic/forfeiture factor, such as oral passivity, which were found to operate as a vulnerability mechanism. There were also significant differences detected between Latina and Black women with respect to coping and affect regulation styles. It is concluded that affect regulatory functions are important pathways for adaptation in inner city Black and Latina women exposed to multiple risks. These findings suggest that clinical interventions should focus on modifying less adaptive affect regulation strategies. _____
Record: 2
Title: An examination of factors associated with resiliency in siblings of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: A family systems perspective. Author(s): Wutzke, Tracy Michele, California School of Professional Psychology - San Diego, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol 60(1-B), Jul 1999. pp. 0380. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Order Number: AAM9918689 Language: English Keywords: prominent themes & psychosocial adaptation & coping skills & resiliency, 8-14 yr old siblings of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Abstract: Most children who have a brother or sister with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) experience the impact of the illness on themselves and their family. Research data regarding healthy siblings of children with a chronic illness are often obtained from parents or teachers, which can vary from that of the siblings. The present study focused on three main areas: (1) prominent themes that emerged for siblings of children with JRA, (2) psychosocial adaptation to having a brother or sister with JRA, and (3) coping skills reported by the siblings which may be associated with resiliency. This investigation was accomplished through: (1) a structured, open-ended questionnaire developed from themes found in previous literature regarding psychosocial adaptation to having a chronically ill sibling; and (2) completion of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC) by the healthy siblings, their parents, and a teacher, as an assessment of psychosocial adaptation and resiliency. The participants consisted of ten children (ages 8 to 14). All of the participants had a brother or sister who had been diagnosed with JRA at least 12 months prior to their participation in the study. An overall qualitative analysis of the results revealed several findings. Three of these findings are that these children: (1) feel that they are treated differently than their ill sibling; (2) use either mental or physical distraction as a coping mechanism when thinking about or experiencing feelings related to having a brother or sister with JRA; and (3) Worry about the well-being of their ill sibling. A breakdown of resilient versus nonresilient siblings revealed that the resilient siblings: (1) are proactive in talking to their parents about their ill brother or sister in order to acquire more information; (2) have not thought about the possibility of their sibling's illness progressing; and (3) do not believe they contributed to their sibling getting JRA. This study concludes that emphasis needs to be placed on helping families develop greater awareness of the needs and concerns of the healthy children in order to develop the necessary skills required to improve individual and family coping and adaptation. These and other relevant issues can be addressed in family therapy, and when appropriate, individual therapy.
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